Close-mid central rounded vowel

Close-mid central rounded vowel
ɵ
ö
IPA number 323
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɵ
Unicode (hex) U+0275
X-SAMPA 8
Kirshenbaum @.
Braille ⠴ (braille pattern dots-356) ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135) 
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The close-mid central rounded vowel, or high-mid central rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɵ⟩, a lowercase barred letter o.

The character ɵ has been used in several Latin-derived alphabets such as the one for Yañalif, but in that language it denotes a different sound than it does in the IPA. The character is homographic with Cyrillic Ө. The Unicode code point is U+019F Ɵ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MIDDLE TILDE (HTML Ɵ).

This sound rarely contrasts with the near-close front rounded vowel. For this reason, it may be sometimes transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩. An example of a language contrasting /ɵ/ with /ʏ/ is the Hamont dialect of Limburgish, but in phonemic transcription, the sounds are normally transcribed with /ʏ/ and /y/, respectively.[2] Some speakers of the Chemnitz dialect of German also contrast /ɵ/ with /ʏ/; the former vowel generally corresponds to standard German /ʊ/, whereas the latter vowel occurs only in certain cognates of standard German words and can be unrounded to [ɪ].[3]

The physically possible close-mid central compressed vowel has not been reported to occur in any language,[4] but could be transcribed as a centralized close-mid front rounded vowel [ø̈], which is normally compressed. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ɘ͡β̞⟩⟩ (simultaneous [ɘ] and labial compression) and [ɘᵝ] ([ɘ] modified with labial compression).

Features

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

  • Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AzerbaijaniStandardTypically transcribed as /œ/.
ChineseCantonese出/ceot7[tsʰɵt˥]'to go out'See Cantonese phonology
DutchStandard[5][6]hut[ɦɵt]'hut'See Dutch phonology
EnglishCardiff[7]foot[fɵt]'foot'More often unrounded [ɘ];[8] corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology
Cultivated South African[9]Younger, especially female speakers.[9] Other speakers have a less front vowel [ʊ]. May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʊ̟⟩ or ⟨ʉ̞⟩. See South African English phonology
Received Pronunciation[10][fɵʔt]Younger speakers. Others pronounce [ʊ]. See English phonology
Hull[11]goat[ɡɵːt]'goat'Corresponds to /oʊ/ in other dialects.
New Zealand[12]bird[bɵːd]'bird'Possible realization of /ɵː/. See New Zealand English phonology
GermanChemnitz dialect[13]Wunder[ˈʋɵn̪(t̪)o̽ˤ]'wonder'Contrasts with /ʏ/ (in certain cognates of standard German words) for some speakers.[3]
Hiw[14]yöykön̄[jɵjkɵŋ]'forget'
IrishMunster[15]dúnadh[ˈd̪ˠuːn̪ˠө]'closing'Allophone of /ə/ adjacent to broad consonants, when the vowel in the preceding syllable is either /uː/ or /ʊ/.[15] See Irish phonology
LimburgishMost dialects[2][16][17]bluts[blɵts]'bump'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʏ⟩. The example word is from the Weert dialect.[2][16][17]
Maastrichtian[16]beuk[bɵːk]'books'Front [øː] in other dialects;[2][18] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨øː⟩
Mongolian[19]өгөх[ɵɡɵx]'to give'
NorwegianUrban East[20]søt[sɵːt]'sweet'One of the possible realizations of /øː/. See Norwegian phonology
RipuarianKerkrade dialect[21]sjuts[ʃɵts]'marksman'
Russian[22]тётя [ˈtʲɵtʲə]'aunt'Allophone of /o/ following a palatalized consonant. See Russian phonology
Tajik[23]кӯҳ[kʰɵːh]'mountain'Merges with /u/ in central and southern dialects.
Toda?[pɵːr̘]'name'
Uzbekkoʻz[kɵz]'eye'
West FrisianStandard[24][25]put[pɵt]'well'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ø⟩. See West Frisian phonology
Southwestern dialects[26]fuotten[ˈfɵtn̩]'feet'Corresponds to [wo] in other dialects.[26] See West Frisian phonology
XumiLower[27][RPʎ̟ɐtsɵ]'to filter tea'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩.[27]
Upper[28][Htɵ]'way to do things'Allophone of /o/ after alveolar consonants; may be realized as [o] or [ɤ] instead.[28]

The vowel transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɵ⟩ in Central Standard Swedish is actually mid ([ɵ̞]).[29]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. 1 2 3 4 Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  3. 1 2 Khan & Weise (2013), p. 238.
  4. ↑ Note that Swedish has a slightly higher near-close central compressed vowel, as well as a slightly lower mid central compressed vowel.
  5. ↑ van Heuven & Genet (2002).
  6. ↑ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  7. ↑ Collins & Mees (1990:92–93)
  8. ↑ Collins & Mees (1990:92)
  9. 1 2 Lass (2002), pp. 115-116.
  10. ↑ "Received Pronunciation Phonology". The British Library.
  11. ↑ Williams & Kerswill (1999), pp. 143 and 146.
  12. ↑ Bauer et al. (2007), pp. 98–99.
  13. ↑ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
  14. ↑ François (2013), p. 207.
  15. 1 2 Ó Sé (2000).
  16. 1 2 3 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  17. 1 2 Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
  18. ↑ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  19. ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
  20. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17, 33–35, 37, 343.
  21. ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:16). The source describes this vowel as the same as the short u in Standard Dutch lucht, which is close-mid central [ɵ] (van Heuven & Genet (2002)).
  22. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 62–63.
  23. ↑ Ido (2014), pp. 91–92.
  24. ↑ Sipma (1913), pp. 6, 8, 10.
  25. ↑ Tiersma (1999), p. 11.
  26. 1 2 Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)
  27. 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 369–370.
  28. 1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 389.
  29. ↑ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.

References

  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard, English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
  • Cox, F.M. (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 26: 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494
  • Crosswhite, Katherine Margaret (2000), "Vowel Reduction in Russian: A Unified Account of Standard, Dialectal, and 'Dissimilative' Patterns" (PDF), University of Rochester Working Papers in the Language Sciences, 1 (1): 107–172, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-06
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • François, Alexandre (2013), "Shadows of bygone lives: The histories of spiritual words in northern Vanuatu", in Mailhammer, Robert, Lexical and structural etymology: Beyond word histories, Studies in Language Change, 11, Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton, pp. 185–244
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
  • Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
  • Hoekstra, Jarich (2003), "Frisian. Standardization in progress of a language in decay", Germanic Standardizations. Past to Present (PDF), 18, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 193–209, ISBN 978-90-272-1856-8
  • Hof, Jan Jelles (1933), Friesche Dialectgeographie (PDF), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-07
  • Ido, Shinji (2014), "Bukharan Tajik", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 44 (1): 87–102, doi:10.1017/S002510031300011X
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Sipma, Pieter (1913), Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian, London: Oxford University Press, retrieved 30 March 2017
  • Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987], Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2nd ed.), Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-34-1
  • Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) [First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications], Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.), Ljouwert: Fryske Akademy, ISBN 90-6171-886-4
  • van Heuven, Vincent J.; Genet, Roos (2002). Wat is het beste IPA-symbool voor de u van put?. Dag van de Fonetiek. Utrecht. A summary of the presentation can be found here.
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
  • Williams, Ann; Kerswill, Paul (1999), "Dialect levelling: change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull", in Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard, Urban voices. Accent studies in the British Isles. (PDF), London: Arnold, pp. 141–162
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