List of geographic portmanteaus
This is a list of geographic portmanteaus. Portmanteaus (also called blends) are names constructed by combining elements of two, or occasionally more, other names.
For the most part, the geographic names in this list were derived from two other names or words. Those derived from three or more names are usually considered acronyms or initialisms and can be found in the List of geographic acronyms and initialisms. However, there are exceptions to this two/three rule in both lists, so it is more of a guideline than a hard-and-fast rule.
Border portmanteaus
A border portmanteau is a name that combines those of two, or occasionally three, adjacent polities (states, provinces, counties, cities) to form a name for a region, town, or body of water on or near their mutual border.
Regions
Most of these regions are generalized areas centred on a city near a border.
- Arklahoma (Arkansas and Oklahoma) region centred around Fort Smith, Arkansas
- Ark-La-Tex (Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas) a U.S. socio-economic region where Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma intersect; urban centre is Shreveport, Louisiana
- Cal Neva (California and Nevada) centred around Reno, Nevada
- Delmarva Peninsula (Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia) a large peninsula on the East Coast of the United States, occupied by Delaware and portions of Maryland and Virginia
- Florgia (Florida and Georgia) centred on Jacksonville, Florida
- Georgialina (Georgia and South Carolina) a term for the Central Savannah River Area (CSRA) of Augusta, Georgia and its surrounding areas
- Illiana (Illinois and Indiana) centred on Danville, Illinois
- Illowa (Illinois and Iowa) region centred around the Quad Cities area
- Kennessee, a formerly disputed strip of land along the Kentucky-Tennessee border
- Kentuckiana (Kentucky and Indiana) a popular local name for the Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area, centred on Louisville, Kentucky and spreading across the Ohio River into Indiana
- Lamorinda — a region of Contra Costa County, California comprising Lafayette, Moraga and Orinda
- Michiana (Michigan and Indiana), region whose main urban centre is South Bend, Indiana
- Texhoma (Texas and Oklahoma) centred on Wichita Falls, Texas
Towns, villages, and localities
§ This symbol marks localities with no current population; some of them never had any population.[1]
Blends of country, state, and province names
Note: places listed on the same line are immediately across the border from each other. Some others with non-similar names are also across a border from each other.
- § Alaflora, Alabama (Alabama and Florida) former logging town in Escambia County[1]:97
- § Alaga, Alabama (Alabama and Georgia) town and shipping point where the Alabama Midland Railway crossed the Chattahoochee River[1]:80
- Alcan Border, Alaska (Alaska and Canada) port of entry where the Alaska Highway (formerly the Alcan Highway) crosses into Alaska
- Alsask, Saskatchewan (Alberta and Saskatchewan)[2]
- Arkana, Louisiana and Arkana, Arkansas (Lafayette County) (Arkansas and Louisiana)[3],[1]:350
- Arkinda, Arkansas (Arkansas and Indian Territory, now Oklahoma)[1]:372
- § Arkla, Arkansas (Arkansas and Louisiana), former railroad stop in Chicot County[1]:309
- § Arkmo, Missouri (Arkansas and Missouri) likely former stop on the Kennett & Osceola Railroad in Dunklin County[1]:328
- Arkoma, Oklahoma (Arkansas and Oklahoma)[4]
- Armorel, Arkansas (Arkansas, Missouri, and initials of Robert E. Lee Wilson)[1]:319
- § Artex, Arkansas (Arkansas and Texas) locality and former post office about 10 miles (16 kilometers) east of Texarkana[1]:367
- § Calada, California and Calada, Nevada (California and Nevada) originally a watering stop on the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad, now a double siding on the Union Pacific Railroad extending over both sides of the border[5],[1]:588
- Calexico, California (California and Mexico)[5]
- § Calneva, California (California and Nevada)[5]
- Cal-Nev-Ari, Nevada (California, Nevada, and Arizona)[1]:597
- § Calor, California (California and Oregon) former railroad stop in Siskiyou County, some 8 miles (13 kilometers) east of Dorris, California [5]
- § Calor, Oregon (California and Oregon) former railroad stop on Southern Pacific's Cascade Line[6]
- § Calvada, California (California and Nevada) former stop on the Central Pacific Railroad[1]:546
- Calvada Springs, California (California and Nevada)[5], now known as Charleston View
- § Calzona, California (California and Arizona) former town with a post office (1909-14) and rail depot (1909-17) on the Arizona and California Railway; site now west of Big River, California[5]
- § Carotenn, North Carolina (North Carolina and Tennessee) another name for Lost Cove, North Carolina, a former logging town and moonshining locale, now a ghost town[1]:188
- Carova Beach, North Carolina (North Carolina and Virginia)[1]:205
- § Cokan, Kansas (Colorado and Kansas), community located about 2 miles (3 kilometers) east of the Colorado-Kansas line in Greeley County from the 1930s to the 1950s[7]
- § Colmex, Colorado (Colorado and New Mexico) former Denver and Rio Grande Railroad stop in La Plata County[1]:471
- § Colokan, Kansas (Colorado and Kansas) a short-lived (1887-1897) town half a mile east of the Colorado-Kansas border in Greeley County[1]:429
- § Dakomin, Minnesota (South Dakota and Minnesota) former town on Lake Traverse[1]:238
- § Dakoming, Wyoming (South Dakota and Wyoming) rail siding on the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, now part of the BNSF Railroad[1]:442
- Delmar, Delaware and Delmar, Maryland (Delaware and Maryland)[8]
- Flomaton, Alabama (Florida, Alabama, plus -ton)[9]
- Florala, Alabama (Florida and Alabama)[9]
- § Idavada, Idaho (Idaho and Nevada) rail siding on the Oregon Short Line RR about a mile north of the Idaho-Nevada border in Twin Falls County; line now abandoned and removed[10]
- § Idmon, Idaho (Idaho and Montana) former town in the Camas Meadows area of Clark County[10]
