List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes

The Chandler, Minnesota F5 tornado of June 16, 1992

Among the most violent known meteorological events are tornadoes. Each year, more than 2,000 tornadoes occur worldwide, with the vast majority occurring in the United States and Europe.[1][2] In order to assess the intensity of these events, meteorologist Ted Fujita devised a method to estimate maximum winds within the storm based on damage caused; this became known as the Fujita scale. At the top end of the scale, which ranks from 0 to 5, are F5 tornadoes. These storms were estimated to have had winds between 260 mph (420 km/h) and 318 mph (512 km/h).[3][nb 1] Following two particularly devastating tornadoes in 1997 and 1999, engineers questioned the reliability of the scale. Ultimately, a new scale was devised that took into account 28 different damage indicators; this became known as the Enhanced Fujita scale.[4] With building designs taken more into account, winds in an EF5 tornado were estimated to be in excess of 200 mph (320 km/h).[5]

Since 1950, there have been 59 officially rated F5 and EF5 tornadoes in the United States and 1 F5 in Canada. Additionally, the works of tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis revealed the existence of several dozen more between 1880 and 1995. Grazulis also put into question the ratings of several currently rated F5 tornadoes. Outside the United States and Canada, seven tornadoes have been rated F5: two each in France, Germany, and Italy and one in Russia. Several other tornadoes are also documented as possibly attaining this status.

Since structures are completely destroyed in both cases, the identification and assignment of scale between an EF4 tornado and an EF5 is often very difficult.[6][7]

List of events

F5 damage in Bridge Creek, Oklahoma from the May 3, 1999 tornado

The tornadoes on this list have been officially rated F5 by an official government source. Unless otherwise noted, the tornadoes on this list have been rated F5 by the National Weather Service (NWS), as shown in the archives of the Storm Prediction Center and National Climatic Data Center (NCDC).[8][9]

Prior to 1950, assessments of F5 tornadoes are mostly based on the works of Thomas Grazulis. Between 1880 and 1950, the NCDC accepted 38 of his classifications as F5s. In addition to the accepted ones, he rated a further 25 during the same period.[9][10] From 1950 to 1970 tornadoes were assessed retrospectively, primarily using information recorded in government databases, and newspaper photographs and descriptions. Beginning in 1971, tornadoes were rated by the NWS using on-site damage surveys.[11]

For United States tornadoes as of February 1, 2007, the Fujita scale has been recalibrated to more accurately match tornado speeds with their damage and to augment and refine damage descriptors. The new system is called the Enhanced Fujita scale. No earlier tornadoes will be reclassified, and no new tornadoes in the United States will be rated F5. France and Canada later adopted the EF-scale in years following.

In all, 63 tornadoes have been officially rated F5/EF5 since 1950: 59 in the United States and one each in Italy, France, Russia, and Canada. The works of Grazulis also revealed 16 more F5 tornadoes between 1950 and 1995, with four later being accepted by the NCDC.[9] Since the implementation of the Enhanced Fujita scale on February 1, 2007, there have been nine officially rated EF5 tornadoes in the United States from May 4th, 2007-May 20th, 2013 to date, while previously fifty tornadoes were officially rated F5 on the original Fujita scale from May 11th, 1953-May 3rd, 1999.

     – Official F5/EF5; undisputed
     – Rated F5/EF5, or mentioned as a possible F5/EF5 on the 2000 NCDC tornado climatology memo and by tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis
     – Rated F5/EF5, or mentioned as a possible F5/EF5 by tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis
     – Rated F5/EF5 on the 2000 NCDC tornado climatology memo
     – Official F5/EF5, but rating is disputed; event may not have been F5/EF5
     – Officially ranked below F5/EF5, but rating is disputed; event may have been F5/EF5
     – Officially not rated, but event listed as an F5/EF5

Before 1900

Officially and unofficially rated F5 tornadoes prior to 1900
Day Year Country State Location Fatalities Notes Listed F5 by
Jun 29 1764 DE MV Woldegk 1 This tornado was among the strongest ever recorded with damage assessed at the highest level of the TORRO scale (T11). The rating was assigned based on several surveys by German scientist Gottlob Burchard Genzmer.[12][13] Gottlob, ESWD
Apr 23 1800 DE SN Hainichen 0 Homes were completely destroyed, and large swaths of forest were leveled with trees debarked.[12] ESWD
Aug 19 1845 FR NOR Montville 75 This tornado was rated T10/11.[14] Several large, stone-built mills were leveled and partly swept clean. One of the mills was a four-story structure that likely collapsed. Debris was carried 25 mi (40 km).[15] Thomas P., ESWD
Apr 24 1880 US IL West Prairie–Christian County 6 Many "well built" homes were leveled and farms vanished. Its victims (both people and cattle) were reportedly carried up to half a mile. This is the earliest estimated F5 that can be verified in the U.S. according to Grazulis. (The 1953 Waco tornado is the earliest officially rated - see below.) The F5 rating is widely accepted.[9][10][16] Thomas P., NCDC
Jun 12 1881 US MO Hopkins 2 1881 Hopkins tornado – Two farms were completely swept away.[9][10][17] May have been an F5, though rated F4 due to some uncertainty. Thomas P., NCDC
Jul 15 1881 US MN Renville County 20 1881 Minnesota tornado outbreak - According to Grazulis, this tornado was "probably" an F5. Severe damage occurred in Renville County where five farms were completely swept away.[17] Thomas P.
Jun 17 1882 US IA Grinnell 65 16 farms were blown away and the town of Grinnell was devastated, as well as the Grinnell College campus. Debris was carried 100 mi (160 km). Caused 68 fatalities according to Grazulis.[9][10][18] Thomas P., NCDC
Aug 21 1883 US MN Rochester 37 1883 Rochester tornado – 10 farms outside the town were leveled, and some homes were swept away. A metal railroad bridge was completely destroyed.[10][19][20] Thomas P.
Apr 1 1884 US IN Oakville 8 Among contemporary meteorologists, this was considered one of the most intense tornadoes observed up to that time. Parts of Oakville "vanished," with house debris scattered for miles.[9][10][21] Thomas P., NCDC
Jun 15 1892 US MN Faribault County–Freeborn County–Steele County 12 1892 Southern Minnesota tornado – Entire farms were obliterated, and house timbers were embedded into the ground 3 mi (4.8 km) away from the foundations.[10][22] Thomas P.
May 22 1893 US WI Willow Springs 3 Two farm complexes were completely swept away.[9][10][23] Thomas P., NCDC
Jul 6 1893 US IA Pomeroy 71 Well-built homes were swept away in four counties with F5 damage in the town of Pomeroy.[10][24] Grass was scoured from the ground, and a metal bridge was torn from its supports. A well pump and 40 feet (12 m) of pipe were pulled out of the ground.[25] Thomas P., NCDC
Sep 21 1894 US IA Kossuth County 43 Five farms and a home were swept away, leaving little trace.[9][10][26] Thomas P., NCDC
May 1 1895 US KS Harvey County 8 Farms "entirely vanished," with debris carried for miles.[9][10][27] Thomas P., NCDC
May 3 1895 US IA Sioux County 9 Farms were swept away, with debris carried for miles.[10][27] Thomas P.
May 15 1896 US TX Sherman 73 May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence – This was one of the most intense tornadoes of the 19th century according to Grazulis.[9][28] "Extraordinary" damage occurred to farms and 20 homes that were completely obliterated and swept away.[10][28][29] An iron-beam bridge was torn apart and scattered, with one of the beams deeply embedded into the ground.[30][31] Trees were reduced to debarked stumps, and grass was scoured from lawns in town as well. Several headstones at a cemetery were shattered or thrown up to 250 yards through the air, and a trunk lid from Sherman was found 35 miles away.[32] Reliable reports said that numerous bodies were carried hundreds of yards,[28] and that multiple deaths occurred in 17 different families; seven deaths were in one family alone.[28] Thomas P., NCDC
May 17 1896 US KS–NE Washington County–Marshall County–Nemaha County–Brown County–Richardson County 25 May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence – An opera house in Seneca was swept away, along with some farms. Entire farms were reportedly swept clean of debris, leaving the areas "bare as the prairie."[10][28] Thomas P.
May 25 1896 US MI Ortonville–Oakwood 47 May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence – Houses and farms were leveled and swept away, with debris carried up to 12 mi (19 km) away. Trees were completely debarked, with even small twigs stripped bare in some cases.[9][10][33] Thomas P., NCDC
May 18 1898 US WI Marathon County 12 12 farms were flattened.[10][34] Thomas P.
Jun 11 1899 US NE–IA Salix 5 This tornado impacted several farms, including one where a "fine new residence" was swept completely away.[9][35] NCDC
Jun 12 1899 US WI St. Croix County–New Richmond 117 New Richmond tornado – This tornado devastated New Richmond, leveling or sweeping away many homes and businesses.[35] A large section of the town was reduced to nothing but scattered debris and house foundations. The three-story, brick Nicollet Hotel was completely leveled to the ground.[36] Numerous trees were completely debarked and shorn of their branches.[36][37] A 3,000-pound (1,361 kg) safe was carried a full block.[35] Thomas P.

