Voiceless dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants

Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant
l̥
IPA number 155 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPA l_0
Voiceless postalveolar lateral approximant
l̠̊
Voiceless dental lateral approximant
l̪̊

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant:

  • Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
  • There are four specific variants of [l̥]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Norwegian Trondheim dialect[1] sælt [s̪al̪̊t̪] 'sold' Laminal denti-alveolar; allophone of /l/. Also described as a fricative [ɬ̪].[2] See Norwegian phonology
Turkish[3] yol [ˈjo̞ɫ̪̊] 'way' Velarized laminal denti-alveolar.[3] It is a frequent realization of /ɫ/ in word-final and preconsonantal positions.[4] See Turkish phonology

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Danish Standard[5] plads [ˈpl̥a̝s] 'square' Before /l/, aspiration of /p, t, k/ is realized as devoicing of /l/.[5] See Danish phonology
Estonian[6] mahl [mɑ̝hːl̥] 'juice' Word-final allophone of /l/ after /t, s, h/.[6] See Estonian phonology
Moksha калхне [ˈkal̥nʲæ] 'these fishes' Contrasts plain voiceless, plain voiced, palatalized voiceless and palatalized voiced versions.
Tibetan ལྷ [l̥a] 'deity' Contrasts voiceless and voiced lateral approximants
Ukrainian[7] смисл [s̪mɪs̪l̥] 'sense' Word-final allophone of /l/ after voiceless consonants.[7] See Ukrainian phonology
Washo madukwáwLu [maduˈkwawl̥u] 'sunflower'
Xumi Lower[8] [RPʁul̥o] 'head' Contrasts with the voiced /l/.[8][9]
Upper[9] [EPbəl̥ɐ] 'to open a lock'

Postalveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Turkish[3] dil [ˈd̪il̠̊ʲ] 'tongue' Palatalized.[3] It is a frequent realization of /l/ in word-final and preconsonantal positions.[4] See Turkish phonology

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Vanvik (1979:36)
  2. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000:79)
  3. 1 2 3 4 Zimmer & Orgun (1999:154–155)
  4. 1 2 Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
  5. 1 2 Basbøll (2005:65–66)
  6. 1 2 Asu & Teras (2009:368)
  7. 1 2 Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995:10)
  8. 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
  9. 1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.

References

  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
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