- § Illiana, Illinois (Edgar County) (Illinois and Indiana) former name of Raven, Illinois[1]:283
- Illiana, Illinois (Vermilion County) (Illinois and Indiana)[11]
- Illiana Heights, Illinois (Illinois and Indiana)[1]:295
- Illmo, Scott City, Missouri (Illinois and Missouri)[12]
- § Kanado, Kansas (Kansas and Colorado), community located about 10 miles (16 kilometers) east of Colorado-Kansas line in Greeley County during the 1940s[7]
- § Kanco, Kansas (Kansas and Colorado), current railroad stop 1.8 miles (3 kilometers) east of the Colorado-Kansas border in Greeley County[1]:429
- Kanorado, Kansas (Kansas and Colorado)[7]
- Kenova, West Virginia (Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia)[13]
- Kensee, Kentucky (Kentucky and Tennessee), former coal mining town in Whitley County near Jellico, Tennessee[14]
- Kentenia, Kentucky (Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia)[1]:155
- Kenvir, Kentucky (Kentucky and Virginia)[14]
- § Laark, Louisiana (Louisiana and Arkansas), former shipping and supply point in northeastern Morehouse Parish[1]:309
- § Latex, Texas and Latex, Louisiana (Louisiana and Texas)[7]
- Mardela Springs, Maryland (Maryland and Delaware)[1]:22
- Marvania Heights, Maryland[15] (Maryland and Pennsylvania)
- Marydel, Delaware and Marydel, Maryland (Maryland and Delaware)
- § Mexhoma, Oklahoma (New Mexico and Oklahoma)[7]
- Mexicali, Baja California (Mexico and California)
- Michiana, Michigan and Michiana Shores, Indiana (Michigan and Indiana)[1]:225
- § Missala, Alabama (Mississippi and Alabama) former post office (1916-1925) serving a short-lived logging boom in Choctaw County[1]:114
- § Missala, Mississippi (Mississippi and Alabama) former rail siding on what is now a CSX line in Jackson County[1]:122
- Moark, Arkansas (Missouri and Arkansas) town formed when the railroad came in in the 1870s and went away when the rail did in the 1960s[1]:335
- § Moark, Missouri (Missouri and Arkansas) former shipping point for the Missouri-Arkansas Lumber Company[16]
- § Mokan, Missouri (Missouri and Kansas) former coal-shipping town in Bates County[1]:300
- § Mondak, Montana and Mondak, North Dakota (Montana and North Dakota)[1]:259,[17]
- Monida, Montana (Montana and Idaho) former rail service town where the Utah and Northern Railroad crossed the Continental Divide at Monida Pass[18]
- § Monota, Montana (Montana and North Dakota) village with post office in the early 20th century[1]:449
- § Nevuta, Nevada[19] (Nevada and Utah)
- Nocarva, North Carolina (North Carolina and Virginia) community of lakeside homes with private airstrip on the shore of Lake Gaston[20]
- North Kenova, Ohio (Kentucky, Ohio, (West) Virginia)[1]:254
- § Nosodak, North Dakota (North and South Dakota) platted, but never actually settled; town site now within Lake Oahe[17]
- § Nypenn, New York (New York and Pennsylvania) former station on the New York, Chicago, and St. Louis Railroad south of State Line in Chautauqua County[1]:52
- § Oklarado, Colorado (Oklahoma and Colorado) former farming community in Baca County[7]
- § Orcal, Oregon (Oregon and California) former railroad stop on the Southern Pacific's Siskiyou Line[6]
- § Otex, Oklahoma (Harmon County) (Oklahoma and Texas)[4]
- § Otex, Oklahoma (Texas County) (Oklahoma and Texas) former post office just northeast of Texhoma[4]
- Pen Mar, Maryland and Pen Mar, Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania and Maryland)[1]:45
- Penowa, Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia) small residential community, formerly a coal mining town, in Washington County[1]:141
- Saskalta, Alberta (Saskatchewan and Alberta), former name of Altario
- Sylmar, Maryland and Sylmar, Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania and Maryland) former town with rail station straddling the state border near US Highway 1, now a rural area[7]
- § Tenark, Arkansas (Tennessee and Arkansas) Union Pacific Railroad stop southwest of West Memphis, Arkansas[20]
- § Tennelina, North Carolina (Tennessee and North Carolina) former post office on Shut-in Creek in Madison County[1]:181
- § Tennemo, Tennessee (Tennessee and Missouri) former lumber town (saw mill and shipping point) on the Mississippi River in Dyer County[21]
- Tennga, Georgia (Tennessee and Georgia)[22]
- Texarkana, Texas and Texarkana, Arkansas (Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana)
- Texhoma, Oklahoma[4] and Texhoma, Texas[23] (Texas and Oklahoma)
- Texico, New Mexico (Texas and New Mexico)[24]
- Texla, Texas (Texas and Louisiana) former logging town with post office (1905-1929) in Orange County[25]
- Texola, Oklahoma (Texas and Oklahoma), previously known as Texoma and Texokla [4]
- § Ucolo, Utah (Utah and Colorado)[26]
- § Urado, Utah (Utah and Colorado) former post office and school in San Juan County[1]:519
- § Utida, Utah (Utah and Idaho) former railroad town (including maintainence shop) on the Utah Northern Railroad (now Union Pacific Railroad) in Cache County[1]:510
- Uvada, Nevada (Utah and Nevada) ranching community in White Pine County[27]
- § Uvada, Utah (Utah and Nevada) former rail station and siding in Iron County[1]:526
- Vershire, Vermont (Vermont and New Hampshire)[1]:5
- Virgilina, Virginia (Virginia and North Carolina)[28]:102
- Vir-Mar Beach, Virginia (Virginia and Maryland)[1]:217
- Wyocolo, Wyoming (Wyoming and Colorado)[1]:480
- § Wyuta, Utah (Wyoming and Utah) former station on the Union Pacific Railroad in Rich and Summit Counties[1]:505
Blends of county names
- Banida, Idaho (Bannock and Oneida Counties)[10]
- Calion, Arkansas (Calhoun and Union Counties)[7]
- Colmor, New Mexico[29] (Colfax and Mora Counties)[1]:153
- Dalark, Arkansas[30] (Dallas and Clark Counties)[7]
- Dalhart, Texas (Dallam and Hartley Counties)
- Flomot, Texas (Floyd and Motley Counties)[23]
- Kiogree, Oklahoma (Kiowa and Greer Counties)[1]:153
- Harbell, Kentucky (Harlan and Bell Counties)[1]:161
- Inyokern, California (Kern and Inyo Counties)[5]
- Linchester, Maryland (Caroline and Dorchester Counties)[7]