1900–1949

Officially and unofficially rated F5 tornadoes between 1900 and 1949
Day
Year
Country
State
Location
Deaths
Notes
 Listed F5 by
May 10 1905 US OK Snyder 97 Snyder, Oklahoma tornado – The town of Snyder was devastated, with many structures swept away.[9][10][38] A piano was found in a field 8 mi (13 km) outside town, and debris was carried 60 mi (97 km) away.[39] Thomas P., NCDC
Jun 5 1905 US MI Colling 5 Three farms were "wiped out of existence" with only "bits of kindling" remaining on the foundations.[10][40] Thomas P.
Jun 5 1906 US IA, MN, WI Houston County 4 A farm was completely leveled, and a child was reportedly carried .5 mi (0.80 km) away.[9][41] NCDC
Apr 23 1908 US NE Cuming County, Thurston County 3 1908 Dixie tornado outbreak – A well-built two-story home was swept away.[9][10][42] Thomas P., NCDC
May 12 1908 US IA Fremont County, Page County 0 Five farms had all buildings swept away, homes were "absolutely reduced to kindling," and lumber was scattered for miles.[9][10][43] Thomas P., NCDC
Jun 5 1908 US NE Fillmore County 11 Farms vanished, with little left to indicate farmsteads ever existed at some locations.[9][10][44] Thomas P., NCDC
Apr 20 1912 US OK Kingfisher County 2 April 20–22, 1912 tornado outbreak - Entire farms were swept away. May have been a possible F5.[6][9][45] NCDC
Apr 27 1912 US OK Kiowa County, Canadian County 15 This tornado is only listed as an F5 by the NCDC memorandum, and is not listed at all by Grazulis or any other sources, and is therefore a possible typographical error in the memorandum.[9] NCDC
Jun 15 1912 US MO Creighton 5 Two large homes were completely swept away.[10][46] Thomas P.
Mar 23 1913 US NE Omaha 113 March 1913 tornado outbreak sequence – Photo analysis by Grazulis revealed possible F5 damage with many empty foundations throughout Omaha, though it is uncertain if this was a result of the tornado or cleanup efforts following the event. An F4 rating was assigned due to the uncertainty.[10][47] Thomas P.
Jun 11 1915 US KS Kiowa County 0 One entire farm was swept completely away.[9][10][48] Thomas P., NCDC
May 25 1917 US KS Andale, Sedgwick 23 May–June 1917 tornado outbreak sequence – Many structures were swept away, and trees were debarked.[49] The F5 rating is widely accepted.[6][9][10][50] Thomas P., NCDC
Jun 5 1917 US KS Kiro, Elmont 9 This intense, large tornado resembled the F5 in 1966, but missed downtown. It hit only 8 mi (13 km) northwest of downtown Topeka.[51] In the damaged area, homes and farms were swept completely away. A schoolhouse was reduced to an empty stone foundation.[51] Trees were debarked, and heavy farm machinery was carried for miles.[9][51] NCDC
May 21 1918 US IA Crawford County, Greene County 6 At least two farms were swept away, and house foundations were left bare. Mattresses from the homes were transported 2 mi (3.2 km).[9][10][52] Thomas P., NCDC
May 21 1918 US IA Boone County, Story County 9 A large tornado completely swept away two entire farms. Mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis.[52] Thomas P.
Jun 22 1919 US MN Fergus Falls 59 1919 Fergus Falls tornado – This tornado produced extreme damage in Fergus Falls.[53] A three-block-wide swath was leveled, with some homes swept away.[9][10][54] Several summer homes were swept away into Lake Alice.[55] A train station was swept away,[55] railroad tracks were ripped from the ground,[53] and a large three-story hotel was completely leveled.[55] Numerous small trees were completely debarked.[53] Thomas P., NCDC
Mar 28 1920 US IN, OH Jackson Township, West Liberty, Van Wert 17 1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Farms were leveled and swept away in Indiana and Ohio.[56] Some homes had their floors dislodged and moved some distance.[57] Mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis.[56] Thomas P.
Apr 20 1920 US MS, AL Clay County, Marion County, Lawrence County 88[6] April 1920 tornado outbreak – This large, long-tracked tornado struck the same areas as the EF5 tornado in 2011, passing near Hackleburg and Phil Campbell, Alabama.[10][58] Many homes were swept away and entire forests were leveled as the tornado tracked for 130 mi (210 km).[59] Large boulders were picked up and thrown, and part of one was found 11 mi (18 km) away from where it originated. Vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards.[59] May have gained F5 strength, however this is uncertain. Thomas P.
Jul 22 1920 CA SK Frobisher, Alameda 4 "Splendid homes" were swept away and "reduced to splinters."[10][60] Thomas P.
Apr 15 1921 US TX, AR Harrison County, Pike County, Hempstead County 62 This tornado family tracked for 112 mi (180 km), killing at least 59 people,[61] and reached a peak width of 1.1 mi (1.8 km).[62] Many homes were leveled, some of which were swept away and scattered across fields. A large concrete fireplace was shifted 3 ft (1.0 yd), and a vehicle was thrown 200 yd (600 ft) and partially buried into the soil.[62] Tornado is not listed as an F5 by Grazulis but is listed on the NCDC memorandum.[9] NCDC
Mar 11 1923 US TN Pinson 20 An entire section of the town was swept away.[9][10][63] Bodies or body parts were found up to 1 mi (1.6 km) away.[63] This is the first of only two F5s to hit Tennessee, the other having struck Lawrence County on April 16, 1998.[9][64] Thomas P., NCDC
May 14 1923 US TX Big Spring 23 A large ranch home and farms were swept away.[10][65] Thomas P.
Jun 24 1923 US ND Hettinger 8 Some ranch home's had possible F5 damage.[66] Thomas P.
Sep 21 1924 US WI Clark County, Taylor County 18 20 farms were destroyed, some of which were obliterated. An entire wall of a home was carried for 14 mi (23 km). Considered to be a possible F5 by Grazulis.[10][67] Thomas P.
Mar 18 1925 US MO, IL, IN Ellington, Annapolis, Biehle, Gorham, Murphysboro, De Soto, West Frankfort, Parrish, Griffin, Owensville, Princeton 695 Tri-State Tornado – This was the deadliest and longest-tracked single tornado in U.S. history, producing the highest tornado-related death toll in a single U.S. city (234, at Murphysboro, Illinois) and the largest such toll in a U.S. school (33, at Desoto, Illinois).[68] Thousands of structures were destroyed, with hundreds of homes swept away along the path, especially in Illinois and Indiana. The towns of Murphysboro, West Frankfort, Gorham and Griffin were devastated, along with numerous other small towns and communities.[69] Gorham and Griffin were 100% destroyed, with every single structure in Gorham leveled or swept away.[68][70] Trees were debarked, debris was finely granulated, and deep ground scouring was noted in several areas as well.[70][71] A Model T Ford was thrown a long distance and stripped, railroad tracks were ripped from the ground at multiple locations along the path, and a large multi-ton coal tipple was blown over and rolled.[70][71] The F5 rating is widely accepted.[9][10][72] Thomas P., NCDC
