Kawkab al-Hawa

Kawkab al-Hawa
The northwestern tower of Belvoir Fortress, outside which the village Kawkab al-Hawa expanded.
Kawkab al-Hawa
Arabic كوكب الهوا
Name meaning "star of the wind"[1]
Also spelled Kaukab al Hawa
Subdistrict Baysan
Coordinates 32°35′43″N 35°31′12″E / 32.59528°N 35.52000°E / 32.59528; 35.52000Coordinates: 32°35′43″N 35°31′12″E / 32.59528°N 35.52000°E / 32.59528; 35.52000
Palestine grid 199/222
Population 300[2][3] (1945)
Area 9,949[3] dunams
Date of depopulation 16 May 1948[4]
Cause(s) of depopulation Military assault by Yishuv forces

Kawkab al-Hawa (Arabic: كوكب الهوا‎), is a depopulated former Palestinian village located 11 km north of Baysan. It was built within the ruins of the Crusader fortress of Belvoir, from which it expanded. The Crusader names for the Frankish settlement at Kuwaykat were Beauvoir, Belvoir, Bellum videre, Coquet, Cuschet and Coket.[5][6][7] During Operation Gideon in 1948, the village was occupied by the Golani Brigade and depopulated.[8]

History

Yaqut al-Hamawi, writing in the 1220s, referred to the place as a castle near Tiberias. According to him, it fell in ruins after the reign of Saladin.[9] The Ayyubid commander of Ajlun, Izz al-Din Usama, was given Kawkab al-Hawa as an iqta ("fief") by Saladin in the late 1180s and it remained in his hands until 1212, when it was seized by sultan al-Mu'azzam.[10][11]

An inscription in the Ustinow collection, dated, tentatively, to the 13th century, Ayyubid period, was found incised on a basalt rock near the spring at Kawkab al-Hawa. The inscription state: "He ordered to make this blessed fountain the illustrious amir, Shuja ad-Din, may his glory be perpetuated."[12]

Ottoman era

Under the Ottoman Empire, in 1596, Kawkab al-Hawa was administrated by nahiya ("subdistrict") of Shafa under the liwa' ("district") of Lajjun, with a population of 50. It paid taxes on a number of crops, including wheat, beans and melons, as well as on vineyards.[13]

Pierre Jacotin named the village Kaoukab on his map from 1799.[14] The scholar Edward Robinson described the place in 1838 as a small village ("Kaukab el-Hawa"), situated "on the brow of the Jordan Valley", and he identified the place as the former Belvoir fortress.[5]

Victor Guérin visited in 1875, and found some families using the vaulted spaces still standing inside the fortress.[15]

Since the village was built within the outlines of the fortress of Belvoir, it was slow to expand. The villagers, who numbered about 110 in 1859, resided within the fortress walls and cultivated about 13 faddans outside them.[16]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the Mandatory Palestine authorities, Kukab had a population of 167, all Muslims,[17] increasing in the 1931 census to 220, still all Muslims, in 46 houses.[18]

In time the village expanded to the north and the west in a circle around the fortress. The Muslim population of the village used their land, which lay outside the village walls, for agriculture. In 1944/45 a total of 5,839 dunums was allocated to cereals; 170 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,[19][20] while 56 dunams was built-up land.[21]

1948 War and aftermath

According to Benny Morris, Kibbutzniks demanded - and often themselves carried out - the destruction of neighbouring villages for local (and selfish) reasons, as a means of blocking the return of the Arab villagers. For this reason a veteran local leader, Nahum Wurwitz of Kfar Gil'adi appealed in a letter in September 1948 for permission to destroy Kawkab al-Hawa, Jabbul, al-Bira and al-Hamidiyya in the area for fear that they may be used by Arabs for military operations and to enable them to "take the village's lands, because the Arabs won't be able to return there".[22]

Walid Khalidi described the remaining structures of the village in 1992:

"The village has been eliminated, but the site of the Belvoir Castle has been excavated and turned into a tourist attraction. Fig and olive trees grow on the village site. The slopes overlooking the Baysan Valley and Wadi al-Bira are used by Israelis as grazing areas; they also cultivate the other surrounding lands."[20]

According to Meron Benvenisti, Kawkab al-Hawa represents one of the most conspicuous examples of the Israeli practice of removing Arab settlements of all Arab structures which did not interest them. At Kawkab al-Hawa (and at Caesarea) all Arab structures (except those useful as tourist amenities) were demolished by the Israelis, while the Crusader buildings were restored and made into tourist attractions. According to Benvenisti: "In the Israeli context, it is preferable to immortalize those who exterminated the Jewish communities of Europe (in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries) and murdered the Jews of Jerusalem in 1099 than to preserve relics of the local Arab civilization with which today's Israelis supposedly coexist. Crusader structures, both authentic and fabricated, lend a European, romantic character to the country's landscape, whereas Arab buildings spoil the myth of an occupied land under foreign rule, awaiting liberation at the hands of the Jews returning to their homeland."[23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p.162
  2. ↑ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 6
  3. 1 2 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 43
  4. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. xvii, village # 115
  5. 1 2 Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 226
  6. ↑ Stubbs and Hassall, 1902, p. 329
  7. ↑ Ellenblum, 2003, p. 56
  8. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 260
  9. ↑ Mu'jam Al-Buldan, cited in le Strange, 1890, p.483. Also quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.53.
  10. ↑ Humphreys, 1977, p. 144
  11. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. 117-119
  12. ↑ Sharon, 2007, pp. 131-134.
  13. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 157. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 53
  14. ↑ Karmon, 1960, p. 169
  15. ↑ Guérin, 1880, pp. 129-132
  16. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 85, Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 53.
  17. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table IX, p. 31
  18. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 79
  19. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 85
  20. 1 2 Khalidi, 1992, p. 53
  21. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 135
  22. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 357. Quotes from Peterzil to Erem, Bentov, Hazan and Cisling (August 10, 1948), quoting an extract from an undated letter from Faivel Cohen of Ma'ayan Barukh, to Peterzil, HHA-ACP 10.95.10(5) therein.
  23. ↑ Benvenisti, 2001, pp. 169, 303

Bibliography

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  • Benveniśtî, Mêrôn (2001). Sacred landscape: the buried history of the Holy Land since 1948 (Illustrated ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21154-5.
  • Conder, C. R. (1874). "Lieut. Claude R. Conder´s reports". Quarterly statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 6: 178–187. (Conder, 1874, pp. 179-180)
  • Conder, Claude Reignier; Kitchener, H. H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
  • Ellenblum, Ronnie (2003). Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52187-1. ISBN 0-521-52187-4.
  • Guérin, Victor (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, Sami (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  • Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
  • Humphreys, Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-263-7. ISBN 0-87395-263-4.
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  • Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  • Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
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