Wadi al-Hawarith

Wadi al-Hawarith
Wadi al-Hawarith
Arabic وادي الحوارث
Subdistrict Tulkarm
Coordinates 32°23′56″N 34°52′48″E / 32.39889°N 34.88000°E / 32.39889; 34.88000Coordinates: 32°23′56″N 34°52′48″E / 32.39889°N 34.88000°E / 32.39889; 34.88000
Palestine grid 139/201 (North) 139/200 (South)
Population 1,330[1] (1945)
Area 7,106 dunams
Date of depopulation March 15, 1948[2]
Cause(s) of depopulation Military assault by Yishuv forces
Secondary cause Fear of being caught up in the fighting
Current localities Kfar Haroeh,[3] Geulei Teiman[3]

Wadi al-Hawarith (Arabic: وادي الحوارث‎) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Tulkarm Subdistrict. It was depopulated at the outbreak of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on March 15, 1948 following the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine.[2] It was located 16.5 km northwest of Tulkarm. Wadi al-Hawarith was mostly destroyed with the exception of four houses.

In 1945, the village had a total population of 1,330.

History

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Wadi al-Hawarith had 812 villagers; 810 Muslims and 2 Christians,[4] where the Christians were one Roman Catholic and one Maronite.[5] The population had increased in the 1931 census to 1,112; 1,077 Muslims, 30 Jews and 5 Christians, in a total of 255 houses.[6]

In 1933, Zionist settled three places close to Wadi al-Hawarith: Kfar Vitkin was south of village land, Mikhmoret to the west of Wadi al-Hawarith, north, and Ma'abarot southwest of Wadi al-Hawarith, south. Neither of these settlements were on village land.[3]

In 1934 Kfar Haroeh was settled on what was traditionally village land.[3]

The Jewish National Fund acquired lands amounting to 30,800 dunams at auction from absentee landlords and initiated legal proceedings to evict the current tenants, who were impoverished Bedouin that were resisting their removal. The British-appointed Shaw Commission notes that a "state of extreme apprehension" gripped the Palestinian public at large, whose members feared that they too would suffer the same fate of displacement at the hands of Jewish colonists.[7]

In the 1945 statistics, Wadi al-Hawarith (North) had 850 inhabitants, while Wadi al-Hawarith (South) had 480; 1,330 in total, all Muslims,[1] and the total land area was 9,812 dunams.[8] Arabs used 960 dunams for cereals,[9] while they owned 1,555 dunams of uncultivable land.[10]

In 1947 Zionists also settled Geulei Teiman on what was traditionally village land.[3]

1948 war

The Arab Liberation Army instructed in mid-February 1948 the inhabitants of Wadi al-Hawarith to evacuate their women and property to the Arab area, which it is unclear if they did. After an ambush by Haganah the month after, which killed three or four Arabs, the inhabitants began to leave but stressing "that the Jews all along had promised them that nothing bad would happen to them" if they stayed. The British mandate authorities advised them to leave and helped with a military escort. The evacuation apparently took several weeks.[11]

In early May, advisers of the Alexandroni Brigade recommended destroying the homes in Wadi al-Hawarith, except those of stone "that may be made fit for human [i.e., Jewish] habitation".[11]

The Canadian Jewish Chronicle reported from Jerusalem on March 29, published on April 2, saying that the sudden mass exodus of Arab villagers "heightened the belief here that Arab gangs are preparing for an all-out assault on Tel Aviv and Jewish coastal areas in the immediate future." According to this article, the evacuees had always had friendly relations with the settlers. The evacuation apparently was coordinated between the Jews and Sheik Abu Kishek, head of a prominent tribe in the Tel Aviv area, and states that Sheik Kishek had spent the previous month at Mufti headquarters, and "reportedly got instructions to evacuate the area."

References

  1. 1 2 Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 22
  2. 1 2 Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #182. Also gives causes of depopulation
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Khalidi, 1992, p. 565
  4. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Tulkarem, p. 28
  5. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XV, p. 48
  6. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 55
  7. ↑ Anderson, Charles (6 November 2017). "The British Mandate and the crisis of Palestinian landlessness, 1929–1936". Middle Eastern Studies: 1–45. doi:10.1080/00263206.2017.1372427.
  8. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 77
  9. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 128
  10. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 178
  11. 1 2 Morris, 2004, p. 129
  12. ↑ Canadian Jewish Chronicle, March 29, 1948 Arab Villagers in Mass Exodus from Coastal Plain, Jews, Stand Guard over Abandoned Crops

Bibliography

  • Adler (Cohen), Raya (1988). "The tenants of Wadi Hawarith: Another view of the land question in Palestine". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 20: 197–220. JSTOR 162960.
  • Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Bracy, R. Michael (2010). Printing Class: 'Isa al-'Isa, Filastin, and the Textual Construction of National Identity, 1911-1931. University Press of America. ISBN 0761853774. (p. 99 ff)
  • Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  • Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  • Oppenheim, M. Freiherr von (1943). "Die Beduinen. Die Beduinenstamme in Palastina, Transjordanien, Sinai. Hedjaz". International Journal of Middle East Studies. Leipzig. 2: 51–55.
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