Close-mid back rounded vowel

Close-mid back rounded vowel
o
IPA number 307
Encoding
Entity (decimal) o
Unicode (hex) U+006F
X-SAMPA o
Kirshenbaum o
Braille ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135) 
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The close-mid back rounded vowel, or high-mid back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨o⟩.

For the close-mid back rounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʊ⟩ or ⟨u⟩, see near-close back rounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨o⟩, the vowel is listed here.

Close-mid back protruded vowel

The close-mid back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close-mid back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨o⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, the symbol for the close-mid back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨o̫⟩ for the close-mid back protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨oʷ⟩ or ⟨ɤʷ⟩ (a close-mid back vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

For the close-mid near-back protruded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʊ⟩, see near-close back protruded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨o⟩, the vowel is listed here.

Features

  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
  • Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

Note: Because back rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[2]bok[bok]'goat'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The height varies between close-mid [o] and mid [ɔ̝].[2] See Afrikaans phonology
BavarianAmstetten dialect[3]
Bulgarian[4]уста[os̪ˈt̪a]'mouth'Unstressed allophone of /u/ and /ɔ/.[4] See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[5]sóc[sok]'I am'See Catalan phonology
ChineseShanghainese[6]瓜[ko¹]'melon'Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.[6]
CzechBohemian[7]oko[ˈoko]'eye'Backness varies between back and near-back; may be realized as mid [o̞] instead.[7] See Czech phonology
DanishStandard[8][9]kone[ˈkʰoːnə]'wife'Also described as near-close [o̝ː].[10][11] See Danish phonology
DutchStandard Belgian[12]kool [koːɫ] 'cabbage'In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [oʊ]. See Dutch phonology
EnglishAustralian[13]yawn[joːn]'yawn'See Australian English phonology
Cockney[14]May be [oʊ] or [ɔo] instead.
New Zealand[15]See New Zealand English phonology
South African[16]General and Broad varieties. Cultivated SAE has a more open vowel. See South African English phonology
General American[17]go[ɡoː]'go'Most often a closing diphthong [oʊ][17]
General Indian[18]
General Pakistani[19]Varies between [oː ~ əʊ ~ ʊ].
Singaporean[20]
Estonian[21]tool[toːlʲ]'chair'See Estonian phonology
Faroese[22]tola[ˈtʰoːla]'to endure'May be a diphthong [oɔː ~ oəː] instead.[23] See Faroese phonology
French[24][25]réseau [ʁezo] 'net'See French phonology
GermanStandard[26][27]oder [ˈʔoːdɐ] 'or'See Standard German phonology
Southern accents[28]voll[fol]'full'Common realization of /ɔ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[28] See Standard German phonology
GreekSfakian[29]Corresponds to mid [o̞] in Modern Standard Greek.[30] See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian[31]kór[koːr]'disease'See Hungarian phonology
Italian[32]ombra[ˈombrä]'shade'See Italian phonology
Kaingang[33][pɪˈpo]'toad'
Korean노래 / norae[noɾε]'song'See Korean phonology
LatinClassical [34]sol[soːl]'sun'
LimburgishMost dialects[35][36][37]hoof[ɦoːf]'garden'The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower Sorbian[38]wocy[ˈβ̞ot̪͡s̪ɪ]'(two) eyes'Diphthongized to [u̯ɔ] in slow speech.[38]
Luxembourgish[39]Sonn[zon]'sun'Sometimes realized as open-mid [ɔ].[39] See Luxembourgish phonology
NorwegianStavangersk[40]lov[lo̟ːʋ]'law'Near-back.[40] See Norwegian phonology
Persian لاک پشت [lɒkpoʃt] 'turtle'
Portuguese[41]dois[d̪ojʃ]'two'See Portuguese phonology
Saterland Frisian[42]doalje[ˈdo̟ːljə]'to calm'Near-back; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ʊ/ ([ʊ̞]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨oː⟩ is actually near-close [o̝ː].[42]
Shiwiar[43]Allophone of /a/.[43]
SlovakSome speakers[44]telefón[ˈtɛ̝lɛ̝foːn]'telephone'Realization of /ɔː/ reported to occur in dialects spoken near the river Ipeľ, as well as - under Hungarian influence - in some other speakers. Corresponds to mid [ɔ̝ː] in standard Slovak.[44] See Slovak phonology
Slovenemoj[mòːj]'my'See Slovene phonology
Sotho[45]pontsho[pʼon̩t͡sʰɔ]'proof'Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.[45] See Sotho phonology
SwedishCentral Standard[46][47]åka [²oːcä] 'travel'Often diphthongized to [oə̯]. See Swedish phonology
Ukrainian[48]молодь[ˈmɔlodʲ]'youth'See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[38][49]Bóh[box]'god'Diphthongized to [u̯ɔ] in slow speech.[38][50] See Upper Sorbian phonology
West Frisian[51]bok[bok]'billy-goat'See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba[52]

Close-mid back compressed vowel

Close-mid back compressed vowel
o͍
ɤᵝ

There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɤ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɤ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɤᵝ⟩ ([ɤ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨o͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Only Shanghainese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close-mid back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.[6]

Features

  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
  • Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ChineseShanghainese[6]都[tɤᵝ¹]'capital'Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.[6]

Notes

  1. ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. 1 2 Wissing (2016), section "The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/".
  3. ↑ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. 1 2 Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
  5. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), pp. 328–329.
  7. 1 2 Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  8. ↑ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  9. ↑ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010), p. 227.
  10. ↑ Uldall (1933), p. ?.
  11. ↑ Basbøll (2005), p. 47.
  12. ↑ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  13. ↑ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
  14. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 310.
  15. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  16. ↑ Lass (2002), p. 116.
  17. 1 2 Wells (1982), p. 487.
  18. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 626.
  19. ↑ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1009.
  20. ↑ Deterding (2000).
  21. ↑ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  22. ↑ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 74–75.
  23. ↑ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
  24. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  25. ↑ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  26. ↑ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  27. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  28. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  29. ↑ Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
  30. ↑ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  31. ↑ Szende (1994), p. 94.
  32. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  33. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  34. ↑ Wheelock's Latin (1956).
  35. ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  36. ↑ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  37. ↑ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Stone (2002), p. 600.
  39. 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  40. 1 2 Vanvik (1979), p. 17.
  41. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  42. 1 2 Peters (2017), p. ?.
  43. 1 2 Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  44. 1 2 Kráľ (1988), p. 92.
  45. 1 2 Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
  46. ↑ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  47. ↑ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
  48. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  49. ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
  50. ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 32–33.
  51. ↑ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
  52. ↑ Bamgboṣe (1969), p. 166.

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