al-Walaja

al-Walaja
Other transcription(s)
 • Arabic الولجة
 • Also spelled al-Walaje (official)
al-Walaja
Location of al-Walaja within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°43′53″N 35°09′49″E / 31.73139°N 35.16361°E / 31.73139; 35.16361Coordinates: 31°43′53″N 35°09′49″E / 31.73139°N 35.16361°E / 31.73139; 35.16361
Governorate Bethlehem
Founded 1949
Government
 • Type Village council
 • Head of Municipality Saleh Hilmi Khalifa
Area
 • Jurisdiction 17,708[1] dunams (17.7 km2 or 6.8 sq mi)
Population (2007)
 • Jurisdiction 2,041
Name meaning "The bosom of the hill"[2]
al-Walaja
Arabic الولجة
Also spelled al-Walaje, el-Welejeh
Subdistrict Jerusalem
Palestine grid 163/127
Population 1,650[1][3] (1945)
Area 17,708 dunams
17.7 km²
Date of depopulation October 21, 1948[4]
Cause(s) of depopulation Military assault by Yishuv forces
Current localities Aminadav
el-Welejeh in the 1870s

Al-Walaja or al-Walaja (Arabic: الولجة‎) is a Palestinian village in the West Bank, four kilometers northwest of Bethlehem City. It is an enclave in the Seam Zone, near the Green Line. Al-Walaja is partly under the jurisdiction of the Bethlehem Governorate and partly of the Jerusalem Municipality. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 2,041 mostly Muslim inhabitants in 2007.[5] It has been called 'the most beautiful village in Palestine'.[6]

Al-Walaja was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, in October 1948.[4] It lost about 70% of its land, west of the Green Line. After the war, the displaced inhabitants resettled on the remaining land in the West Bank. After the Six-Day War, Israel annexed about half of al-Walaja's remaining land, including the neighborhood Ain Jawaizeh, to the Jerusalem Municipality. Large parts of the land were confiscated for the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier and the Israeli settlements of Har Gilo and Gilo, one of the Ring Neighborhoods of Jerusalem.

History

In 1596, al-Walaja appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 100 Muslim households and 9 bachelors. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, vines or fruit trees, and goats or beehives; a total of 7,500 Akçe.[7]

In 1838, it was noted as a Muslim village, el-Weleje, in the Beni Hasan District, west of Jerusalem.[8][9]

An Ottoman village list from about 1870 counted 78 houses and a population of 379, though the population count included men, only.[10][11]

In 1883, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described al-Walaja as a "good-sized" village built of stone.[12]

During the latter half of Ottoman rule, al-Walaja was the administrative seat of the Bani Hasan subdistrict (nahiya) (which consisted of over ten villages, including al-Khader, Suba, Beit Jala, Ayn Karim and al-Maliha), and served as the throne village of the al-Absiyeh family.[13]

In 1896 the population of Al-Walaja was estimated to be about 810 persons.[14]

British Mandata era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Walajeh had a population 910, all Muslims,[15] increasing in the 1931 census to 1,206, still all Muslim, in 292 houses.[16] Between 1922 and 1947, under the British Mandate, the population doubled.[17]

In the 1945 statistics the population of El Walaja was 1,650, all Muslims,[3] and the total land area was 17,708 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[1] 2,136 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 6,227 for cereals,[18] while 31 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[19]

1948-1967

The old village, less than two kilometers northwest of the new town on the Israeli side of the Green Line, was captured by the Harel Brigade of the Palmach in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The village defense consisted of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and the Arab Liberation Army as well as a local militia. It was reclaimed by Arab forces more than once before it capitulated to Israeli troops on October 21, 1948.[4][20] Thousands of villagers fled. In the 1949 Armistice Agreements, the Green Line was drawn through the village with 70% of the land and 30 water springs on the Israeli side.[21]

In January 1952, an IDF patrol seized two Arab villagers in a field 300 meters on the Jordanian side of the armistice line and brought them to an abandoned house in Walaja, where they were killed. Israel told UN investigators that they had been shot inside Israeli territory when they had jumped out from behind a rock. The UN and Jordanian cross-examiners were unable to obtain an Israeli admission, but the Israeli delegate on the Mixed Armistice Commission wrote privately to his superior that the allegations were true but the patrol was not acting under orders.[22] The village was completely destroyed during the 1948 war and the villagers rebuilt it east of the 1949 Armistice Line inside the West Bank territories.[23]

1967, and aftermath

Map of the Al-Walaja region

After the Six-Day War, Israel redrew the Jerusalem municipal boundaries, annexing half of al-Walaja's land that had remained after the 1948 war.[21] Although also the Ain Jawaizeh neighborhood of al-Walaja was included in the Jerusalem Municipality, imposing Israeli law on its inhabitants, residency rights in Jerusalem were denied. Ain Jawaizeh does not receive municipal services and homes may not be built.[24][25] The splitting of the village caused various problems. Cars of local residents of both parts were confiscated by the Israeli Border Police for trespassing illegally into Israel.[25]

