Voiceless palatal lateral approximant

Voiceless palatal lateral approximant
ʎ̥
IPA number	157 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPA	L_0

The voiceless palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʎ̥⟩ (devoiced ⟨ʎ⟩), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L_0.

If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral approximant may be transcribed as ⟨l̠̊ʲ⟩ or ⟨l̥˗ʲ⟩ (both symbols denote a devoiced, retracted and palatalized ⟨l⟩) or ⟨ʎ̥˖⟩ (devoiced and advanced ⟨ʎ⟩); these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are l_0_-' or l_0_-_j and L_0_+, respectively. A non-IPA letter ⟨ȴ̊⟩ (devoiced ⟨ȴ⟩, which is an ordinary "l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) can also be used.

It is found as a phoneme distinct from the voiced /ʎ/ in the Xumi language spoken in China.^[1]^[2]

Features

Features of the voiceless palatal lateral approximant:

Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.

Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.

Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.

It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.

The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Faroese^[3]		kjálki	[ˈt͡ʃʰaʎ̥t͡ʃɪ]	'jaw'	Allophone of /l/.^[3] See Faroese phonology
Inupiaq^[4]		sikł̣aq	[sikʎ̥˖ɑq]	ˈpickaxeˈ	Alveolo-palatal;^[4] also described as a fricative [ʎ̥˖˔].^[5] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/.
Inupiaq^[4]		nuiŋił̣ł̣uni	[nuiŋiʎ̥˖ʎ̥˖uni]	'because it did not appear'
Norwegian	Trondheim subdialect of Trøndersk^[6]	alt	[ɑʎ̥c]	'everything, all'	Allophone of /ʎ/ before /c/.^[6] See Norwegian phonology
Norwegian	Some subdialects of Trøndersk^[6]	tatle	[tɑʎ̥]	'acting silly'	According to some scholars,^[7]^[8] it is a phoneme that contrasts with /ʎ/ (as in /tɑʎ/ 'softwood'.)^[6] See Norwegian phonology
Xumi	Lower^[1]	[^Hʎ̥˖o]		'spirit'	Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiced /ʎ/.^[1]^[2]
Xumi	Upper^[2]	[^Hʎ̥˖ɛ]		'flavorless'	Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiced /ʎ/.^[1]^[2]

Notes

1 2 3 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
1 2 3 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
1 2 Árnason (2011:115)
1 2 Kaplan 1981, p. 29.
↑ MacLean 1980, p. XX.
1 2 3 4 Vanvik (1979), p. 37.
↑ Such as Vanvik (1979)
↑ An example of a scholar disagreeing with this position is Scholtz (2009). On page 15, she provides a phoneme chart for Trøndersk, in which /ʎ/ is included. Under the phoneme chart she writes "Vanvik also lists /ʎ̥/ as an underlying phoneme, but that’s ridiculous." She provides no further explanation for that.

References

Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
Scholtz, Anna (2009), A phonetic study of the status of three mergers in the Trøndersk dialect of Norwegian (PDF), Williamstown, Massachusetts: Williams College
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
MacLean, Edna Ahgeak (1980), Iñupiallu Tanņiḷḷu Uqaluņisa Iḷaņich = Abridged Iñupiaq and English Dictionary (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, p. xvii-xx, retrieved 20 December 2017
Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1981), Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Inupiaq (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, p. 21-29, retrieved 20 December 2017

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[FOOTNOTEChirkovaChen2013365,_367–368-1] 1 2 3 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.

[FOOTNOTEChirkovaChenKocjančič_Antolík2013382–383-2] 1 2 3 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.

[arn-3] 1 2 Árnason (2011:115)

[FOOTNOTEKaplan198129-4] 1 2 Kaplan 1981, p. 29.

[FOOTNOTEMacLean1980XX-5] MacLean 1980, p. XX.

[FOOTNOTEVanvik197937-6] 1 2 3 4 Vanvik (1979), p. 37.

[7] Such as Vanvik (1979)

[8] An example of a scholar disagreeing with this position is Scholtz (2009). On page 15, she provides a phoneme chart for Trøndersk, in which /ʎ/ is included. Under the phoneme chart she writes "Vanvik also lists /ʎ̥/ as an underlying phoneme, but that’s ridiculous." She provides no further explanation for that.