Jun 3 1925 US IA Pottawattamie County, Harrison County 0 19 buildings on two farms reportedly "vanished". This tornado took nearly the same path as the next one, below. May have been a "possible" F5.[73] Thomas P.
Jun 3 1925 US IA Pottawattamie County, Harrison County 1 Parts of two farms and some homes swept away, but they may have been hit by both tornadoes, thus the uncertainty of a possible F5.[10][73] Thomas P.
Apr 12 1927 US TX Rocksprings 74 This massive tornado swept away or leveled 235 out of 247 structures, more than 90% of the town, killing or injuring a third of the population. Many of the structures were reduced to bare foundations, leaving "no trace of lumber or contents." Acres of ground were "swept bare" in some parts of town.[74][10][75] Thomas P.
May 7 1927 US KS Barber County, McPherson County 10 Many farms were destroyed and some were swept completely away.[76] The F5 rating is widely accepted.[9][10] Thomas P., NCDC
Jun 1 1927 NL GE Neede 10 Destroyed buildings in over ten municipalities, killing 10 people and wounding 150 people.[77] Officially rated an F4 tornado, but the damage and number of casualties resulting from this damage, suggest a possible F5 tornado. Some buildings were completely destroyed over an area of 500 meters wide.[78] Pending
Sep 13 1928 US NE Cuming County, Thurston County, Dakota County 5 Three rural schools houses were completely obliterated, at least one was "swept entirely away".[79][80] "Possible" F5 damage, according to Grazulis, was in an area where two farms "were completely leveled".[79] 66 homes and at least another 450 buildings were damage or destroyed. The tornado caused $1,000,000 in damages.[80][10][79] Thomas P.
Apr 10 1929 US AR Sneed 23 This tornado is considered the only F5 on record in Arkansas.[81] It destroyed the Sneed community,[82] reduced homes to "splinters", and made a "clean sweep" of the area. Huge trees were snapped or torn apart.[10][83] Thomas P.
Jul 24 1930 IT TV, UD Treviso, Udine 23 This was an extremely powerful tornado, rated T10/11. A large stone monastery was partially leveled to the ground.[14] Pending
Jul 20 1931 PL LU Lublin 6 This tornado is officially rated F4; however, the Polish Weather Service estimated winds at 246 to 324 mph (396 to 521 km/h), potentially ranking it as an F5.[12] ESWD?
May 22 1933 US NE Tryon 8 Two farms were swept away.[9][10][84] Thomas P., NCDC
Jul 1 1935 CA SK Benson 1 Several structures were leveled.[10] Thomas P.
Apr 5 1936 US MS Tupelo 216 Tupelo-Gainesville tornado outbreak – This tornado leveled and swept away many large and well-constructed houses, killing entire families.[10][85] A concrete war monument was toppled and broken, with nearby brick gate posts snapped off at the base. Granulated structural debris was scattered and wind-rowed for miles east of the city. Pine needles were reportedly driven into tree trunks as well.[86][87] Thomas P.
Apr 26 1938 US NE Oshkosh 3 A school disintegrated, and two farms were swept away. Dead bodies were carried .25 mi (0.40 km) away.[9][10][88] Thomas P., NCDC
Jun 10 1938 US TX Clyde 14 All nine homes in a small subdivision "literally vanished", with bodies carried up to .50 mi (0.80 km) away. A car engine, found nearby, was carried for a similar distance.[89] 19 railroad cars were "tossed like toys."[10][89] Thomas P.
Apr 14 1939 US OK, KS Woodward County, Barber County 7 Homes and entire farms were swept away, and cars were carried for hundreds of yards.[9][10][90] Thomas P., NCDC
Jun 18 1939 US MN Hennepin County, Anoka County 9 Homes were swept away in Champlin and Anoka.[10][91] A car was tossed 300 yd (900 ft) and smashed to pieces. As the tornado crossed the Mississippi River, witnesses reported that so much water was sucked into the air that the riverbed was briefly exposed, and that the flow of water was stopped until the tornado reached the opposite bank.[92][93] Tornado is not listed as an F5 by Grazulis, but appears on the NCDC memorandum.[9] NCDC
Apr 7 1940 US LA Amite 3 This tornado produced possible F5 damage to a "large new home," killing the couple inside.[94] Another violent tornado hit Amite on April 24, 1908.[42] Thomas P.
Mar 16 1942 US IL Peoria County, Marshall County 8 March 1942 tornado outbreak – Many homes were swept away in the town of Lacon, Illinois, and a farmhouse sustained F5 damage.[9][10][95] Thomas P., NCDC
Apr 29 1942 US KS Oberlin 15 Three farms were obliterated, with all buildings and several inches of topsoil swept away.[96] Debris from homes was granulated into splinters "no larger than match sticks."[9][10][97] Thomas P., NCDC
Jun 17 1944 US SD Summit 8 Farms were swept away with no visible debris left.[10] Thomas P.
Jun 22 1944 US WI, IL Grant County, Stephenson County 9 This long-tracked tornado destroyed many homes in both states.[6][9] NCDC
Apr 12 1945 US OK Antlers 69 600 buildings were destroyed, and some areas were swept clean of all debris. The F5 rating is widely accepted.[9][10][98] Thomas P., NCDC
Jun 17 1946 US, CA MI, ON River Rouge, Windsor, LaSalle, Tecumseh 17 1946 Windsor-Tecumseh, Ontario tornado – Officially rated F4; however, one home had a portion of its concrete block foundation swept away, indicating borderline F5 damage.[99] EC
Aug 20 1946 PL SL Kłodzko 0 Officially rated F4; however, report indicates potential F5 damage.[12] ESWD
Apr 9 1947 US TX, OK, KS Glazier, Higgins, Woodward 181 1947 Glazier-Higgins-Woodward tornadoes – Several towns were partially or totally destroyed. Most structures in Glazier were swept away, where shrubbery was debarked, ground scouring occurred, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards. In Higgins, a 4½ ton lathe was ripped from its anchors and broken in half.[100][101] A 20-ton boiler tank in Woodward was thrown a block and a half. The F5 rating is widely accepted.[6][9][10][102] Thomas P., NCDC
Apr 29 1947 US MO Worth 14 Most of Worth was destroyed. Half of a brick building remained standing in the village. Considered to be a possible F5 by Grazulis.[6] Thomas P.
May 31 1947 US OK Leedey 6 This tornado reportedly left more intense damage than the previous event did in Woodward.[103] Many structures were swept away, leaving no debris or grass in some areas. Yards at some residences were stripped of their lawns and all vegetation, and several inches of topsoil were removed as well. The F5 rating is widely accepted, though the tornado was very slow-moving, which may have exacerbated the level of destruction to some extent.[10][103][104] Thomas P.
May 21 1949 US IL, IN Palestine 4 A restaurant was leveled, and cars in the parking lot were thrown up to 300 yd (900 ft) away from where they originated.[6][9] NCDC

