Mid back unrounded vowel
| Mid back unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɤ̞ | |
| ʌ̝ | |
| IPA number | 315 430 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
ɤ̞ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0264 U+031E |
The mid back unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is a mid back-central unrounded vowel.[1] Although there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back unrounded vowel between close-mid [ɤ] and open-mid [ʌ] because no language is known to distinguish all three, ⟨ɤ⟩ is normally used. If more precision is desired, diacritics can be used, such as ⟨ɤ̞⟩ or ⟨ʌ̝⟩.
Features
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||
|
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | ||||||||
- Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgarian[2] | път | [pɤ̞̈t̪] | 'path' | Near-back.[2] See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Chinese | Shanghainese[3] | 渠 | [kɤ̞̈¹] | 'ditch' | Near-back; tends to be diphthongized to [ɤ̞̈ɯ̞̈] by younger speakers.[3] |
| Danish | Standard[4] | læger | [ˈleːɤ̞̈] | 'doctors' | Near-back; one of possible realizations of the sequences /ər, rə, rər/.[4] See Danish phonology |
| English | Cardiff[5] | plus | [pl̥ʌ̝̈s] | 'plus' | Near-back, may be [ə], [ɜ], [ɜ̟] or [ë̞] instead.[5] It corresponds to [ʌ] in other dialects. |
| Norfolk[6] | Near-back;[6] corresponds to [ʌ] in other dialects. See English phonology | ||||
| Philadelphia[7] | [pɫ̥ʌ̝s] | May be either open-mid [ʌ] or a lowered and unrounded /uː/ ([ɯ̽]) instead.[7] It corresponds to [ʌ] in other dialects. See English phonology | |||
| Gayo[8] | kule | [kuˈlɤ̞ː] | 'tiger' | One of the possible allophones of /ə/.[8] | |
| German | Chemnitz dialect[9] | Schirm | [ʃʌ̝̈ˤːm] | 'umbrella' | Pharyngealized near-back; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌˤː⟩. It may be realized as [ɪːɒ̯] instead.[9] |
| Ibibio[10] | [dʌ̝̈k˦] | 'enter' | Near-back; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.[10] | ||
| Vietnamese | Hanoi[11] | tờ | [t̻ɤ̞̈˧˨] | 'sheet' | Near-back.[11] Realization of /ɤ/ (also transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩) according to Kirby (2011). See Vietnamese phonology |
See also
Notes
- ↑ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
- 1 2 Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
- 1 2 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- 1 2 Basbøll (2005), p. 58.
- 1 2 Collins & Mees (1990), p. 93.
- 1 2 Lodge (2009), p. 168.
- 1 2 Gordon (2004), p. 290.
- 1 2 Eades & Hajek (2006), p. 111.
- 1 2 Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
- 1 2 Urua (2004), p. 106.
- 1 2 Kirby (2011), p. 384.
References
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard, English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Eades, Domenyk; Hajek, John (2006), "Gayo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 107–115, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002416
- Gordon, Matthew J. (2004), "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 282–299, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Kirby, James P. (2011), "Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (3): 381–392, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000181
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
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