Open back rounded vowel

Open back rounded vowel
ɒ
ɔ̞
IPA number 313
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɒ
Unicode (hex) U+0252
X-SAMPA Q
Kirshenbaum A.
Braille ⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) ⠡ (braille pattern dots-16) 
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The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically, it is a near-open or near-low back rounded vowel.[2] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɒ⟩. It is called "turned script a", being a rotated version of "script (cursive) a", which is the variant of a that lacks the extra stroke on top of a "printed a". Turned script a ⟨ɒ⟩ has its linear stroke on the left, whereas "script a" ⟨ɑ⟩ (for its unrounded counterpart) has its linear stroke on the right.

A well-rounded [ɒ] is rare, but it is found in some varieties of English. In most languages with this vowel, such as English and Persian, the rounding of [ɒ] is slight, and in English at least, it is sulcal or "grooved". However, according to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), Assamese has an "over-rounded" [ɒ̹], with rounding as strong as that for [u].[3]

According to the phonetician Geoff Lindsey, ⟨ɒ⟩ may be an entirely superfluous IPA symbol, as the sound it represents is far too similar to the open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ], which makes it unlikely that any language would contrast these two vowels phonemically. He also writes that the contemporary Standard Southern British (SSB) accent lacks [ɒ], having replaced it with the more common [ɔ] (a realization that is also found in e.g. Australia,[4][5] New Zealand[6] and Scotland),[7][8] and advocates for transcribing this vowel with the symbol ⟨ɔ⟩ in SSB.[7]

This is not to be understood as /ɒ/ having the same quality as /ɔː/ (which Lindsey transcribes with ⟨oː⟩),[7] as the latter vowel is true-mid [ɔ̝ː] in SSB,[9] a pronunciation that was established decades ago.[10] Lindsey also says that more open variants of /ɒ/ used formerly in SSB are satisfyingly represented by the symbols [ɔ̞] and [ɑ] in narrow phonetic transcription, and ⟨ɔ⟩ in phonemic/broad phonetic transcription. According to him, the endless repetition of the symbol ⟨ɒ⟩ in publications on BrE has given this vowel a familiarity out of all proportion to its scarcity in the world’s languages.[7]