1950–1999

Officially and unofficially rated F5 tornadoes between 1950 and 1999[nb 2]
Day Year Time(LST) Country State Location Fatalities Notes Listed F5 by
May 18 1951 1645 US TX Olney 2 Many homes in town were destroyed, some of which were swept away with very little debris left.[10] Thomas P.
Mar 21 1952 2145 US MS–TN Byhalia–Moscow 17 March 1952 Southern United States tornado outbreak – Officially rated F4 in tornado databases; however, the National Climatic Data Center lists this as an F5 event in a Tech Memo reporting all known F5 tornadoes.[9][105] The only possible F5 damage was to a concrete block structure that may or may not have been steel-reinforced.[64] It originally was the first officially ranked F5 tornado in the U.S., but was later downgraded to F4.[64] NCDC
May 22 1952 1810 US KS Linwood–Edwardsville 0 Home of a bank president was reportedly leveled with possible F5 damage.[6] Thomas P.
May 11 1953 1610 US TX Waco–Bellmead 114 1953 Waco tornado outbreak – Many large, multi-story buildings in downtown Waco were completely leveled, along with homes both north and south of Waco.[6][10] First officially ranked F5 tornado in the U.S.[8] SPC, NWS
May 29 1953 2000 US ND Fort Rice 2 A large church was leveled and pews were jammed 4 ft (1.2 m) into the ground. Car parts were carried for 0.5 mi (0.80 km). Rating disputed.[6] SPC, NWS
Jun 8 1953 2030 US MI Flushing Township–Mount Morris Township–Beecher–Genesee Township 116 Flint-Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Entire blocks of homes were completely swept away, with only rows of bare slabs and empty basements remaining. Cycloidal ground scouring occurred as well.[6][9][10][106] SPC, NWS
Jun 8 1953 1900 US OH Cygnet 18 Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Possible but unverifiable F5 damage occurred near Cygnet where homes were swept completely away.[6] A steel-and-concrete bridge was destroyed as the tornado passed near Jerry City.[10][107] Thomas P.
Jun 9 1953 1625 US MA Worcester 94 Flint-Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Many strong structures with numerous interior walls were leveled,[6] and entire blocks of homes were swept cleanly away.[10] The large, brick Assumption College sustained severe damage, and its upper stories were completely destroyed.[6] A large, multi-ton storage tank was carried over a road,[108] and trees along the path were debarked as well.[109] Debris from this tornado was found in the Atlantic Ocean.[10] The tornado was rated F5 by Grazulis in a later publication.[110] Thomas P.
Jun 27 1953 1545 US IA Adair 1 Four farms were destroyed, with virtually nothing left at one of them. Heavy machinery was thrown hundreds of feet, and boards were driven into trees.[10] SPC, NWS
Dec 5 1953 1735 US MS Vicksburg 38 1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi tornado outbreak – Many large brick buildings were leveled in downtown Vicksburg. The F5 rating is disputed by Grazulis as destroyed structures were frail.[10] SPC, NWS
May 1 1954 1515 US TX–OK Crowell–Vernon–Snyder 0 Vehicles were thrown more than 100 yd (300 ft),[10] and three farms were entirely swept away.[6] Thomas P.
May 25 1955 2126 US OK–KS Blackwell 20 1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak – Many homes and businesses were swept away in town.[6][10] SPC, NWS
May 25 1955 2215 US OK–KS Udall 80 1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak – Many homes and businesses were swept away in town.[10] Vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames, including a pickup truck that was partially wrapped around a tree. A 30 foot (9.1 m)-by-40-foot (12 m) concrete block building was obliterated, with the foundation left mostly bare.[111] Beams were also broken at a school building, and numerous trees were debarked.[6][10][112][113] SPC, NWS
Jul 2 1955 1900 US ND Walcott 2 Eleven farms were completely leveled or swept away. One farm appeared to show potential F5 damage to a home that was swept completely away.[6] Thomas P.
Apr 3 1956 1830 US MI Hudsonville–Grand Rapids 18 April 1956 Hudsonville-Standale tornado – Many homes were swept completely away, leaving bare foundations behind.[6][10] Extensive wind-rowing of debris was observed, and vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards as well. One home that was swept away had all of its tile flooring scoured from the foundation.[6][10][114][115] SPC, NWS
May 20 1957 1815 US KS–MO Spring Hill–Martin City–Raytown–Hickman Mills–Ruskin Heights 44 May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak – Entire rows of homes were swept away, with extensive wind-rowing of structural debris noted in nearby fields. Some homes had their anchor-bolted subflooring swept away as well, leaving only empty basements behind. A steel-reinforced school was partially leveled, and many shops and businesses sustained F5 damage. F4 damage occurred in both Kansas and Missouri, but the F5 damage was in Ruskin Heights and Hickman Mills.[10][116] SPC, NWS
May 21 1957 1653 US MO Fremont 7 May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak – Most of Fremont was destroyed, with many structures swept away. Possible F5 damage occurred to schools, homes, and businesses near the railroad tracks, but could not be verified due to poor quality of construction.[6] Thomas P.
Jun 16 1957 1430 IT PV Robecco Pavese–Valle Scuropasso 7 Many large stone buildings were flattened. Officially rated F5 with damage estimated at T10 on the TORRO Scale; however, rating is uncertain and it may have been a high-end F4.[12] Pending
Jun 20 1957 1828 US ND–MN Fargo–Moorhead 12 1957 Fargo tornado – Many homes were leveled, with some swept completely away.[6] Part of the Golden Ridge subdivision was swept away, with the debris scattered long distances into nearby fields.[117] Fujita reportedly called this more intense than the 1965 Palm Sunday tornadoes he surveyed, some of which he rated F5 in the Chicago Damage Area Per Path Length (DAPPL).[9][10] SPC, NWS
Dec 18 1957 1635 US IL Sunfield 1 December 1957 tornado outbreak sequence – The entire Sunfield community "vanished."[6][10] SPC, NWS
Jun 4 1958 1730 US WI Menomonie–Colfax 21 1958 Colfax, Wisconsin tornado outbreak – Homes were swept away, and numerous trees were completely debarked. A car was wrapped around the side of a small steel bridge that collapsed in the tornado. Rating disputed.[6][10][118] SPC, NWS
Jun 10 1958 1845 US KS El Dorado 15 Reports indicated near-F5-level damage to homes.[6] A car was thrown 100 yd (300 ft), but damage photographs were inconclusive as to whether F5 structural damage occurred.[10] Thomas P.
May 5 1960 1700 US OK Prague 5 May 1960 tornado outbreak sequence – Homes were swept away, and heavy oil tanks were thrown long distances. Hillsides were stripped of most vegetation and up to 6 in (0.15 m) of topsoil.[10] SPC, NWS
May 19 1960 1747 US KS Wamego 0 Rated F5 by Grazulis as two farms were swept away.[6][10] Thomas P.
May 20 1960 ???? PL PK Niechobrz 4 Officially rated high-end F4 with homes completely destroyed. Report on tornado noted potential F5 damage.[12] Pending
May 30 1961 1700 US NE Custer County–Valley County 0 All buildings and machinery were swept away from a farm. Widely accepted as an F5 tornado, including within the NCDC Technical Memorandum; however, it is listed as an F4 in the official databases.[6][9][10] Thomas P., NCDC
Apr 3 1964 1435 US TX Wichita Falls 7 Homes were swept away, and a boxcar was thrown 100 yd (300 ft). A car was thrown a block and a half.[9][10][119] SPC, NWS
Apr 12 1964 1700 US KS Near Lawrence 0 Produced possible F5 damage according to Grazulis. Farms were leveled and a truck was thrown 300 yd (274 m).[6][10] Thomas P.
May 5 1964 1830 US NE Bradshaw 4 Numerous farms were swept away.[9][10][120] SPC, NWS
Apr 11 1965 1815 US IN Midway 14 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – This was the first of two violent tornadoes to hit the Dunlap area, north of Goshen.[6] Homes were swept away, and an airplane wing was found 35 miles (56 km) away in Michigan.[10] This tornado was famously photographed as a double tornado.[6] Thomas P.
Apr 11 1965 1840 US IN Rainbow Lake 5 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – This tornado developed after the first Dunlap tornado (previous event). Possible F5-level damage occurred to homes that were swept away.[6] Thomas P.
Apr 11 1965 1910 US IN Dunlap 36 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – This was the second violent tornado to strike Dunlap within 90 minutes.[6][9] A well-built truck stop was leveled and many permanent homes were swept away in two subdivisions.[6] Rated F5 by Fujita in the Chicago Damage Area Per Path Length (DAPPL), but later downgraded to F4, the tornado is widely considered to be an F5 in older sources.[9][10] Tetsuya T., Thomas P., NCDC
Apr 11 1965 1950 US IN Lebanon–Sheridan 28 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – This is listed as an F5 in the NCDC memorandum. Farms were obliterated and vehicles were thrown up 100 yd (300 ft).[6][9] NCDC
Apr 11 1965 2130 US OH Toledo 18 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Homes were completely swept away with borderline-F5 damage in North Toledo. Boats and buses were thrown into and onto buildings. Rated F5 originally by Fujita in the Chicago Damage Area Per Path Length (DAPPL), and by the NWS, but later downgraded to an F4, although Grazulis' research says the tornado caused F5 damage.[6] Thomas P.
Apr 11 1965 2305 US OH Pittsfield–Strongsville 18 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Homes were cleanly swept away in Strongsville and Pittsfield, and Pittsfield was completely destroyed.[6] Only a concrete war monument remained standing in Pittsfield, where homes "vanished."[121] Rated F5 by Fujita in the Chicago Damage Area Per Path Length (DAPPL), but later downgraded to F4, though widely considered to be F5 in older reports.[9][10] Thomas P.
