List of armed conflicts involving the United States
The history of armed conflicts involving the United States of America spans a period of more than four centuries. A period ranging from the early era of European colonization and the formation of the new national polity that is to become the United States, to its evolvement through technological and political upheavals into a decisively modern republic and military force, and ascent onto the world stage, through the calamities of the 20th century, as the largely unrivaled imperial superpower that it is today.[1]
Armed conflicts in the colonial and early national period
The lines of conflict demarcating the wars, rebellions, and revolutions in the North American colonial and national period can be traced far back into early pre-columbian times. However, due to the scarcity of written sources, not least resulting from the Christian colonizers destroying a sizable amount of original Maya writings, deeming them to be heretical, historians typically make the early European settlements as their initial point of departure, of which sources are more plentiful.[2]
A further concern highlighted by historians, relating to history of slavery and colonialism in particular, is the inherent unevenness of the terrain in which conflicts erupt, and often tremendous disproportionality of means by which they are fought and settled. As historian Ira Berlin points out slavery, by its very definition, poses a profound asymmetry of power: "For three centuries, slave masters mobilized enormous resources that streched across continents and oceans and employed them with great ferocity in an effort to subdue their human property. Slaves, for their part, had little to depend upon but themselves."[3]
As such, four distinctive lines of conflict can be identified weaving through the colonial and early national period: Firstly, the conflicts between the European colonists and the Native American peoples whose land was being taken from them. Secondly, the rivaling between the European states' to subjugate the Americas. A rivalry that both settlers and Native Indians soon find themselves to be invariably and increasingly caught up in. Thirdly, the mounting tensions and armed conflicts between the settlers and their rulers in Europe. And lastly, as violence between the white people grew, so too did the revolutionary fervor of the African slaves in their quest for freedom through armed insurrection.[4]
As Berlin writes: "Despite the uneven nature of the contest, slave masters never quite carried the day. While slaveowners won nearly all the great battles, slaves won their share of skirmishes, frustrating the masters' grand design."[3]
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results and assessment of outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expedition of Juan Ponce de León
(1521) Location: Southwest Florida 17th century engraving of Ponce de León (unauthenticated) |
Spanish conquistadors | Calusa People | Conquistador defeat
|
| Rebellion in San Miguel de Guadalupe
(1526) |
Spanish settlers | Guale People | Spanish settlers defeat
|
| Mutiny at Charlesfort
(1562-1563) |
French colonists | French mutineers
|
French colonist blunder
|
| Spanish assault on French Florida
(1565) Location: Fort Caroline, Florida; Matanzas Inlet Image of French settlement in Florida in 1562. |
 |
 |
French Huguenot defeat
|
| Raid on St. Augustine
(1586) Location: St. Augustine, Florida |
|||
| Roanoke Colony
(1587–1590) Part of the American Indian Wars |
|||
| Anglo-Powhatan Wars
(1610–1646) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colony of Virginia |
|||
| First Indian attack on Jamestown
(1622) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colony of Virginia A 1628 woodcut by Matthaeus Merian published along with Theodore de Bry's earlier engravings in 1628 book on the New World. The engraving shows the March 22, 1622 massacre when Powhatan Indians attacked Jamestown and outlying Virginia settlements. |
Powhatan Indians | English settlers | English settlers defeat |
| Beaver Wars
(1629–1701) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Great Lakes region |
|||
| Pequot War
(1637–1638) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Southern New England |
|||
| Kieft's War
(1643–1645) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: New Netherland |
|||
| Second Indian attack on Jamestown
(1644) Part of the American Indian Wars |
|||
| Peach Tree War
(1655) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Pavonia, New Amsterdam, Staten Island, Bronx |
|||
| Esopus Wars
(1659–1663) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: New Netherland |
|||
| King Philip's War
(1675–1678) Part of the American Indian Wars |
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| Bacon's Rebellion
(1675–1676) |
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| King William's War
(1689–1697) |
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| Queen Anne's War
(1702–1713) |
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| Comanche Wars
(1706–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: South-central United States and northern Mexico |
| ||
| Tuscarora War
(1711–1715) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Eastern North Carolina |
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| New York slave revolt of 1712
