Mid back rounded vowel

Mid back rounded vowel
o̞
ɔ̝
IPA number 307 430
Encoding
Entity (decimal) o​̞
Unicode (hex) U+006F U+031E
Braille ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135) ⠠ (braille pattern dots-6) ⠣ (braille pattern dots-126) 
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The mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid [o] and open-mid [ɔ], it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common. A non-IPA letter ⟨ⱺ⟩ is also found.

Just because a language has only one non-close non-open back vowel, it still may not be a true-mid vowel. There is a language in Sulawesi, Indonesia, with a close-mid [o], Tukang Besi. Another language in Indonesia, in the Maluku Islands, has an open-mid [ɔ], Taba. In both languages, there is no contrast with another mid (true-mid or close-mid) vowel.

Kensiu, in Malaysia and Thailand, is highly unusual in that it contrasts true-mid vowels with close-mid and open-mid vowels without any difference in other parameters, such as backness or roundedness.

Features

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
  • Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[1]bok[bɔ̝k]'goat'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The height varies between mid [ɔ̝] and close-mid [o].[1] See Afrikaans phonology
ArabicHejazi[2]لـون‎[lo̞ːn]'color'See Hejazi Arabic phonology
BavarianAmstetten dialect[3]Contrasts close-mid /o/, true-mid /o̞/ and open-mid /ɔ/ back rounded vowels.[3]
ChineseMandarin[4]我 / wǒ  [wo̞˨˩˦˥] 'I' See Standard Chinese phonology
Shanghainese[5]高[kö̞¹]'tall'Near-back. Realization of /ɔ/ in open syllables and /ʊ/ in closed syllables.[5]
Czech[6][7]oko[ˈo̞ko̞]'eye'In Bohemian Czech, the backness varies between back and near-back, whereas the height varies between mid [o̞] and close-mid [o].[6] See Czech phonology
DanishStandard[8][9]måle[ˈmɔ̝̈ːlə]'measure'Near-back;[8][9] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩. See Danish phonology
DutchAmsterdam[10]och[ɔ̝̈χ]'alas'Near-back;[10] corresponds to open-mid [ɔˁ] in standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology
Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[11]mot[mɔ̝t]'well'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.
EnglishCultivated South African[12]thought[θɔ̝ːt]'thought'Close-mid [oː] for other speakers. See South African English phonology
Maori[13]Closer [oː] in other New Zealand accents.[13]
Scouse[14]Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.
Some Cardiff speakers[15]Other speakers use a more open, advanced and unrounded vowel [ʌ̈ː].[15]
Received Pronunciation[16]May be as open as [ɔː] for older speakers, and is most often transcribed as such. See English phonology
Estuary[17]coat[kʰo̞ːʔ]'coat'Rare; commonly a diphthong.[17] It corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology
Yorkshire[18][kʰo̞t]Corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology
Finnish[19][20]kello[ˈke̞llo̞]'clock'See Finnish phonology
FrenchParisian[21]pont[pɔ̝̃]'bridge'Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ̃⟩. See French phonology
GermanStandard[22]Fond[fõ̞ː]'background'Nasalized; also described as open-mid [ɔ̃ː].[23][24] Transcribed in IPA with either ⟨õː⟩ or ⟨ɔ̃ː⟩. Present only in loanwords. See Standard German phonology
Bernese dialect[25]Òve[ˈɔ̝v̥ə]'oven'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Bernese German phonology
GreekModern Standard[26][27]πως / pos[po̞s̠]'how'See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew[28]שלום‎[ʃäˈlo̞m]'peace'Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script. See Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology
Ibibio[29][dó̞]'there'
Icelandic[30]loft[ˈlɔ̝ft]'air'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The long allophone is often diphthongized to [oɔ].[31] See Icelandic phonology
InuitWest Greenlandic[32]Allophone of /u/ before and especially between uvulars.[32] See Inuit phonology
ItalianStandard[33]forense[fo̞ˈrɛnse]'forensic'Common realization of the unstressed /o/.[33] See Italian phonology
Northern accents[34]Local realization of /ɔ/.[34] See Italian phonology
Japanese[35]子/ko[ko̞]'child'See Japanese phonology
Korean[36]보리 / bori[po̞ˈɾi]'barley'See Korean phonology
LimburgishHasselt dialect[37]mok[mɔ̝k]'mug'Typically transcribed IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.[37]
NorwegianUrban East[38][39]lov[lɔ̝ːʋ]'law'May be diphthongized to [ɔ̝ə̯]. See Norwegian phonology
Romanian[40]acolo[äˈko̞lo̞]'there'See Romanian phonology
Russian[41]сухой [s̪ʊˈxo̞j] 'dry'Some speakers realize it as open-mid [ɔ].[41] See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[42]čvȏr / чво̑р[t͡ʃʋô̞ːr]'knot'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Shipibo[43]koni[ˈkö̞ni̞]'eel'Near-back.[43]
SlovakStandard[44][45]ohúriť[ˈɔ̝ɦu̞ːri̞c̟]'to stun'See Slovak phonology
Slovene[46]oglas[o̞ˈɡlá̠s̪]'advertisement'Unstressed vowel,[46] as well as an allophone of /o/ before /ʋ/ when a vowel does not follow within the same word.[47] See Slovene phonology
Spanish[48]todo[ˈt̪o̞ð̞o̞]'all'See Spanish phonology
Tera[49]zo[zo̞ː]'rope'
Turkish[50][51]kol[kʰo̞ɫ]'arm'See Turkish phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[52]do[d̪o̞]'corn tassel'

Notes

  1. 1 2 Wissing (2016), section "The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/".
  2. ↑ Abdoh (2010:84)
  3. 1 2 Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. ↑ Lee & Zee (2003), p. 110.
  5. 1 2 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
  6. 1 2 Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  7. ↑ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), pp. 228–230.
  8. 1 2 Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  9. 1 2 Basbøll (2005), p. 47.
  10. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
  11. ↑ Peters (2010), p. 241.
  12. ↑ Lass (2002), p. 116.
  13. 1 2 Warren & Bauer (2004), p. 617.
  14. ↑ Watson (2007), p. 357.
  15. 1 2 Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  16. ↑ Roach (2004), p. 242.
  17. 1 2 Przedlacka (2001), p. 44.
  18. ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 180.
  19. ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
  20. ↑ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
  21. ↑ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 226.
  22. ↑ Mangold (2005), p. 37.
  23. ↑ Hall (2003), pp. 106–107.
  24. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  25. ↑ Marti (1985), p. 27.
  26. ↑ Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
  27. ↑ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  28. ↑ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
  29. ↑ Urua (2004), p. 106.
  30. ↑ Brodersen (2011).
  31. ↑ Árnason (2011), pp. 57–60.
  32. 1 2 Fortescue (1990), p. 317.
  33. 1 2 Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), pp. 137–138.
  34. 1 2 Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 137.
  35. ↑ Okada (1991), p. 94.
  36. ↑ Lee (1999), p. 121.
  37. 1 2 Peters (2006), p. 119.
  38. ↑ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
  39. ↑ Popperwell (2010), pp. 16, 25.
  40. ↑ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  41. 1 2 Jones & Ward (1969), p. 56.
  42. ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  43. 1 2 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
  44. ↑ Pavlík (2004), pp. 94–95.
  45. ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 375.
  46. 1 2 Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).
  47. ↑ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 138.
  48. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
  49. ↑ Tench (2007), p. 230.
  50. ↑ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  51. ↑ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
  52. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 109.

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