Kushinagar

Kushinagar
Town
Ramabhar Stupa was built over a portion of the Buddha's ashes on the spot where he was cremated by the ancient Malla people.
Kushinagar
Kushinagar in Uttar Pradesh
Kushinagar
Kushinagar (Uttar Pradesh)
Coordinates: 26°44′28″N 83°53′17″E / 26.741°N 83.888°E / 26.741; 83.888Coordinates: 26°44′28″N 83°53′17″E / 26.741°N 83.888°E / 26.741; 83.888
Country  India
State Uttar Pradesh
District Kushinagar
Government
 • Type Nagar Palika
 • D.M Dr. Anil Kumar Singh
 • A.D.M K.L. Tiwari
 • MP Rajesh Pandey (BJP)
Population (2011)
 • Total 22,214
Languages
 • Native Bhojpuri
 • Official Hindi
Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
Vehicle registration UP 57
Website www.kushinagar.nic.in

Kushinagar (also known as Kusinagar, Kusinara, Kasia and Kasia Bazar) is a pilgrimage town and a Notified Area Council in the Kushinagar district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh located around NH-28, and is 52 km east of Gorakhpur city. The name of "Kasia Bazaar" was changed to Kushinagar and then Kasia Bazaar became a municipality with the official name Kushinagar.

It is an important Buddhist pilgrimage site, where Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha attained Parinirvana after his death.[1] It is an international Buddhist pilgrimage centre. The followers of Buddhism, especially from Asian countries, wish to visit this place at least once in their lifetime.[2]

Etymology

According to one theory, Kushwati was the capital of Kosala Kingdom and according to Ramayana it was built by King Kush, son of Rama, protagonist of the epic Ramayana. While according to Buddhist tradition Kushawati was named prior to the king Kush. The naming of Kushwati is believed to be due to abundance of Kush grass found in this region.[2]

Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Kushinagar had a population of 22,214,[3] with 3462 households. Males constitute 52% (11,502 Men) of the population and females 48% (10,712 Women). Kushinagar has an average literacy rate of 78.43%, higher than the national average of 74%, male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 72%. In Kushinagar, 11% of the population is under 10 years of age. Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 5.03% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 2.39% of total population in Kushinagar Nagar Panchayat.

History

The present Kushinagar is identified with Kusavati (in the pre-Buddha period) and Kushinara (in the post-Buddha period). Kushinara was the capital of Mallas which was one of the sixteen mahajanpads of the 6th Century BCE. Since then, it remained an integral part of the erstwhile empires of Maurya, Shunga, Kushana, Gupta, Harsha, and Pala dynasties.

In the medieval period, Kushinagar had passed under the suzerainty of Kultury Kings. Kushinara continued to be a living city till the 12th century CE and was thereafter lost into oblivion. Padrauna is believed to be ruled over by a Rajput adventurer, Madan Singh, in the 15th century CE.

Conjectural reconstruction of the main gate of Kusinagara circa 500 BCE adapted from this relief at Sanchi

However, modern Kushinagar came into prominence in the 19th century with archeological excavations carried out by Alexander Cunningham, the first Archeological Surveyor of India and later followed by C.L. Carlleyle who exposed the main stupa and also discovered a 6.10 meters long statue of reclining Buddha in 1876. Excavations continued in the early twentieth century under J. Ph. Vogel.[4] He conducted archaeological campaigns in 1904-5, 1905-6 and 1906-7, uncovering a wealth of Buddhist materials.

Chandra Swami, a Burmese monk, came to India in 1903 and made Mahaparinirvana Temple into a living shrine.

After independence, Kushinagar remained the part of district Deoria. On 13 May 1994, it came into being as a new district of Uttar Pradesh.[5]

Location of Gautama Buddha's death and parinirvana

Buddha's cremation stupa, Kushinagar

In 1896, Waddell suggested that the site of the death and parinirvana of Gautama Buddha was in the region of Rampurva.[6] However, according to the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra, the Buddha made his journey to Kushinagar, died there and wherein he was cremated.[7][8]

Modern scholarship, based on archaeological evidence, believes that the Buddha died in Kushinagar, close to the modern Kasia (Uttar Pradesh).[9][10][11][12][13]

Ashoka built a stupa and pilgrimage site to mark Buddha's parinirvana in Kushinagara.[14] The Hindu rulers of the Gupta Empire (fourth to seventh century) helped greatly enlarge the Nirvana stupa and Kushinagar site, building a temple with reclining Buddha.[15][16] This site was abandoned by Buddhist monks around 1200 CE, who fled to escape the invading Muslim army, after which the site decayed over the Islamic rule in India that followed.[17][18] The British archaeologist Alexander Cunningham rediscovered Kushinagara in the late 19th century, and his colleague A. C. L. Carlleyle unearthed the 1,500-year-old Buddha image.[16][19][20] The site has since then become an important pilgrimage site for Buddhists.[7][21] Archaeological evidence from the 3rd century BCE suggests that the Kushinagara site was an ancient pilgrimage site.[7]

