Palatal nasal

Palatal nasal
ɲ
IPA number 118
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɲ
Unicode (hex) U+0272
X-SAMPA J
Kirshenbaum n^
Braille ⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456) 
Listen
noicon
source · help
Alveolo-palatal nasal
n̠ʲ
ɲ̟
ȵ

The palatal nasal is a type of consonant, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɲ⟩,[1] a lowercase letter n with a leftward-pointing tail protruding from the bottom of the left stem of the letter. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J. The IPA symbol ⟨ɲ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ŋ⟩, the symbol for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem; the symbol was derived from a ligature of the digraph gn, which represents the sound in French and Italian.[2]

Palatal nasals are more common than the palatal stops [c, ɟ].[3] As mentioned above, Italian and French spell it by the digraph gn. In Spanish and languages whose writing systems are influenced by Spanish orthography, this sound is represented with the letter ñ, called eñe ("enye"). Occitan uses the digraph nh, the source of the same Portuguese digraph called ene-agá, used thereafter by languages whose writing systems are influenced by Portuguese orthography, such as Vietnamese. In Catalan, Hungarian and many African languages, as Swahili or Dinka, the digraph ny is used.

The alveolo-palatal nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound. If more precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨n̠ʲ⟩ or ⟨ɲ̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is a non-IPA letter ⟨ȵ⟩ ("n", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩), used especially in Sinological circles.

The alveolo-palatal nasal is commonly described as palatal; it is often unclear whether a language has a true palatal or not. Many languages claimed to have a palatal nasal, such as Portuguese, actually have an alveolo-palatal nasal. This is likely true of several of the languages listed here. Some dialects of Irish as well as some non-standard dialects of Malayalam are reported to contrast alveolo-palatal and palatal nasals.[4][5]

There is also a post-palatal nasal (also called pre-velar, fronted velar etc.) in some languages.

Features

Features of the voiced palatal nasal:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
  • Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.

