Tall al-Turmus

Tall al-Turmus
Tall al-Turmus
Arabic تل الترمس
Name meaning "The mound of the lupine"[1]
Also spelled Tell at-Turmus
Subdistrict Gaza
Coordinates 31°43′30″N 34°46′22″E / 31.72500°N 34.77278°E / 31.72500; 34.77278Coordinates: 31°43′30″N 34°46′22″E / 31.72500°N 34.77278°E / 31.72500; 34.77278
Palestine grid 128/125
Population 760[2][3] (1945)
Area 11,508[3] dunams
11.5 km²
Date of depopulation July, 1948[4]
Cause(s) of depopulation Fear of being caught up in the fighting
Current localities Timorim[5]

Tall al-Turmus (Arabic: تل الترمس‎) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Gaza Subdistrict, located on a low hill on the coastal plain of Palestine, 38 kilometers (24 mi) northeast of Gaza. In 1945, it had a population of 760 and a land area of 11,508 dunams. The village was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.[5]

History

In 1838, Edward Robinson saw Tall al-Turmus located northwest of Tell es-Safi, where he was staying.[6] He further noted that the name meant "Hill of lupines".[7]

In 1863 the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village, where he found about 100 houses. The villagers had a very deep well, and used animals to draw water from it.[8] An Ottoman village list of about 1870 counted 17 houses and a population of 34, though the population count included men only.[9][10]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Tall al-Turnus had a population of 384 inhabitants, all Muslims,[11] increasing in the 1931 census, to 504 Muslims in 136 houses.[12]

In 1945 the population of Tell et Turmus consisted of 760, all Muslims,[2] and the total land area was 11,508 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of this, 154 dunams were used for citrus and bananas, 627 for plantations and irrigable land, 10,403 for cereals,[13] while 35 dunams were built-up areas.[14]

The villagers constructed their houses of adobe, building them first on the hill and later expanding the village site eastward and westward. It shared a school with the neighboring village of Qastina, and the school had 160 pupils by the mid-1940s. Agriculture was the mainstay of the economy.[5]

1948, and aftermath

Israeli forces from the First Battalion of the Givati Brigade captured Tall al-Turmus early in Operation An-Far on July 9–10, 1948. During this operation, the inhabitants of the village were among a minority of Palestinian villagers in the area to have been driven from their village towards the Gaza Strip rather than eastwards towards Hebron. Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel and the moshav of Timorim was established the lands of Tall at-Turmus in 1954.[5]

According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, "The debris of the houses are strewn over the site and can be found near the clumps of cactuses and the sycamore and eucalyptus trees that grow there."[5]

Archaeology

A salvage excavation at Tell Turmus was conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority in April 2000 prior to the installation of a water pipe. The remains of a pear-shaped hearth were uncovered, surrounded by pieces of burnt clay that probably used to line the hearth. Inside were two pottery vessels containing burnt animal bones, organic material and a bone implement embedded with stone blades probably used as a sickle. The hearth may date to the Chalcolithic period or Early Bronze Age.[15] Two fragments of a Chalcolithic incised scapula were found at Tall al-Turmus.[16]

References

  1. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 275
  2. 1 2 Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 32
  3. 1 2 3 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 46
  4. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. xix, village #276. Also gives cause of depopulation,
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Khalidi, 1992, p. 138
  6. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 364
  7. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 232
  8. ↑ Guérin, 1869, p. 87
  9. ↑ Socin, 1879, p. 162
  10. ↑ Hartmann, 1883, p. 133 also noted 17 houses
  11. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. 8
  12. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 6
  13. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 88
  14. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 138
  15. ↑ Zelin, 2004, Tell et-Turmus Final Report
  16. ↑ Reese, 2002, On the incised cattle scapulae from the East Mediterranean and the Near East

Bibliography

  • Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
  • Guérin, Victor (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, Sami (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  • Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
  • Khalidi, Walid (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  • Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Robinson, Edward; Smith, Eli (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
  • Robinson, Edward; Smith, Eli (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
  • Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.
  • Zelin, Alexey (2004-06-09). "Tell et-Turmus Final Report" (116). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
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