May 8 1965 1730 US NE Primrose 4 Early-May 1965 tornado outbreak sequence - Widely accepted as an F5,[9] and reported to have been a double tornado as it hit Primrose.[122] Homes were swept from their foundations, and 90% of the village was destroyed.[10][123][124] Cars from Primrose were carried for 400 yd (1,200 ft), and a truck body was carried and rolled for 2 mi (3.2 km).[6] Thomas P., NCDC
May 8 1965 1715 US SD Gregory 0 Early-May 1965 tornado outbreak sequence - Many farms were destroyed, including three that were swept completely away.[6][10] SPC, NWS
Mar 3 1966 1600 US MS Jackson 57 1966 Candlestick Park tornado – Homes were swept away, and a brick church was obliterated.[6][125][126] Pavement was scoured from roads, and cars were thrown more than half a mile from where they originated.[125] The newly built Candlestick Park shopping center was leveled, and concrete masonry blocks were scattered for long distances.[6] Steel girders were "twisted like wet noodles" at a glass plant.[126] SPC, NWS
Jun 8 1966 1900 US KS Topeka 16 1966 Topeka tornado – Entire rows of homes were swept away, vehicles were thrown long distances, and grass was scoured from lawns.[6][10][127][128] SPC, NWS
Oct 14 1966 1355 US IA Belmond 6 Disputed F5 rating, ranked F4 by Grazulis.[6] A house was swept away on the outskirts of town. However, the home was likely poorly anchored as debris was deposited in a neat pile near the foundation, and nearby homes only showed slight damage.[10][129] SPC, NWS
Jun 24 1967 ???? FR HDF Palluel 6 Homes and other structures were swept away or leveled in and near Palluel.[12] Pending
Apr 23 1968 1605 US KY–OH Wheelersburg–Gallipolis 7 1968 Wheelersburg, Ohio tornado outbreak - Homes were swept away,[6][10] with only their foundations left in some cases. A large metal electrical transmission tower was ripped off at the base and thrown.[130] The F5 rating is disputed as structures swept away were not anchored properly.[10] SPC, NWS
Apr 23 1968 1341 US KY Falmouth 6 1968 Wheelersburg, Ohio tornado outbreak - Mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis.[10] Thomas P.
May 15 1968 1510 US IA Charles City 13 May 1968 tornado outbreak – Many homes were swept away in town. Farms were swept away as well, and very intense multiple vortices were observed based upon ground damage patterns.[6] Cycloidal ground scouring occurred where the multiple vortices were noted.[10] SPC, NWS
May 15 1968 1557 US IA Oelwein–Maynard 5 May 1968 tornado outbreak – Homes were swept completely away in both towns.[10] SPC, NWS
Jun 13 1968 1850 US MN Tracy 9 1968 Tracy tornado – 111 homes were destroyed in town, with some swept away. A heavy boxcar was thrown more than a full block, and two others were thrown 300 yd (900 ft). A steel I-beam was carried for two miles on a piece of roof.[10] Extensive ground scouring occurred outside of town, and several farms were swept completely away.[131] SPC, NWS
Jan 1 1970 ???? AU NSW Bulahdelah 0 Bulahdelah tornado – Was never officially rated, but is widely considered to have been an F5. Left a damage path 21 kilometres (13 mi) long and 1–1.6 kilometres (0.62–0.99 mi) wide through the Bulahdelah State Forest. According to reports, the tornado threw a tractor weighing 2 tonnes (4,400 lb) 100 metres (328 ft) through the air, depositing it upside down. It is estimated that the tornado destroyed over one million trees.[132] Pending
May 11 1970 2035 US TX Lubbock 26 1970 Lubbock tornado – Homes were swept away and a high-rise building suffered structural deformation. A 13-tonne (28,660 lb) metal fertilizer tank was thrown nearly 1 mi (1.6 km) through the air, and large oil tanks were carried for over 300 yd (900 ft).[6][10][133] SPC, NWS
Feb 21 1971 1450 US LA–MS Delhi–Delta City–Inverness–Moorhead 47 February 1971 Mississippi Valley tornado outbreak – Only official F5 in Louisiana history, but the rating is questioned by Grazulis, who assigned an F4 rating.[6] Homes were completely leveled east of Delhi.[10] SPC, NWS
Apr 27 1971 2153 US KY Gosser Ridge 2 Most buildings on a farm were swept away. Listed as a "questionable" F5 in the NCDC Tech Memo. Was F4 according to Grazulis and official records.[6][9] NCDC
Jan 10 1973 ???? AR S San Justo 54 San Justo tornado – Was never officially rated, but is widely considered to have been an F5.[134] Masonry homes reportedly vanished with little or no trace, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of meters from where they originated and mangled beyond recognition. Large factories were completely leveled and grass was scoured from the ground. A vehicle motor was found embedded into a poured concrete wall, and a tractor was thrown 500 meters into a wooded area.[135][136] Pending
May 6 1973 1925 US TX Valley Mills 0 Rating applied by wind engineers. A pickup truck was carried .5 mi (0.80 km) through the air. Another was carried for 200 yd (600 ft).[10] SPC, NWS
Apr 3 1974 1420 US IN Depauw–Daisy Hill 6 1974 Super Outbreak – Homes were swept completely away, and entire farms were leveled.[10] SPC, NWS
Apr 3 1974 1530 US OH Xenia 32 1974 Super Outbreak – Aerial photography and isoline surveys by Fujita showed that entire rows of brick homes were swept away and sustained F5 damage.[10][137] Wind-rowing of debris occurred in nearby fields,[137] and very intense damage was reported to steel-reinforced schools.[138] SPC, NWS
Apr 3 1974 1625 US KY–IN Hardinsburg–Brandenburg–Harrison County 31 1974 Super Outbreak – Multiple well-built, anchor bolted homes were swept away, including one that sustained total collapse of its poured concrete walk-out basement wall.[139] Grass was scoured from the ground, and aerial photography showed extensive wind-rowing in Brandenburg.[137] Trees were completely debarked, and low-lying shrubs next to leveled homes were uprooted and stripped.[10][139] Multiple vehicles were also thrown hundreds of yards and stripped down to their frames.[6][140] SPC, NWS
Apr 3 1974 1730 US IN–KY–OH Rising Sun–Boone County–Sayler Park (West Cincinnati)–Mack–Bridgetown 3 1974 Super Outbreak – Homes were swept away, and a large floating restaurant barge was lifted, ripped from its moorings, and flipped upside-down by the tornado. Boats and vehicles were carried long distances through the air.[10][141][142] SPC, NWS
Apr 3 1974 1815 US AL Mount Hope–Tanner–Harvest 28 1974 Super Outbreak – Numerous homes were swept away and scattered.[143][144] In Limestone County, where the F5 damage occurred,[137] a large swath of trees was leveled, and ground scouring occurred nearby with dirt found to have been dug up and plastered to the bark, and a pump was lifted out of a well at one location.[6][10][145] Shrubbery was debarked as well.[144] SPC, NWS
Apr 3 1974 1935 US AL–TN Tanner–Hazel Green–Franklin County–Lincoln County–Coffee County 22 1974 Super Outbreak – Officially listed as an F5, but was rated F4 by Grazulis and Ted Fujita. Crossed into Tennessee and did F4 damage in both states,[6] though the supposed F5 damage only occurred in Alabama, where numerous homes were swept away and extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred.[143] Some of the damage in Tennessee was previously rated F5, but later downgraded to F4.[64] SPC, NWS
Apr 3 1974 2050 US AL Guin–Twin–Delmar 28 1974 Super Outbreak – According to the NWS in Birmingham, Alabama, this is considered one of the strongest tornadoes ever to impact the United States.[146] Sources indicate that F5 damage was reported along much of the path, and that many homes in and near Guin sustained F5 damage.[6] Many of these homes were swept away, their debris being scattered across fields,[147] and some reportedly had their "foundations dislodged and in some cases swept away as well."[10][148][149] Nothing was left of the Guin Mobile Home Plant but a pile of mangled beams.[6][149][150] Additionally, photographs showed intense wind-rowing from suction vortices.[147] The path of the tornado was visible from satellite, as thousands of trees, including in the Bankhead National Forest, were snapped.[6] SPC, NWS
Mar 26 1976 1528 US OK Spiro 2 Frame homes were swept away,[10] and 134,000-pound (60,780 kg) coal cars were tossed. Rating disputed.[6][151] SPC, NWS
Apr 19 1976 1730 US TX Brownwood 0 Homes were swept away, with only a bathtub remaining on one of the foundations. Several teenagers were caught in the open and were picked up and thrown 1,000 yd (0.57 mi) but survived. Rating disputed.[6] SPC, NWS
Jun 13 1976 1410 US IA Jordan 0 Homes were swept away.[6] This tornado was mentioned by Fujita as one of the most intense he surveyed. Well-built farms reportedly vanished without a trace.[138] SPC, NWS
Apr 4 1977 1640 US AL Birmingham–Tarrant 22 April 1977 Birmingham tornado – Many homes were swept away, some of which had all of their cinder block walk-out basement walls completely swept away as well. Trees were debarked and two dump trucks were thrown through the air.[6][152] SPC, NWS
Apr 2 1982 1550 US OK Broken Bow 0 A house was swept away. Only carpet tacks were left on the empty foundation. The F5 rating is disputed because the home was likely not anchored properly.[6] SPC, NWS
Jun 7–8 1984 2341 US WI Barneveld–Black Earth 9 Barneveld, Wisconsin tornado outbreak – A cul-de-sac of newly built homes was swept away, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards. Small trees were debarked as well.[6][153][154] SPC, NWS
Jun 9 1984 1430 RU IVA Ivanovo–Lunevo 92 1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – An extremely intense multiple vortex tornado[155] threw a crane 220 yd (200 m), threw multi-ton water tanks hundreds of yards, tore asphalt from roads,[156] destroyed and threw trees long distances,[157] and swept away steel-reinforced buildings with little debris left.[158] Tornado was exceptionally long-lived, remaining on the ground for roughly 100 mi (160 km) over the course of two hours. At least 92 fatalities were confirmed, though the actual toll was likely higher.[12] Pending