- Manasota, Florida and Manasota Key, Florida (Manatee and Sarasota Counties)[31]
- Norcatur, Kansas (Norton and Decatur Counties)[32]
- Wamac, Illinois (Washington, Marion, and Clinton Counties)[11]
- Yampo, Oregon (Yamhill and Polk Counties)[1]:153
- Yolano, California (Yolo and Solano Counties)[7]
Blends of town names
- Burnaugh, Kentucky (Burgess Station and Kavanaugh)[14]
- Chambana, Illinois (Champaign and Urbana, Illinois)
- Dalworthington Gardens, Texas (Dallas, Fort Worth, and Arlington)
- Deltona, Florida, (DeLand and Daytona)[33]
- Ellport, Pennsylvania (Ellwood City and Portersville)
- Gerled, Iowa (German and Ledyard Townships)[34]
- Hadlyme, Connecticut (Haddam and Lyme, adjacent towns)[7]
- Harwinton, Connecticut (Hartford, Windsor, and Farmington)[7]
- Linworth, Ohio[35] (Dublin and Worthington)[36]
- Milmay, New Jersey (Millville and Mays Landing)
- Norview (neighborhood of Norfolk, Virginia) — Norfolk, Virginia and Ocean View (Norfolk)[28]:224
- Sanlando Springs, Florida (Sanford, Florida and Orlando, Florida)[7]
- SeaTac, Washington (Seattle and Tacoma)
- Vade, Saskatchewan[37] (Vanscoy and Delisle), rail siding at potash mine between the two towns[2]
- Vanport City, Oregon (Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, Washington), a town on the Portland side of the Columbia river, no longer in existence.[6]
- Ventucopa, California (Ventura and Maricopa)[5]
- Willowick, Ohio (Willoughby and Wickliffe, nearby cities)
Bodies of water
Lakes that are on or near borders also sometimes get named with portmanteaus of the neighbouring polities.
- Alsask Lake, Saskatchewan (Alberta and Saskatchewan)[2]
- Arkla Lake, Arkansas[38] (Arkansas and Louisiana) Miller County, Arkansas
- Calneva Lake, California[39] (California and Nevada) Lassen County, California
- Lake Keomah — a man-made lake 4 miles (6 kilometers) east of Oskaloosa, Iowa named for the two counties that financed it, Keokuk and Mahaska
- Lake Koocanusa — a reservoir named for the river it dams (Kootenay River) and the countries whose border it straddles (Canada and United States)
- Mansask Lake[40] (Manitoba and Saskatchewan) (near Saskman Lake)[2]
- Mantario Lake[41] (Manitoba and Ontario)
- Mantricia Lake[42] (Manitoba and Patricia District, part of Kenora District, Ontario)[43]
- Lake Michiana, Michigan[44] (Michigan and Indiana) Branch County, Michigan
- Sangchris Lake (Sangamon and Christian Counties) — reservoir southeast of Springfield, Illinois
- Saskman Lake[45] (Saskatchewan and Manitoba) (near Mansask Lake)[2]
- Saskoba Lake[46] (Saskatchewan and Manitoba)[2]
- Lake Talquin — Tallahassee and Quincy, Florida
- Lake Texoma — a man-made lake on the Red River that divides Texas and Oklahoma
- Lake Wissota — a large reservoir in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, combines Wisconsin and Minnesota.[47]
Topography
Geographic features on borders or between towns sometimes get border portmanteau names.
- Canalaska Mountain[48],[49] (Canada and Alaska)
- Canida Peak[50] (Canada and Idaho)
- Huatung Valley — from Hualien City to Taitung City in eastern Taiwan
- Monida Pass (Montana and Idaho)[18]
Other border portmanteaus
- Canusa Street (Canada and United States) runs along the border between Beebe Plain, Vermont and Standstead, Quebec
- Mari-Osa State Wildlife Area, Missouri (Maries and Osage Counties)[51]
Maps
Below are maps of the towns (red dots), bodies of water (blue dots), and other geographic features (green dots) that are portmanteaus of country, state, and province names. Also included are pseudo-border portmanteau towns (yellow dots).
Map legend:
- red dot = border portmanteau towns and localities
- yellow dot = pseudo-border portmanteaus
- blue dot = bodies of water
- green dot = other features
Pseudo-border portmanteaus
Some places have names that are blends of country, state, and provincial names. However, they are either not near their mutual border, or of regions that do not have a mutual border.
- Altario, Alberta (Alberta and Ontario), formerly Saskalta (Saskatchewan and Alberta)[1]:148
- Altorado, Alberta (Alberta and Colorado), named by Mormon settlers from Colorado[52]
- Arizmo, Arizona (Arizona and Missouri), settled by people from Missouri[53]
- Arkana, Arkansas (Baxter County) (Arkansas and Louisiana)[1]:356
- Cal-Ida, California (California and Idaho) [1]:148
- Delmar Boulevard (Delaware and Maryland), major street in St. Louis, Missouri; named by two early landowners along the street, one from Delaware and one from Maryland
- Flomich, Florida (Florida and Michigan), founder being a native of Michigan[7]
- § Kaneb, Nebrasks (Kansas and Nebraska), BNSF Railway stop in Fillmore County[20]
- Kyana, Indiana (Kentucky and Indiana)[1]:147
- § Kymo, Arizona (Kentucky and Missouri), first settlers were two families, one from each state[53]
- Lake Wissota, Wisconsin (Wisconsin and Minnesota), town on the lake, also known as Lake Wissota Village
- Mankota, Saskatchewan (Manitoba and North Dakota), original homes of the settlers[2]
- Mantario, Saskatchewan (Manitoba and Ontario), named after two provinces in imitation of nearby Alsask[2]
- Michillinda Lodge, Michigan (Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana)[1]:148
- Ohiowa, Nebraska (Ohio and Iowa), settled by people from both states.[54]
- Ovapa, West Virginia (Ohio, Virginia, Pennsylvania)[13]:465
- Sasman No. 336, Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan and Manitoba), Regional Municipality, the equivalent of a county[2]
- Tennala, Alabama (Tennessee and Alabama)[1]:149
- Texla, Texas (Houston County) (Texas and Louisiana) not near Houston, but also not near the Louisiana border[55]
- Texmo, Oklahoma (Texas and Missouri) settlers from Missouri[4]
- Ukalta, Alberta (Ukraine and Alberta)[1]:148
- § Viropa, West Virginia (Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania)[13]:650
- Wyodak, Wyoming (Wyoming and South Dakota)[1]:443
From personal names
Most here are blends of two personal names, but some are of a personal name with some other name or word.