Features

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

  • Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth – that is, as low as possible in the mouth.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
  • It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[11]daar[dɒːr]'there'Fully back. Used by some speakers, particularly young female speakers of northern accents. Other speakers use an unrounded vowel [ɑː ~ ɑ̟ː].[11] See Afrikaans phonology
Assamese[3]পোট্[pɒ̹t]'to bury'Also described as close-mid near-back [ʊ̞].[12]
CatalanMajorcan[13][14]soc[ˈsɒk]'clog'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Catalan phonology
Menorcan[13][14]
Valencian[13][14]
Some Valencian speakers[15]taula[ˈt̪ɑ̟wɫɒ̝]'table'Can be realized as unrounded [ɑ].
DanishStandard[16]kort[ˈkʰɒ̝ːd̥]'short'Near-open;[16] also described as open-mid [ɔː].[17] See Danish phonology
DutchLeiden[18]bad[bɒ̝t]'bath'Near-open fully back; may be unrounded [ɑ̝] instead.[18] It corresponds to [ɑ] in standard Dutch.
Rotterdam[18]
Some dialects[19]bot[bɒt]'bone'Some non-Randstad dialects,[19] for example those of Den Bosch and Groningen. It is open-mid [ɔ] in standard Dutch.
EnglishReceived Pronunciation[20]not[nɒt]'not'Somewhat raised. Younger RP speakers may pronounce a closer vowel [ɔ]. See English phonology
Northern English[21]May be somewhat raised and fronted.[21]
South African[22][nɒ̜̈t]Near-back and weakly rounded.[22] Some younger speakers of the General variety may actually have a higher and fully unrounded vowel [ʌ̈].[22] See South African English phonology
Inland Northern American[23]thought [θɒt] 'thought'See Northern cities vowel shift
Indian[24] [t̪ʰɒʈ]/ɒ/ and /ɔː/ differ entirely by length in Indian English.
Welsh[25][26][θɒːt]Open-mid in Cardiff; may merge with /oː/ in northern dialects.
GermanStandard[27]voll[fɒ̝l]'full'Near-open;[27] also described as open-mid back [ɔ][28] and open-mid near-back [ɔ̟].[29] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Standard German phonology
Many speakers[30]Gourmand[ɡʊʁˈmɒ̃ː]'gourmand'Nasalized; common phonetic realization of /ɑ̃ː/.[30] Also described as central unrounded [ã̠ː].[31] See Standard German phonology
Many Swiss dialects[32]mane[ˈmɒːnə]'remind'The example word is from the Zurich dialect, in which [ɒː] is in free variation with the unrounded [ɑː].[33]
HungarianStandard[34]magyar[ˈmɒ̜̽ɟɒ̜̽r]'Hungarian'Somewhat fronted and raised, with only slight rounding; sometimes transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. Unrounded [ɑ] in some dialects.[35] See Hungarian phonology
Ibibio[36]dọ[dɒ̝́]'marry'Near-open;[36] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.
IrishUlster[37]ólann[ɒ̝ːɫ̪ən̪ˠ]'(he) drinks'Near-open;[37] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.
Lehali[38]dön̄[ⁿdɒ̝ŋ]'yam'Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[38]
Lemerig[39]‘ān̄sār[ʔɒ̝ŋsɒ̝r]'person'Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[39]
LimburgishMaastrichtian[40]plaots[plɒ̝ːts]'place'Near-open fully back; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.[40] Corresponds to [ɔː] in other dialects.
NorwegianUrban East[41]topp[tʰɒ̝pː]'top'Near-open,[41] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. Also described as open-mid near-back [ɔ̟][42] and open-mid back [ɔ].[43] See Norwegian phonology
Dialects along the Swedish border[44]hat[hɒ̜ːt]'hate'Weakly rounded and fully back.[44] See Norwegian phonology
Persian فارسی [fɒːɾˈsiː] 'Persian'
RomanianIstro-Romanian[45]cap[kɒp]'head'Corresponds to [ä] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
SlovakSome speakers[46]a[ɒ]'and'Under Hungarian influence, some speakers realize the short /a/ as rounded.[46] See Slovak phonology
SwedishCentral Standard[47][48]jаg[jɒ̝ːɡ]'I'Near-open fully back weakly rounded vowel.[47] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩. See Swedish phonology
Gothenburg[48][jɒːɡ]More rounded than in Central Standard Swedish.[48]
UzbekStandard[49]choy[t͡ʃɒj]'tea'
Vastese[50]
Yoruba[51]Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ↑ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
  3. 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 293–294.
  4. ↑ Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 65.
  5. ↑ Horvath (2004), p. 628.
  6. ↑ Hay, Maclagan & Gordon (2008:21). Note that some sources (e.g. Bauer et al. (2007:98)) describe it as more central [ɞ] than back.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Geoff Lindsey (2012) Morgen — a suitable case for treatment, Speech Talk
  8. ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  9. ↑ Gimson (2014), pp. 128–129.
  10. ↑ Wells (1982:293). According to this source, open-mid [ɔː] was the standard pronunciation in the 1930s.
  11. 1 2 Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded low-central vowel /a/".
  12. ↑ Mahanta (2012), p. 220.
  13. 1 2 3 Recasens (1996), pp. 81, 130–131.
  14. 1 2 3 Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  15. ↑ Saborit (2009), pp. 25–26.
  16. 1 2 Basbøll (2005), p. 47.
  17. ↑ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  18. 1 2 3 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
  19. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
  20. ↑ Roach (2004), p. 242.
  21. 1 2 Lodge (2009), p. 163.
  22. 1 2 3 Lass (2002), p. 115.
  23. ↑ W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg (1997), A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved May 27, 2013
  24. ↑ Sailaja (2009), pp. 24–25.
  25. ↑ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
  26. ↑ Tench (1990), p. 135.
  27. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2013:234)
  28. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34)
  29. ↑ Lodge (2009:87)
  30. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 38.
  31. ↑ Hall (2003), pp. 106–107.
  32. ↑ Krech et al. (2009), p. 263.
  33. ↑ Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 248.
  34. ↑ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  35. ↑ Vago (1980), p. 1.
  36. 1 2 Urua (2004), p. 106.
  37. 1 2 Ní Chasaide (1999), p. 114.
  38. 1 2 François (2011), p. 194.
  39. 1 2 François (2011), pp. 195, 208.
  40. 1 2 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 158–159.
  41. 1 2 Vanvik (1979), p. 13.
  42. ↑ Strandskogen (1979), pp. 15, 19.
  43. ↑ Popperwell (2010), p. 26.
  44. 1 2 Popperwell (2010), p. 23.
  45. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  46. 1 2 Kráľ (1988), p. 54.
  47. 1 2 Engstrand (1999), pp. 140–141.
  48. 1 2 3 Riad (2014), pp. 35–36.
  49. ↑ Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar. Uralic and Altaic Series. 18. Bloomington: Indiana University. p. 17.
  50. ↑ "Vastesi Language - Vastesi in the World". Vastesi in the World. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  51. ↑ Bamgboṣe (1969), p. 166.

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