Jun 9 1984 1520 RU KOS Kostroma–Lyubim 0 1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – Officially rated F4, but survey mentions possible F5 damage. Trees were ripped from the ground and thrown long distances. A 350-ton industrial crane was blown over.[158] Pending
May 31 1985 1730 US OH–PA Niles–Wheatland 18 1985 United States-Canadian tornado outbreak – This tornado caused F5 damage along much of its path through Niles and Wheatland. A shopping center in Niles was obliterated, sustaining F5 damage and several deaths. Metal girders at the center twisted and buckled.[6][10][159] Well-built, anchor bolted homes were swept away, and 75,000-pound (34,020 kg) petroleum storage tanks were ripped from their anchors and thrown hundreds of feet.[160] Pavement was scoured from a parking lot, and a steel-frame trucking plant was obliterated and partially swept away with the beams severely mangled. Routing slips from the plant were found wedged into the remaining asphalt of parking lot. An airplane wing was carried 10 miles from where it originated.[6][160] As of 2018 it is the only F5 or EF5 in Pennsylvania history. SPC, NWS
Jul 31 1987 1600 CA AB Edmonton 27 Edmonton Tornado – Heavy trailers and oil tanks were tossed, and large factories were leveled. This tornado has been under scrutiny by Environment Canada in recent years, as to whether or not it could be considered for an F5 rating.[161] If done this would make it the earliest such tornado since records have been kept, next to the 2007 Elie, Manitoba, tornado. EC
Mar 13 1990 1634 US KS Castleton–Haven–Burrton–Hesston 1 March 1990 Central US tornado outbreak – Many homes and businesses were swept away in town with only slabs and empty basements remaining, industrial buildings were obliterated, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and stripped down to their frames.[10] SPC, NWS
Mar 13 1990 1634 US KS Goessel 1 March 1990 Central US tornado outbreak – Homes were obliterated and swept away,[10] but the F5 rating was assigned due to very intense cycloidal ground scouring.[162] Considered by some sources to be one of the strongest tornadoes ever surveyed at the time, though little detailed information about the damage is available.[10][163] SPC, NWS
Jun 1 1990 1720 US TX Girvin - Bakersfield Valley 2 This tornado at peak width was 1.3 miles wide. Officially rated F4, but produced extreme damage in rural areas, and is suspected by some to have been an F5. Extensive ground scouring occurred, with a large swath of ground reduced to bare soil, and low-lying shrubbery reduced to debarked nubs. Pavement was scoured from several roads, one of which had a 300 yd (900.0 ft) stretch of pavement removed. Three large 180,000-pound (81,647 kg) oil tanks were tossed and rolled 3 mi (4.8 km) away from where they originated, two of which were tossed 600 ft up the side of a hill. A concrete drainage culvert had large slabs of concrete broken off and scoured away, and multiple large oil pumps were destroyed.[164] Pending
Aug 28 1990 1430 US IL Oswego–Plainfield–Joliet 29 1990 Plainfield tornado – Rain-wrapped tornado. A mature corn crop was scoured from the ground, leaving nothing but bare soil behind. Several inches of topsoil were blown away as well.[10][165] A 20-tonne (20,000 kg) tractor trailer was tossed from a road and thrown more than half a mile, and vehicles were picked up and carried through the air.[165] The F5 rating is based solely upon the extreme ground scouring; as areas in Plainfield sustained high-end F4 structural damage, though the ground scouring nearby was much less intense than where the corn crop was obliterated.[10][165] Fujita considered the intensity of the ground scouring "comparable to the worst he had seen."[165] SPC, NWS
Apr 26 1991 1655 US KS Haysville–McConnell Air Force Base–Andover–El Dorado Lake 17 April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak – Many large, well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, leaving bare foundations behind, and grass was scoured from the ground.[10][166] Extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred, leaving streaks of debris extending away from empty foundations.[166] Trees and small twigs were completely stripped of their bark.[6] Vehicles were thrown up to .75 mi (1.2 km) from where they originated and were mangled beyond recognition.[167] SPC, NWS
Apr 26 1991 1830 US OK Red Rock 0 April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak – Mobile Doppler radar used by storm chasers indicated wind speeds in the range of the F5 threshold, with winds up to 286 mph (460 km/h). Pavement and ground scouring occurred, and a large oil rig was toppled. Officially rated F4, rating is disputed.[6][10] Thomas P.
Jun 16 1992 1600 US MN Chandler–Lake Wilson 1 Mid-June 1992 tornado outbreak – Multiple homes were swept away, and vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames.[10][168] SPC, NWS
Jun 8 1995 1835 US TX McLean–Kellerville 0 Project VORTEX assessed tornado to be F5; one home was so obliterated that the National Weather Service survey likely missed it. Intense pavement and ground scouring occurred, with only bare soil left in some areas.[10][169] Thomas P.
Jul 18 1996 1805 US WI Oakfield 0 1996 Oakfield tornado – Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, including one where rebar supports were bent over at a 90-degree angle. Vehicles were thrown up to 400 yd (1,200 ft) through the air and mangled beyond recognition. Crops were scoured to 1-inch stubble.[10][170] SPC, NWS
May 27 1997 1440 US TX Jarrell 27 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak – Produced some of the most extreme damage ever documented.[10] An entire subdivision of well-built homes was swept completely away with very little debris remaining. Some of the homes were well-bolted to their foundations. Long expanses of pavement was torn from roads, and a large swath of ground was scoured out to a depth of 18 in (0.46 m). Vehicles were torn apart and scattered across fields, and a recycling plant was obliterated. Tornado was very slow-moving, which may have exacerbated the destruction to some extent.[10][171] SPC, NWS
Apr 8 1998 1842 US AL Oak Grove–Sylvan Springs–Pleasant Grove–Edgewater–Birmingham 32 April 1998 Birmingham tornado – Many homes were swept away along the path.[10][172][173] SPC, NWS
Apr 16 1998 1550 US TN Hardin County–Wayne County 3 1998 Nashville tornado outbreak – Originally considered part of a very long-tracked F5 tornado but was later determined to have been the first in a series of three separate, violent tornadoes. Multiple homes were reduced to their foundations. Although officially rated an F4, a re-analysis conducted in 2013 by the NWS Office in Nashville noted that the damage in Wayne County may warrant EF5; however, no tornadoes are rated using the enhanced scale that occurred prior to February 2007.[174] NWS
Apr 16 1998 1615 US TN Wayne County–Lawrence County 0 1998 Nashville tornado outbreak – This tornado produced extreme damage at ground level.[10] Many large and well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards. A swath of grass 200 ft (67 yd) wide was scoured from the ground, with nothing but bare soil and clumps of dirt remaining.[10][174] SPC, NWS
May 30 1998 2026 US SD Spencer 6 DOW recorded maximum wind speeds at 264 mph (425 km/h) at 160 ft above ground level, which the NWS classified at almost ground level. Such wind speeds would fall well into the EF5 range on the Enhanced Fujita Scale, though the maximum damage intensity observed in the town of Spencer was F4. The town's water tower was toppled to the ground, an apartment building was leveled, and many homes were completely destroyed, a few of which were swept away.[175] Pending
May 3 1999 1823 US OK Amber–Bridge Creek–Newcastle–Moore–Oklahoma City–Del City–Midwest City 36 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado – Mobile radar recorded winds up to 301 ± 20 mph (484 ± 32 km/h), which is the highest wind speed ever measured on Earth. Many homes were swept completely away, some of which were well-bolted to their foundations, and debris from some homes was finely granulated. Severe ground and pavement scouring occurred, trees and shrubs were completely debarked, and vehicles were thrown up to 440 yd (402 m) from where they originated. An airplane wing was carried for several miles, and a 36,000-pound (16,329 kg) freight car was bounced 3/4 of a mile.[10][176][177][178] This was the 50th and last tornado to be officially assessed as F5 on the Fujita scale before the introduction of the Enhanced Fujita Scale in the United States. SPC, NWS
May 3 1999 2125 US OK Mulhall 2 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak – Officially rated high-end F4, rating disputed. Some wind velocities were recorded up to 260 mph (418 km/h), other were recorded between 265 and 297 mph (426 and 477 km/h). Dozens of structures were destroyed, including some that were swept away. Studies found that the debris cloud from the tornado possible reached 4.3 miles wide at times. Meteorologists have stated that this event was as violent or more violent than the Bridge Creek-Moore F5 earlier that day.[179] Pending
May 11 1999 1805 US TX Loyal Valley 1 Officially rated high-end F4, though one survey revealed potential F5 damage.[180] Two homes were completely swept away, with the debris strewn long distances. Large pieces of a pickup truck were found 3/4 of a mile away from the residence where it originated, and a 720-foot long stretch of pavement was scoured from a road. Ground scouring occurred, and numerous mesquite trees were completely denuded and debarked.[180][181] Pending