Geography

Kushinagar is a nagar palika situated at 53 km east from Gorakhpur on the National Highway-28, lying between latitude 26°45´N and 83°24´E. Gorakhpur is the main railway terminus for Kushinagar while air strip of UP Civil Aviation is situated in Kasia, 5 km away from Kushinagar, currently being developed as an International Airport by Uttar Pradesh Government and Government of India.[22]

Tourism

Parinirvana Stupa

The Parinirvana Temple with the Parinirvana Stupa, Kushinagar

The reclining Nirvana statue of the Buddha is inside the Parinirvana Stupa. The statue is 6.10 metres long and is made of monolith red-sand stone. It represents the "Dying Buddha" reclining on his right side with his face towards the west. It is placed on a large brick pedestal with stone-posts at the corners.[23]

Nirvana Chaitya (Main Stupa)

Nirvana Chaitya is located just behind the Main Parinirvana Temple. It was excavated by Carlleyle in the year 1876. During excavations, a copper plate was found, which contained the text of the "Nidana-Sutra" which concluded the statement that plate had been deposited in the Nirvana-Chaitya by one Haribala, who also installed the great Nirvana Statue of Buddha in the temple front.[23]

Ramabhar Stupa Ramabhar Stupa, also called a Mukutbandhan-Chaitya, is the cremation place of Buddha. This site is 1.5 km east of the main Nirvana Temple on the Kushinagar-Deoria road.[23]

Matha Kuar Shrine A colossal statue of Lord Buddha is installed, which is carved out of one block which represents Buddha seated under the "Bodhi Tree" in a pose known as "Bhumi Sparsh Mudra" (Earth touching attitude). The inscription at the base of statue is datable to the 10th or 11th century A.D.[23]

Other major places

  • Indo-Japan-Sri Lanka Temple: Indo-Japan-Sri Lanka temple is a marvel of Buddhist architectural grandeur of modern times.[23]
  • Wat Thai Temple: It is a huge complex built in a typical Thai-Buddhist architectural fashion.[23]
  • Ruins and brick structures: These are located around the main Nirvana Temple and Main Stupa. These are the remains of various monasteries of different sizes constructed from time to time in the ancient period.[23]
  • Several museums, meditation parks and several other temples based on architecture of various eastern countries.

The Government of Uttar Pradesh has proposed the Kushinagar-Sarnath Buddha Expressway to connect Buddhist pilgrimage towns. The expressway will be around 200 km long and will reduce the distance from both town from Seven hours to one and half hours.

Government and politics

Stupa ruins in Kushinagar.

Kushinagar comes under Kushi Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency) for Indian general elections. Current Member of Parliament from this constituency is Rajesh Pandey of Bharatiya Janata Party who defeated R. P. N. Singh of Indian National Congress in Indian general elections, 2014.[24]

The current Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Kushinagar Assembly constituency is Rajnikant Mani Tripathi of Bharatiya Janata Party.

Education

Kushinagar has made a lot of progress in education in recent times. In the last decade, dozens of private and government institutes have been established at this little town. Here is a list of all educational institutes in Kushinagar:

Government institutes

  • Buddha Post Graduate College, Kushinagar
  • Buddha Intermediate College, Kushinagar

Polytechnic colleges

  • Government Polytechnic, Mujahana, Kushinagar
  • Mooti Chand Polytechnic Institute, Kurmauta, Kushinagar

Other institutes

  • M.A.V.M Varistha Madhyamik Vidyalay Kasia, Kushinagar
  • Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Kasia, Kushinagar
  • Rahul Shishu Shiksha Niketan, Kushinagar
  • Buddha Central Academy, Kasia, Kushinagar
  • VIEIT Computer Education, NH-28, Gorakhpur Road, Kushinagar
  • Rahul Public School, Kushinagar
  • Swargiya Foolmati Devi Kushinagar Public School, Kushinagar
  • Linh-Son Buddhist Intermediate College, Kushinagar
  • Gyanlok College for Government Services, Kushinagar
  • Nav Jeevan Mission School, Kasia, Kushinagar
  • St. Xavier's High School, Kasia, Kushinagar
  • Bright Children's Academy, Kasia, Kushinagar
  • St. Joseph's School, Salemgarh, Kushinagar
  • Gyan Bhoomi International School, NH-28, Kushinagar
  • St. Thereses School, Padrauna, Kushinagar
  • Malati Pandey Girls Inter College, Bhaluhi Madari Patti, Kasia, Kushinagar
  • Holy Mother's English School, Gaura Khas, Kasaia Road
  • Green Land Public School, Kasia
  • Quantom Public School, Kasia
  • S.D. Public School, Babhnauli
  • Nirankari Inter College, Kasia
  • Holy Mother's English School, Kasaia Road, Gaura Khas
  • SP Montessori, Seorahi, Kushinagar