- Adsul, Texas — Adams and Sullivan, sawmill owners[23]
- Alanreed, Texas — Alan and Reed, contract surveying firm[56]
- Albertha, North Dakota[57] — Allen Town and Bertha Dickie[17]
- Alikanna, Ohio — Alexander and Anna Beatty, town founders[36]
- Almena, Wisconsin — Albert and Wilhelmena Koehler, early settlers[47]
- Alpat Lake[58] (body of water in Saskatchewan) — Al Billwiller and Pat Gillis, prospectors[2]
- Andale, Kansas — Anderson and Dale, early settlers[7]
- Anjean, West Virginia — Ann and Jean, mother and daughter, respectively, of mine owner, Mr Leckie [13]:80
- Annabella, Utah — Ann S. Roberts and Isabella Dalton, early settlers[26]
- Annada, Missouri — Ann and Ada Jamison, daughters of Carson Jamison, early settler[51]
- Annelly, Kansas — Ann and Ellie, wife and daughter of a railroad official[7]
- Annfred, West Virginia — Anna and Fred, railway official and wife[13]:80
- Annis, Idaho — Ann Kearney (first postmistress) and the word "island"[7]
- Arizola, Arizona — Arizona and Ola Thomas, daughter of an early settler[53]
- Artanna, Ohio — Arthur "Art" and Anna Wolfe, store owners[7]
- Arthyde, Minnesota — Arthur and Clyde Hutchins, town founders
- Austwell, Texas — Preston R. Austin and Jesse C. McDowell, founders[23]
- Berclair, Texas — Bert and Clair Lucas, local ranchers[23]
- Birome, Texas — Bickham and Jerome Cartwright, brothers, ranchers, landowners[59]
- Broad Park, Indiana — J. C. Broadstreet and Hugh Parker, local landowners[60]
- Brookneal, Virginia — John Brooke and Sarah Neal Brooke, husband and wife, owners of a tobacco warehouse[28]:54
- Carson, North Dakota — early businessmen: Frank Carter and David and Simon Pederson[17]
- Churchill, Idaho — Church and Hill were common family names among the early settlers[10]
- Clemscott, Oklahoma — Clem Brooks and Scott Sparks[4]
- Coeburn, Virginia — W. W. Coe, Chief Engineer of the N&W RR and Judge W. E. Burns[7]
- Cokesbury, Maryland — Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury, dead bishops[61]
- Colver, Pennsylvania — Coleman and Weaver, mine owners
- Como, Missouri[62] — Covey and Moberley, founders[7] (note: not Como, Missouri in New Madrid County)
- Cookson, Saskatchewan[63] — Jack Cook and Albert Hodgson, homesteaders[2]
- Cootehill, County Cavan, Ireland — Thomas Coote and Frances Hill, husband and wife[2] (early name dating from the 17th century)
- Coppereid, Nevada — "copper" and John T. Reid, prospector[27]
- Coxby, Saskatchewan[64] — George Cox and Grandby, Quebec, homesteader and former home[2]
- Craneco, West Virginia — Cole and Crane, a Cincinnati lumber company[13]
- Cresbard, South Dakota — John A. Cressey and Fred Baird, early settlers[65]
- Cuyuna Range, Minnesota – Cuyler Adams and his dog Una, prospectors[66]
- Cynthiana, Kentucky — Cynthia and Anna Harrison, daughters of Robert Harrison, land donor[14]
- Dalkena, Washington — Dalton and Kennedy, mill owners[7]
- Dankin, Saskatchewan[67] — Bob Daniels and Bill King, early settlers[2]
- Dayhoit, Kentucky — Day (family name and original town name) plus Roy Wilhoit (mine owner)[14]
- Declo, Idaho — Dethles and Cloughly, family names of early settlers[7]
- Denmar, West Virginia — Dennison and Maryland, early settler and his state of origin[13]
- Donora, Pennsylvania — William Donner and Nora Mellon, wife of banker Andrew W. Mellon[68]
- Dorintosh, Saskatchewan — Dorise Nielsen and Cameron Ross McIntosh, successive Members of Parliament for North Battleford[2]
- Dunbridge, Ohio — Dunn and Trowbridge, early settlers[7]
- Dunrea, Manitoba[69] — Adam Dunlop, postmaster and Thomas Rea, farmer[43]
- Rural Municipality of Eldon No. 471, Saskatchewan — Alexander Elliott and John Albert Gordon, early homesteaders[2]
- Elmonica, Oregon — Eleanor and Monica Stoy, daughters of Sam B. Stoy, early resident and landowner[6]
- Elwin, Illinois — Elwood and Martin, town founders[11]
- Elyria, Ohio — Heman Ely and wife Maria[36]
- Faywood, New Mexico — J. C. Fay and William Lockwood, two of three developers[24]
- Felda, Florida — Felix and Ida Taylor, husband and wife[33]
- Floydada, Texas — Floyd County and Ada Price, mother of T. W. Price, local rancher[23]
- Fluvanna County, Virginia — fluvius (Latin, "river") and Anne, Queen of Great Britain[7]
- Frenchglen, Oregon — Peter French and Dr Hugh James Glenn, ranchers[6]
- Geraldton, Ontario — Fitzgerald and Joseph Errington, mine financiers[70]
- Gilsum, New Hampshire — Samuel Gilbert and his son-in-law, Thomas Sumner[7]
- Gladmar, Saskatchewan — Gladstone and Margaret Black, children of first postmaster[2]
- Gladstell, Texas — Gladys and Estell Grogan, the daughters of George and Will Grogan, sawmill owners[71]