2000–2018

Officially and unofficially rated F5/EF5 tornadoes from 2000 to 2018[nb 2]
Day Year Time(LST) Country State Location Fatalities Notes Listed F5 by
May 4 2003 1635 US KS Girard–Franklin 4 May 2003 tornado outbreak sequence – Officially rated high-end F4, but there is speculation that this tornado may have reached F5 intensity. Homes along the path were swept completely away, severe ground scouring occurred, and heavy objects and vehicles were thrown over 100 yd (300 ft) from where they originated. The town of Franklin sustained devastating damage, with multiple homes swept away.[182] NWS, Gino
May 12 2004 2040 US KS Harper 0 This tornado completely swept away an anchor-bolted farmhouse, leaving very little debris behind. Severe ground scouring occurred in the area, and nearby trees were completely debarked and denuded, some of which were ripped out of the ground and thrown long distances. Five cars on the property were thrown and torn to pieces, with very few automobile parts recovered besides several scraps of metal and some engine blocks scattered throughout nearby fields. Suspected by many to have been an F5, but was rated F4 due to the fact that the tornado was very slow-moving.[183][184] NWS
May 4 2007 2100 US KS Greensburg 11 May 2007 tornado outbreak – This tornado destroyed 95% of the town, including seven well-built homes with anchor bolts that were swept away. Vehicles were thrown hundreds of feet, several freight train cars were overturned, and multi-ton oil tanks were destroyed. Trees were completely denuded and debarked as well.[185] This was the first tornado to have been rated EF5 after the retirement of the original Fujita Scale in the United States in February 2007. Winds inside according to velocities were 230 knots (between 264 and 265 mph) making it well above the EF5 threshold. Also a field near town was heavily scoured. SPC, NWS, Timothy P.
Jun 22 2007 1825 CA MB Elie 0 Elie, Manitoba tornado – Two homes were swept away, including one that was well-bolted to its foundation. A few of the bolts themselves were snapped off. A van was thrown 150 metres through the air, and nearby trees were debarked as well.[186] Only officially rated F5 tornado in Canada.[187] Last tornado to be rated F5 due to Environment Canada utilizing the Enhanced Fujita Scale on April 1, 2013. EC
May 25 2008 1648 US IA Parkersburg–New Hartford 9 Late-May 2008 tornado outbreak sequence – Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, 17 of which were assessed to have sustained EF5 damage. Two of them had no visible debris left anywhere near the foundations.[188][189] A concrete walk-out basement wall was pushed over at one home, and the concrete floor was cracked. A rebar support set into the foundation of another home was found snapped in half, and reinforced concrete light poles were snapped and dragged along the ground. A large industrial building was completely destroyed, with metal beams twisted and sheared off at their bases, and the foundation pushed clean of the metal framing and debris. Vehicles were thrown long distances and stripped down to their frames as well. Additionally, a large field east of Parkersburg was filled with finely granulated debris that was wind-rowed in long streaks, trees were completely debarked, and shrubs were uprooted and stripped in some areas.[188][189][190] SPC, NWS
Apr 27 2011 1430 US MS Philadelphia–Preston 3 2011 Philadelphia, Mississippi tornado – Rated EF5 based upon extreme ground scouring. The tornado dug a trench 2 ft (0.61 m) deep into a pasture, leaving nothing but large clumps of dirt and bare topsoil behind.[191] A tied-down mobile home was lofted through the air and carried 300 yd (274 m), with no indication of contact with the ground. Several vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards and wrapped around trees[191], and a steel I-beam was twisted and embedded into the ground. Pavement was scoured from roads as well, and extreme debarking and denuding of trees occurred, some of which were ripped out of the ground and thrown up to 20 yards away. SPC, NWS
Apr 27 2011 1540 US MS–AL Smithville–Shottsville 23 2011 Smithville, Mississippi tornado – Numerous well-built, anchor-bolted brick homes were swept away, including one that had part of its concrete slab foundation pulled up and dislodged slightly. An SUV was thrown half a mile into the top of the town's water tower. In the most intense damage area, all plumbing and appliances at home-sites were "shredded or missing."[192] Chip and tar pavement was torn from road, and a pickup truck that was thrown from one home was never recovered. A large brick funeral home was reduced to a bare slab, and extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred next to the foundation. Outside town, the ground was deeply scoured in an open field.[193] Additionally, numerous trees and low shrubbery were debarked and shredded.[193][194][195] SPC, NWS
Apr 27 2011 1505 US AL–TN Hamilton–Hackleburg–Phil Campbell–Tanner–Athens–Harvest–Huntland 72 2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell, Alabama tornado – This was the deadliest tornado in Alabama state history. Numerous homes, some of which were large, well-built, and anchor-bolted were swept away. Debris from some obliterated homes was scattered and wind-rowed well away from the foundations.[196][197] One home that was swept away had its concrete stemwalls sheared off at ground level. Vehicles were thrown at least 200 yd (183 m),[196] and at least one large vehicle that was missing after the tornado was never located.[197] Hundreds of trees were completely debarked and twisted, and in some cases were reduced only to stubs.[197] Pavement was scoured from roads as well, a large industrial plant was leveled to the ground, and a restaurant that was swept away had a small portion of its foundation slab torn apart.[197][198] SPC, NWS
Apr 27 2011 1643 US AL Tuscaloosa–Holt–Hueytown–Concord–Pleasant Grove–McDonald Chapel–Birmingham–Fultondale 64 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4, though the final rating was a source of controversy, and one survey team rated some of the damage as EF5. Many homes, a large section of an apartment building, and a clubhouse were swept away, though these structures were either poorly anchored, lacked interior walls, or surrounded by contextual damage not consistent with an EF5 tornado. A manhole cover was removed from a drain and thrown into a ravine near the clubhouse. A 34-tonne (74,957 lb) railroad trestle support structure was thrown 100 ft (30 m) up a hill, and a 35.8-tonne (78,925 lb) coal car was thrown 391 ft (119 m) through the air.[178][199] NWS
Apr 27 2011 1819 US AL–GA Fyffe–Rainsville–Sylvania–Ider 25 2011 Super Outbreak – Many homes were swept away, some of which had their concrete porches torn away and shattered, with debris strewn up to a mile away from the foundations in some cases. A few of the homes were bolted to their foundations. An 800-pound (363 kg) safe was ripped from its anchors and thrown 600 ft (183 m), and its door was ripped from its frame. Ground scouring occurred, and sidewalk pavement was pulled up. A pickup truck was tossed 250 yd (750 ft) and torn apart. An underground storm shelter had much of its dirt covering scoured away and was heaved slightly out of the ground, and pavement was scoured from roads. One well-built stone house was completely obliterated, and a stone pillar was ripped completely out of the ground at that residence, pulling up a section of house foundation in the process.[199][200] SPC, NWS
May 22 2011 1734 US MO Joplin–Duquesne 158 2011 Joplin tornado – Deadliest tornado in the United States since 1947. Many homes, business, and steel frame industrial buildings were swept away, and large vehicles including semi-trucks and buses were thrown hundreds of yards. A large multi-story hospital had its foundation and underpinning system so severely damaged that it was structurally compromised and had to be torn down. Reinforced concrete porches were deformed, lifted, and tossed, and 300-pound (136 kg) concrete parking stops anchored with rebar were ripped from parking lots and tossed well over 100 ft (30 m). Vehicles were thrown several blocks away from the residences where they originated, and a few were never recovered. Damage to driveways was noted at some residences as well. A large steel-reinforced concrete "step and floor structure" leading to one building was warped slightly and cracked.[201] Ground and pavement scouring occurred, and heavy manhole covers were removed from roads as well. On June 10, 2013, an engineering study found no evidence of EF5 structural damage in Joplin due to the poor quality of construction of many buildings. However, the EF5 rating stood as the National Weather Service in Springfield, Missouri, stated that survey teams found only a very small area of EF5 structural damage (at and around the hospital) and that it could have easily been missed in the survey, and the EF5 rating was mainly based on large vehicles being thrown long distances, along with non-conventional, non-structural instances of damage, such as removal of manhole covers, pavement, concrete porches, driveways, and parking stops, and the presence of wind-rowed debris.[201][202][203] SPC, NWS
May 24 2011 1550 US OK Hinton–Calumet–El Reno–Piedmont–Guthrie 9 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21–26, 2011 – Mobile radar recorded winds over 200 mph (320 km/h). Many homes were swept away, trees were completely debarked, and extensive ground scouring occurred. At the Cactus 117 oil rig, a 1,900,000-pound (861,830 kg) oil derrick was blown over and rolled three times. Cars were thrown long distances and wrapped around trees, including an SUV that was thrown 780 yd (713 m) and had its body ripped from the frame. Several cars near the beginning of the path were thrown more than 1,093 yd (0.62 mi).[204][205] Additionally, a 20,000-pound (9,072 kg) oil tanker truck was thrown approximately 1 mi (1.6 km).[206][207] SPC, NWS
May 24 2011 1706 US OK Chickasha–Blanchard–Newcastle 1 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21–26, 2011 – Officially rated a high-end EF4; however, the survey conducted by NWS Norman mentions this tornado as being a "plausible EF5". Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, pavement was scoured from roads and driveways, and vehicles were thrown up to 600 yd (549 m) away, some of which were torn into multiple pieces or stripped down to their frames. Trees were reduced to completely debarked stumps, and severe ground scouring occurred, with all grass and several inches of topsoil removed in some areas. A reinforced concrete dome home was severely damaged and cracked.[178][208][209] NWS
May 24 2011 1726 US OK Bradley–Dibble–Washington–Goldsby 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21–26, 2011 – Officially a high-end EF4, but rating is disputed.[206] Large and well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept completely away, extensive ground scouring occurred, and vehicles were thrown long distances and mangled almost beyond recognition.[210][211] NWS
May 20 2013 1456 US OK Newcastle–Moore 24 2013 Moore tornado – Many homes were swept away, including nine that were well-built and bolted to their foundations and two elementary schools were completely destroyed.[212] Extensive ground scouring occurred with only bare soil left in some areas, and a 10-ton propane tank was thrown more than half a mile through the air. Trees and shrubs were completely debarked, wind-rowing of debris was noted, and an oil tank was thrown a full mile from a production site, while another was never found.[213][214] A manhole cover was removed near Moore Medical Center, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and torn into multiple pieces.[215][216] SPC, NWS
May 31 2013 1803 US OK El Reno 8 2013 El Reno tornado – Largest tornado on record at 2.6 miles (4.2 km) wide. Was initially rated EF5 based solely on mobile Doppler radar measurements, which recorded winds over 295 mph (470 km/h). However, the most significant structural damage was rated EF3, as the tornado did not strike any buildings when the EF5 winds were recorded. Rating was eventually downgraded to EF3 because of this, though the practicality of the downgrade has been disputed by some meteorologists. Famous storm chaser Tim Samaras is one of the fatalities.[217] Pending
Apr 27 2014 1906 US AR Mayflower–Vilonia 16 Tornado outbreak of April 27–30, 2014 – Officially rated high-end EF4, though the rating was a major source of controversy, and meteorologist/civil engineer Timothy P. Marshall noted that the rating assigned was "lower-bound", and also noted "the possibility that EF5 winds could have occurred" despite the structural flaws responsible for the EF4 rating.[218][219] Numerous homes were swept completely away with only bare slabs left, including one that was well-bolted to its foundation, and extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred. Trees were completely debarked and denuded, shrubs were shredded and debarked, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and stripped down to their frames. A large 29,998-pound metal fertilizer tank was found approximately 3/4 of a mile away from where it originated.[218][220][221] Extensive ground scouring occurred as well.[222] NWS, Timothy P.
May 9 2016 1634 US OK Davis–Sulphur–Roff 0 Tornado outbreak of May 7–10, 2016 – This large wedge tornado produced high-end EF3 damage along its path, though mobile Doppler radar recorded winds over 200 mph (320 km/h) as the tornado was passing over an open field.[223] NWS?
May 25 2016 1907 US KS Solomon–Abilene–Chapman 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 22–26, 2016 – An anchor-bolted brick farm home was swept away and was ripped from its foundation so violently that part of the foundation was severely cracked, though the area surrounding the home was not swept completely clean. Vehicles and large pieces of farm machinery were thrown and mangled beyond recognition, and a section of metal railroad track was bent horizontally by the tornado. Officially rated very high-end EF4 with winds of 200 mph (320 km/h), though NWS Topeka damage surveyors later noted that based on the severity of the damage in rural areas, it "could have very well been" rated EF5 had it struck Chapman directly.[224][223] NWS

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The winds estimated by the Fujita Scale are estimated values and have not been verified scientifically.[3]
  2. 1 2 All official F5 tornadoes in the United States are based on the Storm Prediction Center's list of F5 and EF5 tornadoes.[8]