Medical institutions and hospitals

There are two government and several private hospitals and clinics available at Kushinagar and Kasia. Noted ones are:

  • Government Hospital, Kasia
  • Governmental Aayurvedic Hospital, Mahaparinirvana Temple road
  • Buddha National Hospital, NH 28
  • Qazi Nursing Home, Kasia
  • Al-Shifa Medical College, Kasia
  • Vartika Medical Center, Kasia
  • Hitashi Hospital, Gorakhpur Road, Kasia
  • Sanjeevni Hospital, Sapha Road, Kasia
  • Jeevan Jyoti Chikitsalaya, Kasia
  • Hansraj Memorial Hospital, NH-28
  • Janta Hospital, Kasia
  • Abhay yoga centre Kushinagar

director by Abhay Ranjan Mishra yoga teacher Kushinagar up.

Notable people

References

  1. ↑ W. Owen Cole, Peggy Morgan Six Religions in the Twenty-First Century 2000 - Page 204 "Kushinara. Here, near modern Kasia in Uttar Pradesh, is the site of the Buddha's death. A temple commemorates the Buddha's final ..."
  2. 1 2 "History". Kushinagar District. 20 November 2017.
  3. ↑ Census of India: Population Finder, http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=1249&category=N.P.
  4. ↑ Vogel J Ph. (1950). "Some Buddhist Monasteries in Ancient India". Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1: 27–32.
  5. ↑ "Kushinagar History". kushinagar.nic.in. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  6. ↑ "A Tibetan Guide-book to the Lost Sites of the Buddha's Birth and Death", L. A. Waddell. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1896, p. 279.
  7. 1 2 3 Lars Fogelin (2015). An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-19-994822-2.
  8. ↑ John Guy (1991). "The Mahabodhi temple". The Burlington Magazine. 133 (1059): 356–357. JSTOR 884751.
  9. ↑ United Nations (2003). Promotion of Buddhist Tourism Circuits in Selected Asian Countries. United Nations Publications. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-92-1-120386-8.
  10. ↑ Kevin Trainor (2004). Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide. Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-19-517398-7.
  11. ↑ Elizabeth Lyons; Heather Peters; Chʻeng-mei Chang (1985). Buddhism: History and Diversity of a Great Tradition. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-934718-76-9.
  12. ↑ Fred S. Kleiner (2009). Gardner's Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives. Cengage. pp. 13, 31. ISBN 0-495-57367-1.
  13. ↑ Huntington, John C (1986), "Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus" (PDF), Orientations, September 1986: 47, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 Nov 2014
  14. ↑ Akira Hirakawa; Paul Groner (1993). A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 101. ISBN 978-81-208-0955-0.
  15. ↑ Gina Barns (1995). "An Introduction to Buddhist Archaeology". World Archaeology. 27 (2): 166–168. doi:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980301.
  16. 1 2 Robert Stoddard (2010). "The Geography of Buddhist Pilgrimage in Asia". Pilgrimage and Buddhist Art. Yale University Press. 178: 3–4.
  17. ↑ Richard H. Robinson; Sandra Ann Wawrytko; Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu (1996). The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction. Thomson. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-534-20718-2.
  18. ↑ Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (2011). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5.
  19. ↑ Asher, Frederick (2009). "From place to sight: locations of the Buddha´s life". Artibus Asiae. 69 (2): 244.
  20. ↑ Himanshu Prabha Ray (2014). The Return of the Buddha: Ancient Symbols for a New Nation. Routledge. pp. 74–75, 86. ISBN 978-1-317-56006-7.
  21. ↑ Lars Fogelin (2006). Archaeology of Early Buddhism. AltaMira Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0-7591-1444-9.
  22. ↑ "Kushinagar geography". kushinagr.nic.in. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Places in Kushinagar". kushinager.nic.in. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  24. ↑ "Kushinagar Loksabha". elections. Retrieved 18 July 2015.

Further reading

  • A Literary History of Deoria & Kushinagar by M.A. Lari Azad (USM 1998 Ghaziabad)
  • Patil, D R (1981). Kusīnagara, New Delhi : Archaeological Survey of India.

See also

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