- Glenada, Oregon — glen plus Ada, for Jane Ada Colter and Ada Colter, wife and daughter of George Colter, town founder[6]
- Glenbain, Saskatchewan — Richard Bruce McBain, JP and Glengarry County, Ontario, his former home[2]
- Gracemont, Oklahoma — Grace and Montgomery, two friends of the first postmaster[4]
- Gragreen, North Dakota[72] —A. H. Gray and D. W. Green, early pioneers[17]
- Grano, North Dakota — either Charles Grace and Lano Robert Ortberg, newspapermen from Mohall ND, or A. D. Greene, railroad official, and Charles Lano, postmaster at Mohall (or possibly from Grain-0 cereal)[73]
- Greenspond, Newfoundland and Labrador — first two families: Green and Pond [74] (very old name dating from the early 1700s)
- Hanfield, Indiana — Hancock and Garfield[60]
- Hargill, Texas — William Apsey Harding and Samuel Lamar Gill, town developers[7]
- Haysi, Virginia — Charles M. Hayter and Otis L. Sifers, store owners[7]
- Hernshaw, West Virginia — Robert Herndon and partner Renshaw, coal mine owners[13]
- Hughton, Saskatchewan — Hugh and Milton Winters, sons of O. O. Winters, first village overseer[2]
- Idabel, Oklahoma — Ida and Belle Purnell, daughters of Isaac Purnell, railroad official[4]
- Idalou, Texas — either Lou and Ida Bacon, early settlers, or Ida and Lou Bassett, daughters of Julian M. Bassett, rancher[75]
- Idana, Kansas — Ida Howland and Anna Broughton, early settlers[7]
- Iraan, Texas — Ira and Ann Yates, local ranchers[76]
- Isaban, West Virginia — Isabel and Ann, persons unknown[13]
- Ismay, Montana — Isabella and May, daughters of a railroad official
- Jan Phyl Village, Florida — Janet and Phyllis, daughters of the founder, Henry Lesnik
- Jerico Springs, Missouri — Jericho (ancient city) and Joseph B. Carrico, settler[12]
- Juliaetta, Idaho — Julia nad Etta, daughters of Charles Snyder, the first postmaster[10]
- Kenbridge, Virginia — Kennedy and Bridgeforth, landowners' names[28]:128
- Keymar, Maryland — Key, family name (Francis Scott Key was a member) and Maryland[61]
- Kildav, Kentucky — Killebrew and Davis, mine owners[14]
- Kormak, Ontario — Charles Korpela and Oscar Maki, lumbermen
- Krydor, Saskatchewan — Peter Krysak and Teodor Lucyk, prominent settlers[2]
- LaBelle, Florida — Laura June and Carrie Belle, daughters of Francis Asbury Hendry, politician and rancher[33]
- Langruth, Manitoba[77] — Langdon and Ruth, landowners[43]
- Lewanna, Nebraska — Lewellen, last name of first postmaster plus Anna, his daughter [54]
- Lanton, Missouri — Lancaster and Sutton, early settlers[51]
- Lawtell, Louisiana — Lawler and Littell, town founders[3]
- Lazbuddie, Texas — D. Luther (Laz) Green and Andrew (Buddie) Sherley, store owners[78]
- Leaday, Texas — J. C. Lea and Mabel Doss Day, ranch owners[79]
- Lillybrook, West Virginia — Lilly and Hornbrook, mine owners[13]
- Lisabeula, Washington — Elisa and Beulah Butts, daughters of the first postmaster[80]
- Livermore, Colorado — Adophus Livernash and Stephen Moore, early settlers[81]
- Mabank, Texas — G. W. Mason and Thomas Eubank, town founders, ranchers[82]
- Macworth, Saskatchewan[83] — McEwen and Elsworth, local families[2]
- Mansfield, Texas — Ralph S. Man and Julian Feild[sic], mill and business owners[84]
- Marchwell, Saskatchewan[85] — Frank M. and Charles H. March and Henry Wells, owners of March Brothers and Wells, a land holding and development company[2]
- Marianna, Florida — Mary and Anna, daughters of town founder Scott Beveridge[33]
- Marietta, Pennsylvania — Mary Cook and Etta Anderson, wives of the founders[68]
- Marshan Township, Dakota County, Minnesota — Michael and Ann Marsh, early settlers[86]
- Marwayne, Alberta — S. C. Marfleet, first postmaster, and Wainfleet, Lincolnshire, England, his original home[52]
- Mary Esther, Florida — daughters of the first postmaster, John Newton[33]
- Maunie, Illinois — Maude Sheridan and Jennie Pumphrey, daughters of early settlers[11]
- Maxstone, Saskatchewan[87] — Alexander Maxwell and Stonehenge, a nearby district[2]
- Meleb, Manitoba — Melnyk, farmer, and Lebman, storekeeper[88]
- Micola, Missouri — Michie and Coleman, founders[51]
- Milden, Saskatchewan — Charles Mills and Robert Bryden, early settlers[2]
- Milfay, Oklahoma — Charles Mills and Edward Fay, railroad officials[4]
- Minneola, Kansas — Minnie Davis and Ola Watson, early settlers[32]
- Naicam, Saskatchewan — Naismith and Cameron, railway construction contractors[2]
- Nelscott, Oregon — Charles P. Nelson and Dr W. G. Scott, town founders (now part of Lincoln City, Oregon)[6]
- Nicoma Park, Oklahoma — Dr G. A. Nichols, town founder, and Oklahoma[4]
- Noralee, British Columbia[89] — Nora and Lee Newgaard[90]
- Nucrag, Idaho — rail siding and spur on the Camas Prairie Railroad, named for two rail workers: Newton, a conductor, and Craig, an engineer[10]
