'Ajjur

'Ajjur
House in 'Ajjur
'Ajjur
Arabic عجّور
Name meaning Furrows on the sand made by the wind[1]
Also spelled 'Ajur
Subdistrict Hebron
Coordinates 31°41′28″N 34°55′26″E / 31.69111°N 34.92389°E / 31.69111; 34.92389Coordinates: 31°41′28″N 34°55′26″E / 31.69111°N 34.92389°E / 31.69111; 34.92389
Palestine grid 142/121
Population 3,730[2][3] (1945)
Area 58,074 dunams
58.1 km²
Date of depopulation

23–24 July 1948[4] primary,

23 October 1948[5] secondary
Cause(s) of depopulation Military assault by Yishuv forces
Current localities Agur,[5] Tzafririm,[5] Givat Yeshayahu,[5] Li-On,[5] Tirosh[5] Britannia Park[6]

'Ajjur (Arabic: عجّور‎) was a Palestinian Arab village of over 3,700 inhabitants located 24 kilometres (15 mi) northwest of Hebron. It was captured by Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, during which all of its inhabitants fled or were expelled. Agur, Tzafririm, Givat Yeshayahu, Li-On, and Tirosh were built on the village lands. Today, 'Ajjur is inhabited by Kurdish Jews.

History

Near 'Ajjur, at Khirbet Jannaba al-Fauqa, was a probable site of the Battle of Ajnadayn, waged in the 7th-century CE between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire, and which resulted in a decisive Rashidun victory, incorporating most of Palestine into the domains of Islam. The village of 'Ajjur itself was built during early Fatimid rule in the region in the early twelfth century CE. A mosque was built during this period, and continued to serve 'Ajjur's community until its demise.[7] The village 'Ajjur is believed to be named after "a sort of cucumber."[8]

Ottoman era

Arab chronicler Mujir ad-Din reported that he passed through 'Ajjur on his way from Gaza to Jerusalem in the early sixteenth century, when the village was a part of the Ottoman Empire.[9] By 1596, 'Ajjur was a part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Gaza, part of Sanjak Gaza, with 35 Muslim households. It paid a find tax rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, fruit, vineyards, beehives, and goats; a total of 5,500 Akçe[10]

The scholar Edward Robinson noted the village as being "small" when he passed by it in 1838,[11] while in 1863 Victor Guérin estimated the population to be around 800. Guérin further noted that several houses, including that of the local Sheikh, were built partly with ancient stones.[12] Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that 'Ajjur had 86 houses and a population of 254, though the population count included men, only.[13] Hartmann found that 'Ajjur had 120 houses.[14]

In the 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described 'Ajjur as a small village containing olive trees,[15] with most of its houses clustered together, but some dispersed to the west and south. A private school named Abu Hasan was established in this time period.[5]

In 1896 the population of 'Ajjur was estimated to be about 1,767 persons.[16]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Ajjur had a population of 2,073 inhabitants, all Muslim,[17] increasing in the 1931 census to 2,917; 4 Christians and the rest Muslims, in a total of 566 residential houses.[18]

During this period, 'Ajjur became economically active in its vicinity. It held a Friday market or souk that attracted consumers and merchants from nearby towns and villages. A second school was founded in the village in 1934, which served students from nearby villages as well as from 'Ajjur. Like other Arab villages in Palestine at the time, 'Ajjur depended on agriculture, which was the basis of its economy. The main crops were olives and wheat. The second most important economic activity was animal husbandry, in particular, goat herding. Animal ownership was a symbol of social status and pride in the village, and residents gave affectionate names to certain types of animals. Animal herding caused seasonal movement by herders to distant dwellings from the village site, but still in its vicinity such as, Khirbet al-Sura and Khirbet al-'Ammuriyya. Shoe making, carpentry, and tanning were other common occupations in 'Ajjur.[5]

In the 1945 statistics, 'Ajjur had a population of 3,730; 10 Christians and 3,720 Muslims,[2] with a total of 58,074 dunams of land.[3] Of this, 2,428 dunums were irrigated or used for plantations, 25,227 dunams used for cereals,[19] while 171 dunams were built-up (urban) areas.[20]

1948 War and aftermath

On 23 October 1948, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the Fourth Battalion of Israel's Giv'ati Brigade occupied 'Ajjur in the northern front of Operation Yoav, unifying Israeli military operations in the southern and western fronts. Most of 'Ajjur's inhabitants had fled prior to this assault—their flight was triggered by an earlier attack, on 23 July-24.[5]

In 1992, the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the village: "Only three houses remain; two are deserted and one has been turned into a warehouse. One of the deserted houses is a two-storey stone structure that has a large, triple-arched front porch."[5] Petersen, who inspected the place in 1994, noted "a large two-storey building with a vaulted arcade on the northern side. The upper part of the building is today used as a house whilst the lower part appears to be abandoned (although it remains locked). The arcade consists of three cross-vaulted bays resting on two free-standing piers and two engaged piers at either end. On the outer (north) face of each of the two central piers there is a stone carved with two rosettes which appears to be part of a classical entablature. The outer arches is emphasised by a flat hood moulding. Each bay is covered with a cross-vault which reaches a height of approximately 4m. [..] The upper floor is reached by an external staircase on the east side leading to a walled terrace above the arcade. [..] The identity or function of this building is not known although its design and orientation indicate that it may be a mosque."[21] In 2000, Meron Benvenisti observed that: "Three large, beautiful structures, which were located outside the village amid orchards of fruit trees, have been renovated, and Jewish families live in them. In one, chamber music concerts are held."[22]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p.265
  2. 1 2 Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 23
  3. 1 2 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 50 Accessed 2011-10-27. Archived 2009-07-20.
  4. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. xix, village #294. Also gives the cause of depopulation.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Khalidi, 1992, p. 207
  6. ↑ Dear Prince William, if you have to go, make it count, Robert Cohen, March 10, 2018, Mondoweiss
  7. ↑ Khalidi, 1992, p. 206
  8. ↑ p. 145 in: Zadok, Ran (1995–1997). "A Preliminary Analysis of Ancient Survivals in Modern Palestinian Toponymy". Mediterranean Language Review. 9: 93–171. JSTOR 10.13173/medilangrevi.9.1997.0093. (Registration required (help)).
  9. ↑ al-'Ulaymi, 1876, p. 230. Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. 91
  10. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 148. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 206
  11. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 351
  12. ↑ Guérin, 1869, p. 103
  13. ↑ Socin, 1879, p. 142
  14. ↑ Hartmann, 1883, p. 143
  15. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. 414. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 207
  16. ↑ Schick, 1896, p. 123
  17. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Hebron, p. 10
  18. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 27
  19. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 93
  20. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 143
  21. ↑ Petersen, 2001, pp. 91, 92
  22. ↑ Benvenisti, 2000, p. 319

Bibliography

  • Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Benvenisti, M. (2000). Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948. Maxine Kaufman-Lacusta (translator). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21154-4.
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
  • Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre.
  • Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem turkeschen Staatskalender dur Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
  • Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
  • Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  • Moudjir ed-dyn al-'Ulaymi (1876). Sauvaire, ed. Histoire de Jérusalem et d'Hébron depuis Abraham jusqu'à la fin du XVe siècle de J.-C. : fragments de la Chronique de Moudjir-ed-dyn.
  • Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
  • Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
  • Schick, C. (1896). "Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 19: 120–127.
  • Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.
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