More village land was allocated for the construction of Har Gilo and Gilo.[21] In 2003 through January 2005, Israel demolished Palestinian houses in Ain Jawaizeh and issued demolition orders against 53 other houses.[26] Land confiscation orders issued by the IDF in August 2003 showed that the route of the barrier will completely surround the residents of the village, allowing them only one entry/exit point. The two main access routes for Ain Jawaizeh to Bethlehem were both closed, and the only access road to Jerusalem was restricted for access to Har Gilo by Israeli-licensed vehicles only.[25] In April 2005, fruit orchards were cut down and homes were demolished due to the absence of building permits to make place for the construction of the barrier.[27]

In April 2010, Gush Etzion settlers and residents of al-Walaja united to protest the extension of security fences around Jerusalem. The event was partially coordinated by the Kfar Etzion-based organization ארצשלום ("Land of Peace") dedicated to building contacts between Jewish settlers and West Bank Arabs.[28]

In 2012, a group of Harvard students were expelled from al-Walaja when they tried to visit a house which was due to be demolished due to the West Bank wall.[29]

In September 2018, four houses built without planning permission were destroyed by Israeli border police, injuring about 40 people in the process.[30] Lawyer Itai Peleg representing some of the villagers wrote that Israel had for years refused to approve a master plan for the village and that "there is no dispute that the State of Israel and its various authorities and the Jerusalem municipality give the residents of al-Walaja no service whatsoever other than ‘home demolition service.’"[30]

Demography

According to a census by the British Mandate government in 1945, al-Walaja had a population of 1,650 inhabitants and a land area of 17,708 dunams.[1] The residents fled when it was captured and the Israeli village of Aminadav was built on the land. One of the few old-timers is Abed Rabbeh, who lives alone in a cave and raises chickens. When U.S. President Barack Obama was visiting Israel, Rabbeh invited him to his cave but the U.S. Consulate in Jerusalem sent a brief note of regret saying this could not be arranged.[31]

Landmarks and cultural institutions

The village has three mosques. It is also the site of al-Badawi, a 5,000-year-old olive tree, claimed to be the oldest in the world.[32] The Al-Walaja sports club was established in 1995. A women's club and the Ansar Youth Center opened in 2000. In 2005, the Ministry of the Interior established the Agriculture Charitable Society to aid local farmers.[32]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 58
  2. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 338
  3. 1 2 Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 25
  4. 1 2 3 Morris, 2004, p. xx, village #349. Also gives cause of depopulation.
  5. ↑ 2007 PCBS Census Archived December 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. p.116
  6. ↑ David Dean Shulman, 'On Being Unfree:Fences, Roadblocks and the Iron Cage of Palestine,' Manoa Vol,20, No. 2, 2008, pp. 13-32
  7. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 116
  8. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 325
  9. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 123
  10. ↑ Socin, 1879, p. 163 Also noted it in the Beni Hasan district
  11. ↑ Hartmann, 1883, p. 122 also noted 78 houses
  12. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 22. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 322
  13. ↑ Macalister and Masterman, 1905, p. 353
  14. ↑ Schick, 1896, p. 125
  15. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
  16. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 44
  17. ↑ Transformation in Arab Settlement, Moshe Brawer, in The Land that Became Israel: Studies in Historical Geography, Ruth Kark (ed), Magnes Press, Jerusalem 1989, p.177
  18. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 104
  19. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 154
  20. ↑ Khalidi, 1992, pp. 206-207
  21. 1 2 3 Palestinians on statehood: ′We want action, not votes at the UN′. Harriet Sherwood, The Guardian, 14 September 2011
  22. ↑ Morris, 1993, p. 183
  23. ↑ Living in a Cage. ARIJ, 17 January 2004
  24. ↑ The Israeli Colonization Activities in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip During 2004, section "Case Study 1(a): Al Walaja Village". ARIJ, March 2005
  25. 1 2 3 OCHA Humanitarian Update Occupied Palestinian Territories Jan 2005. ReliefWeb, 31 January 2005
  26. ↑ At Risk of De-Population: Home Demolitions in Ain Jawaizeh area of Al-Walaja Village, Bethlehem Governorate Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine.. PLO-NAD, Palestinian Monitoring Group, 18 January 2005
  27. ↑ Israeli Authorities Cut Down Hundreds of Fruit-Bearing Trees. PLO-NAD, Palestinian Monitoring Group, 14 April 2005
  28. ↑ 'Settlers and Palestinians may unite'
  29. ↑ Israel Police expel Harvard students from Palestinian village, Mar. 14, 2012, Haaretz
  30. 1 2 Nir Hasson (2018-09-03). "Israel Demolishes Buildings in Palestinian Village; 10 Wounded". Haaretz.
  31. ↑ "I can't live without this place" March 3, 2010
  32. 1 2 Al Walaja religious and archaeological sites

Bibliography

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  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
  • Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. (visited 1863: pp. 5, 385: Oueledjeh)
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  • Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
  • Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
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  • Macalister, R. A. Stewart; Masterman, E. W. G. (1905). "Occasional Papers on the Modern inhabitants of Palestine, part I & part II". Quarterly statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 37: 343–356.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
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