Occurrence

Palatal or alveolo-palatal

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
!Kung[6]——Represented by ⟨ny⟩
Albaniannjë[ɲə]'one'
Aranda——Alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolo-palatal.[7]
Basqueandereño[än̪d̪e̞ɾe̞ɲo̞]'female teacher'
Burmese[8]ညာ[ɲà]'right(-hand side)'Contrasts with the voiceless palatal nasal /ɲ̥/.
Catalan[9]any[ˈaɲ̟]'year'Alveolo-palatal or palatal.[7] See Catalan phonology
ChineseSichuanese女人 / nyü3 ren2[ȵy˥˧ zən˨˩]'woman'Alveolo-palatal
Wu女人 / gniugnin[ȵy˩˧ȵiȵ˥˨]'woman'Alveolo-palatal
Czechkůň[kuːɲ]'horse'May be intermediate between palatal and alveolo-palatal.[5] See Czech phonology
Dinkanyɔt[ɲɔt]'very'
Dutch[10]oranje[oˈrɑɲə]'orange'Not all dialects. See Dutch phonology
French[11]agneau[äˈɲo]'lamb'Alveolo-palatal or palatal.[7] Merging with /nj/. See French phonology
Galician[12]viño[ˈbiɲo]'wine'See Galician phonology
Greekπρωτοχρονιά / prōtochroniá[pro̞to̞xro̞ˈɲ̟ɐ]'New Year's Day'Alveolo-palatal.[13] See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian[14]anya[ˈɒɲɒ]'mother'Alveolo-palatal with alveolar contact.[7] See Hungarian phonology
ItalianStandardbagno[ˈbäɲːo]'bath'Postalveolo-prepalatal.[15] See Italian phonology
Romanesco dialectniente[ˈɲːɛn̪t̪e]'nothing'
Irish[4]inné[əˈn̠ʲeː]'yesterday'Irish contrasts alveolo-palatal /n̠ʲ/, palatal/palatovelar /ɲ/, velar /ŋ/ and, in some dialects, palatalized alveolar /nʲ/.[16][17][18][4] See Irish phonology
Japanese[19]庭/niwa[n̠ʲiwᵝa]'garden'Alveolar or dento-alveolar.[7] See Japanese phonology
Khasibseiñ[bsɛɲ]'snake'
Korean저녁 / jeonyeok[t͡ɕʌɲʌk̚]'evening'Alveolo-palatal. See Korean phonology
Latvianmākoņains[maːkuɔɲains]'cloudy'See Latvian phonology
Macedonianчешање / češanje[ˈt͡ʃɛʃaɲɛ]'itching'See Macedonian phonology
Malagasy[7]——Palatal.
Malaybanyak[bäɲäʔˈ]'a lot'Does not occur at the end of a word.
Malayalam[20]ഞാന്[ɲäːn]'I'
Mapudungun[21]ñachi[ɲɜˈt͡ʃɪ]'spiced blood'
North FrisianMooringfliinj[ˈfliːɲ]'to fly'
NorwegianNorthern[22]mann[mɑɲː]'man'See Norwegian phonology
Southern[22]
OccitanNorthernPolonha[puˈluɲo̞]'Poland'Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.[7] See Occitan phonology
Southern
Gasconbanh[baɲ]'bath'
Polish[23]koń [kɔɲ̟] 'horse'Alveolo-palatal. May be replaced by a nasal palatal approximant in coda position or before fricatives. See Polish phonology
PortugueseMany dialects[24]Sônia[ˈsõ̞n̠ʲɐ]'Sonia'Possible realization of post-stressed /ni/ plus vowel.
Brazilian[24][25]sonha[ˈsõ̞ɲɐ]'it dreams'Central palatal, not the same that /ʎ/ which is pre-palatal.[26] May instead be approximant[27][12] in Brazil and Africa. See Portuguese phonology
European[28]arranhar[ɐʁɐ̃ˈn̠ʲaɾ]'to scratch'Dento-alveolo-palatal.[7]
Quechuañuqa[ˈɲɔqɑ]'I'
RomanianTransylvanian dialects[29]câine[ˈkɨɲe̞]'dog'Alveolo-palatal.[29] corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[30]seinn[ʃeiɲ̟]'sing'Alveolo-palatal. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatianпитање / pitanje [pǐːt̪äːɲ̟e̞] 'question'Alveolo-palatal. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovakpečeň[ˈpɛ̝t͡ʃɛ̝ɲ̟]'liver'Alveolar.[7] See Slovak phonology
Spanish[31]enseñar[ẽ̞nse̞ˈɲär]'to teach'Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.[7] See Spanish phonology
Swahili nyama [ɲɑmɑ] 'meat'
Ukrainianтінь[t̪ʲin̠ʲ]'shadow'Alveolo-palatal. See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamesenhà[ɲâː]'house'"Laminoalveolar".[32] See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisiannjonken[ˈɲoŋkən]'next to'Phonemically /nj/. See West Frisian phonology
Yiꑌ/nyi[n̠ʲi˧]'sit'Alveolo-palatal.
Zuluinyoni[iɲ̟óːni]'bird'Alveolo-palatal.[7]