References

  1. ↑ "U.S. Tornado Climatology". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 20, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  2. ↑ Paul Rincon (July 11, 2003). "UK, Holland top twister league". British Broadcasting Company. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  3. 1 2 "Fujita Tornado Damage Scale". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2006. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  4. ↑ "The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale)". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 4, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
  7. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 143–45; 147–48.
  8. 1 2 3 "F5 and EF5 Tornadoes of the United States". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Neal Lott; Sam McCown & Tom Ross (August 2000). "1998-1999 Tornadoes and a Long-Term U.S. Tornado Climatology" (PDF). National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). F5-F6 Tornadoes. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project.
  11. ↑ McDonald, James R. (January 2001). "T. Theodore Fujita: His Contribution to Tornado Knowledge through Damage Documentation and the Fujita Scale". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society. 82 (1): 63–72. Bibcode:2001BAMS...82...63M. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)000<0063:TTFHCT>2.3.CO;2.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "European Severe Weather Database". European Severe Storms Laboratory. 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  13. ↑ Gottlob Burchard Genzmer (June 9, 2005). "Beschreibung des Orcans, welcher den 29. Jun. 1764 einen Strich von etlichen Meilen im Stargardischen Kreise des Herzogthums Mecklenburg gewaltig verwüstet hat" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2005. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
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  17. 1 2 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 612.
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  19. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 623.
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  22. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 658.
  23. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 663.
  24. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 664.
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  26. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 667.
  27. 1 2 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 670.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 674.
  29. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 675.
  30. ↑ Bangor Daily Whig and Courier. May 18, 1896. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ↑ "Death Rode the Gale; Several Texas Towns Visited by a Fearful Cyclone Yesterday". Leadville Daily and Evening Chronicle. May 16, 1896.
  32. ↑ Piner, H. L. (1896). Sherman's Black Friday; May 15th, 1896: A History of the Great Sherman Tornado. Sherman, Texas: Register Printing House. pp. 18–20.
  33. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 676.
  34. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 684.
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  39. ↑ "The Snyder, Oklahoma Tornado of 10 May 1905: Aftermath". Norman, Oklahoma: National Weather Service. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  40. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 706.
  41. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 708.
  42. 1 2 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 713.
  43. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 715.
  44. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 717.
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  46. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 735.
  47. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 737–738.
  48. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 744.
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  50. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 751–752.
  51. 1 2 3 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 755.
  52. 1 2 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 760.
  53. 1 2 3 Kellenbenz, David (1 July 2009). "Fergus Falls F5 Tornado of June 22, 1919". Grand Forks, North Dakota: National Weather Service. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
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  56. 1 2 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 768.
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  62. 1 2 Hickmon, W. C. (April 1921). "Tornadoes of April 15, 1921, in Arkansas and Texas" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. Little Rock, Arkansas: United States Weather Bureau. 49 (4): 194–196. Bibcode:1921MWRv...49..194H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1921)49<194:TOAIAA>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
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  64. 1 2 3 4 Gordon, John D.; Bobby Boyd; Mark A. Rose; Jason B. Wright (2000). "The Forgotten F5: The Lawrence County Supercell During the Middle Tennessee Tornado Outbreak of 16 April 1998" (PDF). National Weather Digest. National Weather Association. 24 (4): 3–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2012. The authors sent a detailed letter to the SPC recommending the two tornadoes from 1974, and the 1952 tornado mentioned above, be downgraded to F4. The SPC agreed to all three of these changes. The SPC database now reflects the conclusions of Professor Fujita's map of 1974, and Grazulis 1952 tornado report (1993). ... The authors suggested that the three former F5 tornadoes in Tennessee should be reclassified as F4. These changes have been adopted, making the 16 April 1998 Lawrence County tornado the only documented F5 in the history of Tennessee.
  65. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 783.
  66. ↑ https://twitter.com/sigtor2019/status/986314610784468994
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  71. 1 2 Johns, Bob (2012). The 1925 Tri-State Tornado's Devastation in Franklin County, Hamilton County, and White County, Illinois.
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  171. ↑ "Tuscaloosa Tornado of 4/8/1998". National Weather Service Birmingham, Alabama. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
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  176. ↑ https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5705284
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  178. ↑ "Central Oklahoma Tornado Intercept: 3 May 1999 (Roger Edwards)". www.stormeyes.org.
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  181. ↑ Brown, Eric. F5 Tornadoes: The Chronology – Part III Eric's Weather Library Check |url= value (help).
  182. ↑ NCDC Database. NCDC https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5391565. Retrieved February 27, 2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  183. ↑ Harper F-4 NWS Damage Survey Video (Motion Picture). May 12, 2004. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  184. ↑ Marshall, Timothy P. Marshall; McCarthy, Daniel; LaDue, James. Damage survey of the Greensburg, KS tornado (PDF).
  185. ↑ https://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/141718.pdf
  186. ↑ Elie Tornado Upgraded to Highest Level on Damage Scale: Canada's First Official F5 Tornado Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine. Environment Canada Accessed May 27, 2008.
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  188. 1 2 https://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/141533.pdf
  189. ↑ "Parkersburg EF5 Damage". http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/. NWs Des Moines. May 26, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2015. External link in |website= (help)
  190. 1 2 "Neshoba/Kemper/Winston/Noxubee Counties Tornado". srh.noaa.gov. Jackson, Mississippi: National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  191. ↑ "Smithville, MS EF-5 Tornado". Memphis, Tennessee: National Weather Service. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  192. 1 2 "April 2011 Tornado Response Imagery". Ngs.woc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  193. ↑ NWS Southern Region News - Smithville, Mississippi EF5 Tornado Damage
  194. ↑ "Smithville, MS Tornado presentation". Richard Okulski. NWS Memphis, TN. October 17, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
  195. 1 2 "Hackleburg (Marion County) EF-5 Tornado April 27, 2011". srh.noaa.gov. Birmingham, Alabama: National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  196. 1 2 3 4 "Franklin (AL) / Lawrence / Morgan / Limestone / Madison / Franklin (TN) EF-5". srh.noaa.gov. Huntsville, Alabama: National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  197. ↑ "NWS Damage Assessment Toolkit". apps.dat.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  198. 1 2 McCaul, Eugene W.; Knupp, Kevin R.; Darden, Chris; Laws, Kevin. Extreme damage incidents in the 27 April 2011 tornado superoutbreak (PDF).
  199. ↑ "National Weather Service Huntsville, AL - DeKalb County Survey Information". Srh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  200. 1 2 "National Weather Service Springfield, MO - Event Review - May 22, 2011". Crh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  201. ↑ New Engineering Study Finds No EF5 Damage in Joplin - weather.com
  202. ↑ Sarkar, Parka; Marshall, Timothy (November 7, 2012). "Supplemental Damage Indicators Discovered in Recent Strong Tornadoes". ams.confex.com. American Meteorological Society.
  203. ↑ Marshall, Timothy; Ladue, Jim (2011). "Performance of residences and shelters in the Oklahoma tornadoes of 24 May 2011". ams.confex.com. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
  204. ↑ Tornado B2 - The Calumet-El Reno-Piedmont-Guthrie Tornado of May 24, 2011
  205. 1 2 Ortega, Kiel. Overview of the 24 May 2011 tornado outbreak.
  206. ↑ Gardner, Jim (May 24, 2011). Tornado Hits Producing Location-Oklahoma (motion picture). Oklahoma: KFOR. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
  207. ↑ "The Chickasha-Blanchard-Newcastle Tornado of May 24, 2011". National Weather Service Office in Norman, Oklahoma. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. July 12, 2011. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  208. ↑ "Damage Assessment Toolkit". apps.dat.noaa.gov. NOAA. May 24, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
  209. ↑ "Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Climatic Data Center". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  210. ↑ "The Washington-Goldsby Tornado of May 24, 2011". NWS Norman, OK. NOAA. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  211. ↑ Marshall, Tim; Ortega, Kiel (February 5, 2014). "Damage Survey and Analysis of the 20 May 2013 Newcastle-Moore, OK, EF-5 Tornado (Presentation)" (PDF). American Meteorological Society. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  212. ↑ "The Tornado Outbreak of May 20, 2013". National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma. May 21, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  213. ↑ Marshall, Tim; Ortega, Kiel (February 5, 2014). "Damage Survey and Analysis of the 20 May 2013 Newcastle-Moore, OK, EF-5 Tornado". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  214. ↑ "Damage Assessment Toolkit". apps.dat.noaa.gov. NOAA. May 20, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  215. ↑ Welch, Trevor (May 20, 2014). May 20th, 2013 Oklahoma tornado damage about 1 hour after (motion picture). Moore, Oklahoma: Trevor Welch. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
  216. ↑ Forbes, Greg; Daniel, Matt (September 5, 2013). "Why was El Reno, Oklahoma tornado downgraded to EF3?". EarthSky.org. unknown. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
  217. 1 2 Marshall, Timothy (November 6, 2014). "Damage Survey of the Mayflower-Vilonia, Arkansas Tornado". ams.confex.com. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  218. ↑ Brantley, Max (May 5, 2014). "Meteorologist defends EF4 rating on Vilonia tornado". Arkansas Times. Arkansas Times. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  219. ↑ "April 27, 2014 Arkansas tornado surveys" (.KML). National Weather Service Office in Little Rock, Arkansas. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 1, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  220. ↑ Gordon, Kalani (April 30, 2013). "Aerial assessment of southern states tornado damage". The Dark Room. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
  221. ↑ "Video: Aerial footage of Mayflower, Vilonia tornado". thecabin.net. The Log Cabin Democrat. April 28, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  222. 1 2 https://apps.dat.noaa.gov/StormDamage/DamageViewer/
  223. ↑ Omitt, Chad (February 19, 2016). Tornado Talk Podcast Episode 29 - Top 10 of 2016 Part 2 (Enhanced Version) (motion picture). Retrieved November 5, 2017.

Bibliography

  • Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes, 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
  • — (2001). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.

Canadian sources

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