Open-mid front unrounded vowel

Open-mid front unrounded vowel
ɛ
IPA number 303
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɛ
Unicode (hex) U+025B
X-SAMPA E
Kirshenbaum E
Braille ⠜ (braille pattern dots-345) 
Listen
noicon
source · help

The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercase epsilon, ⟨ɛ⟩.

Features

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArmenianEastern[2]էջ[ɛd͡ʒ]'page'
BavarianAmstetten dialect[3]May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩.[3]
Bengali[4]এক[ɛk]'one'See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian[5]пет[pɛt̪]'five'See Bulgarian phonology
Burmese[6][mɛ]'mother'
Catalan[7]mel[mɛɫ]'honey'See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin[8] 天 / tiān  [tʰi̯ɛn˥] 'sky' Height varies between mid and open depending on the speaker. See Standard Chinese phonology
Czech[9][10]led[lɛt]'ice'In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front [ɛ], open-mid near-front [ɛ̠] and mid near-front [ɛ̝̈].[9] See Czech phonology
DanishStandard[11][12]frisk[ˈfʁɛsɡ̊]'fresh'Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. See Danish phonology
DutchStandard[13]bed [bɛt] 'bed'See Dutch phonology
The Hague[14]jij [jɛ̞ː] 'you'Corresponds to [ɛi] in standard Dutch.
EnglishGeneral American[15]bed [bɛd] 'bed'
Northern England[16]May be somewhat lowered.[16]
Received Pronunciation[17][18]Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [e̞]. See English phonology
Scottish[19]
Cockney[20]fat[fɛt]'fat'
Singaporean[21]
New Zealand[22]See New Zealand English phonology
Some Broad
South African speakers[23]		Other speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a]. See South African English phonology
Belfast[24]days[dɛːz]'days'Pronounced [iə] in closed syllables; corresponds to [eɪ] in RP.
Zulu[25]mate[mɛt]'mate'Speakers exhibit a met-mate merger.
Faroese[26]frekt[fɹɛʰkt]'greedy'See Faroese phonology
French[27][28]bête [bɛt̪] 'beast'See French phonology
Georgian[29]გედი[ɡɛdi]'swan'
GermanStandard[30][31]Bett [bɛt] 'bed'Also described as mid [ɛ̝].[32] See Standard German phonology
Franconian accent[33]oder[ˈoːdɛ]'or'Used instead of [ɐ].[33] See Standard German phonology
Coastal Northern accents[33]
Swabian accent[34]fett[fɛt]'fat'Contrasts with the close-mid [e].[34] See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[35]See[z̥ɛː]'lake'Close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the near-open [æː].[36] See Standard German phonology
Italian[37]bene [ˈbɛːne] 'good'See Italian phonology
Kaingang[38]mbre[ˈᵐbɾɛ]'with'
Limburgish[39][40][41]crème[kʀ̝ɛːm]'cream'The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower Sorbian[42]serp[s̪ɛrp]'sickle'
Luxembourgish[43]Stär[ʃtɛːɐ̯]'star'Allophone of /eː/ before /ʀ/.[43] See Luxembourgish phonology
NorwegianSognamål[44]pest[pʰɛst]'plagueSee Norwegian phonology
Polish[45]ten [t̪ɛn̪] 'this one' (nom. m.)See Polish phonology
PortugueseMost dialects[46][47]meleca[mɛˈl̪ɛ̞kə]'goo'Stressed vowel might be lower [æ]. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as [e̞ e ɪ i ɨ], varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[48]tempo[ˈt̪ɛ̃pu]'time'Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/. See Portuguese phonology
RomanianTransylvanian dialects[49]vede[ˈvɛɟe]'(he) sees'Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[50]это [ˈɛt̪ə] 'this'See Russian phonology
Shiwiar[51]Allophone of /a/.
Slovenemet[mɛ́t]'throw' (n.)See Slovene phonology
SpanishEastern Andalusian[52]las madres[læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː]'the mothers'Corresponds to [e̞] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology
Murcian[52]
Swahili shule [ʃulɛ] 'school'
SwedishCentral Standard[53]ät[ɛ̠ːt̪]'eat' (imp.)Somewhat retracted.[53] See Swedish phonology
Turkish[54][55]ülke[y̠l̠ˈcɛ]'country'Allophone of /e/ described variously as "word-final"[54] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[55] See Turkish phonology
Twi ɛyɛ 'it is good/fine' See Twi phonology
Ukrainian[56]день[dɛnʲ]'day'See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[42][57]čelo[ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ]'calf'See Upper Sorbian phonology
West Frisian[58]beppe[ˈbɛpə]'grandma'See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba[59]ẹsẹ̀[ɛ̄sɛ]'leg'

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  3. 1 2 Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. ↑ Khan (2010), p. 222.
  5. ↑ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
  6. ↑ Watkins (2001), pp. 292–293.
  7. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  8. ↑ Lin (2007), p. 65.
  9. 1 2 Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  10. ↑ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
  11. ↑ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  12. ↑ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
  13. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  14. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  15. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a).
  16. 1 2 Lodge (2009), p. 163.
  17. ↑ Schmitt (2007), pp. 322–323.
  18. ↑ "Received Pronunciation". British Library. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  19. ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  20. ↑ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
  21. ↑ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000).
  22. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b).
  23. ↑ Lanham (1967), p. 9.
  24. ↑ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  25. ↑ "Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
  26. ↑ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
  27. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  28. ↑ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  29. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  30. ↑ Hall (2003), pp. 82, 107.
  31. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  32. ↑ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  33. 1 2 3 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 40.
  34. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  35. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
  36. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
  37. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  38. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  39. ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  40. ↑ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  41. ↑ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  42. 1 2 Stone (2002), p. 600.
  43. 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  44. ↑ Haugen (2004), p. 30.
  45. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  46. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  47. ↑ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine.
  48. ↑ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
  49. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  50. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 41.
  51. ↑ Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  52. 1 2 Zamora Vicente (1967), p. ?.
  53. 1 2 Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  54. 1 2 Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  55. 1 2 Zimmer & Organ (1999), p. 155.
  56. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  57. ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
  58. ↑ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
  59. ↑ Bamgboṣe (1969), p. 166.

References

  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
  • Bet Hashim, Suzanna; Brown, Adam (2000), "The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Ling, Low Ee Ling, The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 84–92, ISBN 981-04-2598-8
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
  • Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
  • Haugen, Ragnhild (2004), Språk og språkhaldningar hjå ungdomar i Sogndal (PDF), Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen
  • Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1979), English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English, Baltimore: University Park Press
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010), "Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 221–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071
  • Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
  • Lanham, Len W. (1967), The pronunciation of South African English, Cape Town: Balkema
  • Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007), The Sounds of Chinese, Cambridge University Press
  • Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
  • Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009a), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
  • Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009b), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Schmitt, Holger (2007), "The case for the epsilon symbol (ɛ) in RP DRESS", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 321–328, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003131
  • Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
  • Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
  • Stone, Gerald (2002), "Sorbian (Upper and Lower)", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G., The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 593–685, ISBN 9780415280785
  • Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) [First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications], Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.), Ljouwert: Fryske Akademy, ISBN 90-6171-886-4
  • Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
  • Watkins, Justin W. (2001), "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291–295, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122
  • Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos
  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.