Post-palatal

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
GermanStandard[33]gängig[ˈɡ̟ɛŋ̟ɪç]'common'Allophone of /ŋ/ before and after front vowels;[33] the example also illustrates [ɡ̟]. See Standard German phonology
Lithuanian[34]menkė[ˈmʲæŋ̟k̟eː]'cod'Allophone of /n/ before palatalized velars;[34] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ŋʲ⟩. See Lithuanian phonology
Mapudungun[35]Allophone of /ŋ/ before the front vowels /ɪ, e/.[35]
Polish[36][37]węgiel[ˈvɛŋ̟ɡ̟ɛl]'coal'Allophone of /n/ before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[36][37] See Polish phonology
Romanian[38]anchetă[äŋ̟ˈk̟e̞t̪ə]'inquiry'Allophone of /n/ used before the palatalized allophones of /k, ɡ/.[38] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ŋʲ⟩. See Romanian phonology
Uzbek[39]ming[miŋ̟]'thousand'Word-final allophone of /ŋ/ after front vowels.[39]
Vietnamesenhạc[ɲa̰ːʔk˨˩]'music"Final allophone of /ɲ/. See Vietnamese phonology
Yanyuwa[40][l̪uwaŋ̟u]'strip of turtle fat'Post-palatal; contrasts with post-velar [ŋ̠].[40]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. xviii.
  2. ↑ International Phonetic Alphabet for French.
  3. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 163.
  4. 1 2 3 Ní Chasaide (1999).
  5. 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 33.
  6. ↑ Doke (1925), p. ?.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Recasens (2013), p. 11.
  8. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
  9. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  10. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 46.
  11. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  12. 1 2 Mattos e Silva (1991), p. 73.
  13. ↑ Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
  14. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
  15. ↑ Recasens et al. (1993), p. 222.
  16. ↑ Quiggin (1906).
  17. ↑ de Bhaldraithe (1966).
  18. ↑ Mhac an Fhailigh (1968).
  19. ↑ Okada (1991), p. 95.
  20. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  21. ↑ Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 88.
  22. 1 2 Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
  23. ↑ Jassem (2003), pp. 103–104.
  24. 1 2 Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português, p. 12.
  25. ↑ Aragão (2009), p. 168.
  26. ↑ Cagliari 1974, p. 77. Citation:Em português, o [ɲ] se aproxima mais do [ŋ] do que do [n]; por isso será classificado como "central" e não como pré-palatal. O [ʎ] em muitas línguas se realiza como "central"; em português, [ʎ] tende a [lj] e se realiza sempre na região prepalatal.
  27. ↑ Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
  28. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  29. 1 2 Pop (1938), p. 30.
  30. ↑ Oftedal (1956), p. ?.
  31. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  32. ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 460.
  33. 1 2 Krech et al. (2009), pp. 49, 97.
  34. 1 2 Ambrazas et al. (1997), p. 36.
  35. 1 2 Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 89.
  36. 1 2 Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111, 114.
  37. 1 2 Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41, 86.
  38. 1 2 Sarlin (2014), p. 17.
  39. 1 2 Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
  40. 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34-35.

References

  • Ambrazas, Vytautas; Geniušienė, Emma; Girdenis, Aleksas; Sližienė, Nijolė; Valeckienė, Adelė; Valiulytė, Elena; Tekorienė, Dalija; Pažūsis, Lionginas (1997), Ambrazas, Vytautas, ed., Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, ISBN 9986-813-22-0
  • Aragão, Maria do Socorro Silva de (2009), Os estudos fonético-fonológicos nos estados da Paraíba e do Ceará [The phonetic-phonological studies in Paraíba and Ceará states] (PDF) (in Portuguese)
  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
  • Cagliari, Luiz Carlos (1974), A palatalização em portugues : uma investigação palatografica
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Doke, Clement M. (1925), "An outline of the phonetics of the language of the ʗhũ: Bushman of the North-West Kalahari", Bantu Studies, 2: 129–166
  • de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1966), The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway (2nd ed.), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-51-0
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
  • Gussmann, Edmund (1974), Fisiak, Jacek, ed., "Nasality in Polish and English" (PDF), Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics, Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University, 2: 105–122
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19814-8
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Mattos e Silva, Rosa (1991), O Português arcaico – fonologia, Contexto
  • Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968), The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-02-2
  • Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1, retrieved 2009-01-21
  • Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
  • Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
  • Ostaszewska, Danuta; Tambor, Jolanta (2000), Fonetyka i fonologia współczesnego języka polskiego, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 83-01-12992-1
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties, Cambridge University Press
  • Ramalho, Elba Braga (1998), Aspectos do falar nordestino em Samarica Parteira [aspects of nordestino dialectal speech in 'Samarica Parteira'] (PDF)
  • Recasens, Daniel (2013), "On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199
  • Recasens, Daniel; Farnetani, Edda; Fontdevila, Jordi; Pallarès, Maria Dolors (1993), "An electropalatographic study of alveolar and palatal consonants in Catalan and Italian" (PDF), Language and Speech, 36: 213–234
  • Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
  • Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
  • Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla (in Norwegian), Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, Linguistic Society of America, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.