- Palco, Kansas — Palmer and Cole, railroad officials[32]
- Palmdale, Minnesota — Frank Palmquist and Ogda Emilia Elmdahl, husband and wife[86]
- Paragould, Arkansas — J. W. Paramore and Jay Gould, railroad owners[1]:320
- Raljon, Maryland — former name of town where FedExField is located, for Ralph and John, sons of former Washington Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke
- Raymore, Missouri — George Rae and H. C. Moore, town founders[2]
- Raywick, Kentucky — Ray and Wickliffe, pioneer family names[14]
- Roseglen, North Dakota — "rose" and Glennon, first settlers[17]
- Roselawn, Indiana (originally Rose Lon) — Orlando Rose and Lon Craig, early merchants[60]
- Rush Hill, Missouri — town founders: Reusch and Hill[12]
- Ruthilda, Saskatchewan — Ruth and Hilda, daughters of early settler H. Alex Goodwin[2]
- Sarona, Wisconsin — combination of Sauer (early settler) plus Sharon plain in Israel[47]
- Scotford, Alberta — Thomas Walter Scott, first premier of Saskatchewan, and Alexander Cameron Rutherford, first premier of Alberta[91]
- Shawswick Township, Lawrence County, Indiana — William Shaw, war hero, and Judge William W. Wick, eminent jurist[60]
- Sherridon, Manitoba — Carl Sherritt and J. Peter Gordon, founders of Sherritt Gordon Mines, Ltd., now Sherritt International Corporation[43]
- Snowflake, Arizona — Erastus Snow and William Jordan Flake, Mormon bishops[53]
- Veda Lake — lake in the Oregon Cascades, first stocked by Vern Rogers and Dave Donaldson, who the lake was named after[6]
- Vidora, Saskatchewan — Vivian and Dorothy, wife and daughter of J. M. MacArthur, CPR railway official[2]
- WaKeeney, Kansas — Albert Warren and James F. Keeney, real estate developers[32]
- Wallard, Saskatchewan[92] — Charles H. Waller and George Washington Card, first postmaster and first settler, respecitvely[2]
- Walbert, Missouri — sons of early postmaster: Walter and Herbert Baur[51]
- Wardell, Missouri — R. L. Warren + dell (landform)[51]
- Wayan, Idaho — Wayne and Ann Nevils, early settlers[10]
- Westlock, Alberta — William Westgate and William Lockhart[91]
- Wilark, Oregon — Wilson and Clark, two families of lumbermen who owned the Clark and Wilson Lumber Company[6]
- Wilfred, Indiana — Wilford and Fredman, coal mining operators[60]
- Wilmont Township, Nobles County, Minnesota — compromise name between Willumet and Lamont (significance of those names unknown)[86]
- Zenoria, Louisiana — Zed and Noria, husband and wife, early settlers[3]
Merged towns
Sometimes a portmanteau name is created from the names of predecessor towns. Names that are merely a concatenation of the predecessor names, such as Budapest, are excluded.
- Brockton, Ontario — Brant, Greenock, and Walkerton
- Clarington, Ontario — Clarke and Darlington, two townships[70]
- Rural Municipality of Corman Park No. 344, Saskatchewan — three rural municipalities: Cory No. 344, Warman No. 374 and Park No. 375[2]
- Fairborn, Ohio — Fairfield and Osborn[36]
- Glanbrook, Hamilton, Ontario — Glanford and Binbrook[70]
- Grenola, Kansas — Green Field and Canola[7]
- Kenora, Ontario — Keewatin, Norman, and Rat Portage[70]
- Ramara, Ontario — Rama and Mara Townships[70]
- Sandton, Johnnesburg, South Africa — Sandown and Bryanston
- Temvik, North Dakota — Templeton and Larvik[17]
Livestock
- Bimble, Kentucky — Bim and Bill, two oxen owned by Will Payne, first postmaster[14]
- Clemretta, British Columbia[93] — Clementine and Henrietta, two cows owned by the first postmaster[90]
Other portmanteaus
- Acmar, Alabama — Acton and Margaret, two other Alabama towns with mines owned by the same company[9]
- Algoma (various places with this name, such as Algoma District, Ontario) — Algonquian and goma, derived from -gamaa (Algonquian: "lake"); coined by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft
- Alkabo, North Dakota — "alkali" and "gumbo", two types of soil in the area[17]
- Aquadeo, Saskatchewan — "aquatics" and "rodeo"[2]
- Arenac County, Michigan — arena (Latin: "sand") and auke (Algonquian: "place"); coined by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft[94]:368
- Arrowbear Lake, California, a small community halfway between Lake Arrowhead and Big Bear Lake in the San Bernardino mountains.
- Ashton, Maryland — Ashland and Clifton, two nearby estates[61]
- Bellevyria, North Dakota[95] — Bellevue, Ohio and Elyria, Ohio, original homes of two early settlers[17]
- Borosolvay, California — Pacific Coast Borax Company and the Solvay Process Company[5]
- BosWash or BosNYWash, terms occasionally used for the chain of interlocking coastal metropolitan areas (stretching from Boston in the north to Washington, D.C. in the south) that make up the Northeast megalopolis.
- Bralorne, British Columbia — Bralco and Lorne (name of the mine); Bralco is a company name coined by combining BRitish, ALberta, and COlumbia[90]
- Calistoga, California — California and Saratoga
- Canoat, Saskatchewan — Canadian oats[2]
- Canwood, Saskatchewan — Canadian woodlands[2]
- Carcross, Yukon — Caribou Crossing
- Carlea, Saskatchewan — Carrot and Leather Rivers flow together near the town[2]
- Carway, Alberta — Cardston and "highway"[52]
- Centrahoma, Oklahoma — central Oklahoma[4]
- Clearco, West Virginia — Clear Creek Coal Company[13]
- Colora, Maryland — culmen and aura (Latin: "ridge", "breeze")[61]
- Crekola, Oklahoma[96] — Creek (tribe) and Oklahoma[4]
- Dacoma, Oklahoma — Dakota (tribe) and Oklahoma [4]
- Dakem, North Dakota — North Dakota and Emmons County[17]
- Delanco, New Jersey — Delaware River and Rancocas Creek[7]
- Delanson, New York — Delaware and Hudson[97]
- Delawanna station (New Jersey Transit stop in Clifton, New Jersey) — Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad[7]
- Donavon, Saskatchewan — Don River (Ontario) and Avon River (Ontario)[2]
- Echola, Alabama — "echo" and Alabama[9]
- Enehoe, Oklahoma[98] — last letters of Cheyenne and Arapaho[4]
- Eurasia — Europe and Asia
- Flagami, Miami, Florida — neighbourhood around Flagler Street and Tamiami Canal
- Gascozark, Missouri — Gasconade River and Ozarks[51]
- Golburn, Saskatchewan[99] — "goldenrod" and "burning"[2]
- Haybro, Colorado — Hayden brothers, coal operators[81]
- Idahome, Idaho — Idaho and "home"[10]
- Indiahoma, Oklahoma — Indian and Oklahoma, a portmanteau which most likely honors the area’s Native-American roots[7]
- Indialantic, Florida — between the Indian River (Florida) and the Atlantic Ocean[33]
- Indrio, Florida[100] — Indian River (Florida) and rio (Spanish: "river")[33]
- Irrigon, Oregon — "irrigation" and Oregon[6]
- Lake Itasca, Minnesota — veritas and caput (Latin: "truth", "head"); coined by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft [86]:259
- Kanwaka, Kansas — Kansas and Wakarusa Rivers[32]
- Rural Municipality of Kellross No. 247, Saskatchewan — Kelliher and Leross, two villages within the municipality[2]
- Lempom, California — "lemon" and "pomegranate"[5]
- Linwood, Michigan — "line" and "wood"[101]
- Lorwood, Missouri — Lorain County, Ohio and Wood County, Ohio, original homes of three mill owners[102]
- Marfrance, West Virginia — Margaret and Frances, two coal mining companies[13]
- Rural Municipality of Mayfield No. 406, Saskatchewan — Maymont and Fielding, two communities within the municipality[2]
- Millux, California — Miller & Lux, stock-raising firm[5]
- Miloma, Minnesota — two railroads: the Milwaukee Road (Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad), and the Omaha Road (Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway)[86]
- Lake Mohawksin, Wisconsin — last syllables of the three rivers that flow into the lake: the Somo, the Tomahawk and the Wisconsin[47]
- Oaknolia, Louisiana — "oak" and "magnolia", trees growing in the area[3]
- Okeelanta, Florida — Lake Okeechobee and Atlantic Ocean[33]
- Okeene, Oklahoma — the last syllables of Cherokee and Cheyenne[103]
- Oklaunion, Texas — Oklahoma and union"[7]
- Orlovista, Florida — Orlando and vista (Spanish: "view")[33]
- Orovada, Nevada — oro (Spanish: "gold") and Nevada[27]
- Oscoda County, Michigan — ossin and muscoda (Algonquian: "pebble", "prairie"); coined by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft[94]:381
- Penndel, Pennsylvania (named after the Pennsylvania/Delaware Highway)
- Penn Yan, New York — Pennsylvania and Yankee
- Riverhurst, Saskatchewan — Riverside and Boldenhurst, two nearby post offices[2]
- Rondowa, Oregon[104] — from Grande Ronde River and Wallowa River[6]
- Salvisa, Kentucky — located between Salt River and Levisa River (former name of Kentucky River)[14]
- Sanganois State Fish and Wildlife Area, Illinois — Sangamon River and Illinois[7]
- Camp Saskadet — Saskatchewan and "cadet"; military campground for training of cadets, near Kelvington, Saskatchewan[2]
- Sanma Province, Vanuatu — Espiritu Santo, Malo Island, islands that make up the province
- Senegambia — Senegal and The Gambia
- Shefa Province, Vanuatu — Shepherd Islands and Efate
- Solromar, California — sol, oro, and mar (Spanish: "sun", "gold", and "sea")[5]
- Shewag Creek and Shewag Lake, Idaho — in between Sheep Creek and Wagonhammer Creek[10]
- Tamiami, Florida — Tampa to Miami[7]
- Tanzania — Tanganyika and Zanzibar
- Torba Province, Vanuatu — Torres Islands, Banks Islands, island groups that make up the province
- Transcona, Winnipeg, Manitoba — Transcontinental Railway and Strathcona (for Donald Smith, Lord Strathcona)[43]
- Uravan, Colorado — "uranium" and "vanadium"[81]
- Valsetz, Oregon — Valley and Siletz Railroad[6]
- Walland, Tennessee — Walton and England, from the Walton and England Leather Co. which established a tannery there.[21]
- Weskan, Kansas — western Kansas[32]
- Winnitoba railway station, Manitoba — Winnipeg and Manitoba[43]
- Woolaroc — museum and game preserve in Oklahoma; name is a blend of "woods" "lakes" and "rocks"[7]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Temple, Robert D. (2009). Edge Effects: the Border-Name Places (2nd ed.). Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse, Inc. ISBN 978-0-595-47758-6.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Barry, Bill (September 2005). Geographic Names of Saskatchewan. Regina, Saskatchewan: People Places Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 1-897010-19-2.
- 1 2 3 4 D'Artois Leeper, Clare (2012). Louisiana Place Names: Popular, Unusual, and Forgotten Stories of Towns, Cities, Plantations, Bayous, and Even Some Cemeteries. LSU Press. ISBN 9780807147382.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Shirk, George H, (1987). Oklahoma Place Names. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2028-2.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Gudde, Erwin Gustav (2010). California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. University of California Press.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (1992). Oregon Geographic Names (6th ed.). Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-237-2.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Stewart, George R. (1970). American place-names; a concise and selective dictionary for the continental United States of America. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Heck, L. W. (1966). Delaware Place Names. U.S. Government Printing Office.
- 1 2 3 4 Foscue, Virginia O. (1989). Place Names in Alabama. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817304102.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Boone, Lalia Phipps (1988). Idaho place names : a geographical dictionary. Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho Press. ISBN 0893011193.
- 1 2 3 4 Callary, Edward (October 2009). Place Names of Illinois. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03356-8.
- 1 2 3 Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named. State Historical Society.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kenny, Hamill (1945). West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains. Piedmont, WV: The Place Name Press.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rennick, Robert M. (2013). Kentucky Place Names. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813144016.
- ↑ "Marvania Heights, Maryland". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ "Dunklin County Place Names, 1928–1945". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Williams, Mary Ann Barnes (1966). Origins of North Dakota Place Names. Bismarck, ND: Bismarck Tribune.
- 1 2 "Montana Placenames from Alzada to Zortman". Montana Place Names. Montana Historical Society. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
- ↑ "Nevuta, Nevada". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- 1 2 3 Rand McNally & Co. (1997). Rand McNally 1997 Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide (128th ed.). Rand McNally & Co.
- 1 2 Miller, Larry (2001). Tennessee Place-names. Indinan University Press. ISBN 9780253214782.
- ↑ Krakow, Kenneth K. (November 1999). Georgia Place-Names (Third ed.). Macon, Georgia: Winship Press. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tarpley, Fred (2010). 1001 Texas Place Names. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292786936.
- 1 2 Julyan, Robert Hixson (1996). The Place Names of New Mexico (revised ed.). UNM Press. ISBN 9780826316899.
- ↑ Wooster, Robert. "Texla, TX". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
- 1 2 Van Cott, John W. (1990). Utah Place Names: A Comprehensive Guide to the Origins of Geographic Names : a Compilation. University of Utah Press. ISBN 9780874803457.
- 1 2 3 Carlson, Helen S. (1974). Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 9780874170948.
- 1 2 3 4 Hanson, Raus McDill (1969). Virginia Place Names : Derivations, Historical Uses. Verona, Virginia: McClure Press.
- ↑ "Colmor, New Mexico". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ "Dalark". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ McCarthy, John. "A Guide to Sarasota Beaches". Sarasota Magazine. SagaCity Media. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 McCoy, Sondra Van Meter; Hults, Jan (1989). 1001 Kansas Place Names. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0392-1.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Morris, Allan (1995). Florida Place Names: Alachua to Zolfo Springs. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. ISBN 1-56164-084-0.
- ↑ Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways (2nd ed.).
- ↑ "Linworth, Ohio". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- 1 2 3 4 Overman, William Daniel (1959). Ohio Town Names. Akron, Ohio: Atlantic Press.
- ↑ "Vade, Saskatchewan". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ↑ "Arkla Lake". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ "Calneva Lake". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ "Mansask Lake". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ↑ "Mantario Lake". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ↑ "Manticia Lake". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Geographic Board of Canada (1933). Place-names of Manitoba. Ottawa: J. O. Patenaude, acting King's printer.
- ↑ "Lake Michiana". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ "Saskman Lake". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ↑ "Saskoba Lake". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- 1 2 3 4 Gard, Ropbert E. (2015). The Romance of Wisconsin Place Names. Wisconsin Historical Society. ISBN 9780870207082.
- ↑ "Canalaska Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ "Canalaska Mountain". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ↑ "Canida Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ramsay, Robert L. (1952). Our Storehouse of Missouri Place Names. University of Missouri Press.
- 1 2 3 Marden, Ernest G.; Marden, Austin (2010). Community Place Names of Alberta. Lulu.com. ISBN 189747217X.
- 1 2 3 4 Barnes, Will Croft (2016). Arizona Place Names. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816534951.
- 1 2 Fitzpatrick, Lilian L. (1925). Nebraska Place-Names. University of Nebraska Press.
- ↑ Long, Christopher. "Texla, TX". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Associtation. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
- ↑ Anderson, H. Allen. "Alanreed, TX". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ↑ "Albertha, North Dakota". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ "Alpat Lake". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ↑ Minor, David. "Birome, TX". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Baker, Ronald L. (October 1995). From Needmore to Prosperity: Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-32866-3.
- 1 2 3 4 Kenny, Hamill (1984). The Placenames of Maryland : their origin and meaning. Baltimore, Md.: Maryland Historical Society. ISBN 0-938420-28-3.
- ↑ "Como, Henry County, Missouri". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ "Cookson, Saskatchewan". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ↑ "Coxby, Saskatchewan". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ↑ Federal Writers' Project (1940). South Dakota place-names, v.1-3. University of South Dakota.
- ↑ Warren Upham (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 157.
- ↑ "Dankin, Saskatchewan". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- 1 2 Espenshade, A. Howry (1925). Pennsylvania place names. State College, PA: The Pennsylvania State College.
- ↑ "Dunrea, Manitoba". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Rayburn, Alan (1997). Place names of Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-7207-0.
- ↑ Wooster, Robert. "Gladstell, TX". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- ↑ "Gragreen, North Dakota". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ Wick, Douglas A. (1989). North Dakota Place Names. Prairie House. p. 79. ISBN 9780911007114.
- ↑ Hamilton, William Baillie (1996). Place Names of Atlantic Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 209. ISBN 0802075703.
- ↑ Barrier, Carolyn. "Idalou, TX". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- ↑ Justice, Glenn. "Iraan, TX". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- ↑ "Langruth, Manitoba". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ↑ Anderson, H. Allen. "Lazbuddie, TX". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- ↑ "Leaday, TX". Handbook of texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- ↑ Meany, Edmund S. (1923). Origin of Washington geographic names. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
- 1 2 3 Bright, William (2004). Colorado Place Names. Big Earth Publishing. ISBN 9781555663339.
- ↑ Hart, Brian. "Mabank, TX". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
- ↑ "Macworth, Saskatchewan". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ↑ Hart, Jan. "Mansfield, TX". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- ↑ "Marchwell, Saskatchewan". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Upham, W. (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance, v. 17. Minnesota Historical Society.
- ↑ "Maxstone, Saskatchewan". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ↑ Krawchuk, Peter. "Ukrainian Place Names in Canada". Virtual Museum of Canada. Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ↑ "Noralee, British Columbi". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- 1 2 3 Akrigg, G. P. (Philip) V.; Akrigg, Helen (2011). British Columbia Place Names (Third ed.). UBC Press. ISBN 0774841702.
- 1 2 Canadian Board on Geographical Names (1928). Place-names of Alberta. Ottawa: F. A. Acland, printer.
- ↑ "Wallard, Saskatchewan". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ↑ "Clemretta, British Columbia". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- 1 2 Waldman, Carl; Braun, Molly (2009). Atlas of the North American Indian. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438126715.
- ↑ "Bellevyria, North Dakota". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ "Crekola, Oklahoma". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ Vasiliev, Ren (2004). From Abbotts to Zurich: New York State Placenames. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815607984.
- ↑ "Enehoe, Oklahoma". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ "Golburn, Saskatchewan". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ↑ "Indrio, Florida". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- ↑ Romig, Walter (1973). Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and the Naming of More Than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780814318386.
- ↑ "New Madrid County Place Names, 1928–1945". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
- ↑ Reynolds, W. Dale. "Okeene". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- ↑ "Rondowa, Oregon". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.