(1712) Location: New York City |
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| Yamasee War
(1715–1717) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: eastern South Carolina |
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| Dummer's War
(1722–1727) Part of the American Indian Wars |
|||
| War of Jenkin's Ear–King George's War
(1739–1744–1748) |
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| Stono slave rebellion
(1739) |
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| New York Conspiracy of 1741
(1741) Location: New York City |
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| French and Indian War
(1754–1763) |
|||
| Pontiac's War
(1763) Part of the American Indian Wars |
|||
| Conestoga Massacre
(1763) Location: Pennsylvania |
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| War of the Regulation
(1765–1771) Location: North Carolina British Royal Governor William Tryon confronts the North Carolina Regulators in 1771. |
Regulators | .svg.png){kind=small} |
|
| Battle of Alamance Creek
(1771) |
|||
| American Revolutionary War
(1775–1783) Location: Eastern North America, Gibraltar, India, Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic  The Battle of Long Island, 27 August 1776 |
.svg.png){kind=small}  Watauga Association |
.svg.png){kind=small} .svg.png){kind=small} |
U.S. allied victory
|
| Lord Dunmore's War
(1774) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Upper Ohio Valley |
|||
| Cherokee–American wars (1776–1795) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Old Southwest  Abduction of Daniel Boone's daughter by the Cherokee |
|
 |
U.S. victory |
| Northwest Indian War (1785–1793) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Northwest Territory |
Chickasaw Choctaw |
Western Confederacy
List
|
U.S. allied victory
|
| Shays' Rebellion (1786–1787) Location: Massachusetts  Shays' troops are repulsed from the armory at Springfield, Massachusetts in early 1787. |
|
Anti-Government Protesters | U.S. victory
|
| Whiskey Rebellion (1791–1794) Location: Western Pennsylvania  George Washington reviews troops before their march to suppress the rebellion in western Pennsylvania. |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
Frontier tax protesters | U.S. victory
|
| Battle of Fallen Timbers
(1794) |
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| Nickajack Expedition
(1794-) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Southwest Territory |
|||
| Quasi-War (1798–1800) Part of the French Revolutionary Wars Location: Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean |
Co-belligerent: |
 |
Mixed
|
| Fries's Rebellion
(1799) Location: Pennsylvania |
|
Tax protesters | U.S. victory
|
19th-century armed conflicts
| Conflict | U.S. and allies | Opponents | Results and assessment of outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gabriel's slave rebellion
(1800) |
|||
| First Barbary War (1801–1805) Part of the Barbary Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Tripoli.  Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon at Derna, April 1805 |
 |
  |
U.S. allied victory
|
| Sabine Expedition
(1806) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana) |
|||
| 1811 German Coast Uprising (1811) Location: Territory of Orleans |
|
Rebel slaves Supported by: |
U.S. victory
|
| Tecumseh's War (1811) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location: Northwest River Ohio |
|
Tecumseh's Confederacy
List
|
U.S. victory
|
| War of 1812 (1812–1815) Location: Eastern and Central North America  General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders, by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910. |
Choctaw Cherokee Nation Creek Allies |
 List
 |
Stalemate
Treaty of Ghent; Status quo ante bellum with no boundary changes
|
| Creek War (1813–1814) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location: Southern United States  The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814 |
Lower Creeks Cherokee Nation Choctaw |
Red Stick Creek | U.S. allied victory
|
| Second Barbary War (1815) Part of the Barbary Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea and the Barbary states. |
|
 |
U.S. victory
|
| First Seminole War (1817–1818) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars  Barracks and tents at Fort Brooke near Tampa Bay |
|
Seminole
|
Mixed
|
| Texas–Indian wars (1820–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars and the Mexican Indian Wars Location: Texas  A Kiowa ledger drawing depicting a battle between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
 |
U.S. allied victory
|
| Arikara War (1823) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Missouri River |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
Arikara | Mixed[6]
|
| Aegean Sea Anti-Piracy Operations of the United States (1825–1828) Part of Piracy in the Mediterranean Location: Off Greece, Aegean Sea  Greek pirate boats attacking HMS Comet |
|
.svg.png){kind=small} |
U.S. victory
|
| Winnebago War (1827) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory |
|
Prairie La Crosse Ho-Chunks with a few allies |
U.S. victory
|
| First Sumatran expedition (1832) Part of the Sumatran expeditions Location: Aceh Sultanate  U.S. infantry assaulting the Acehnese forts at Kuala Batu in 1832 |
 |
Chiefdom of Kuala Batee | U.S. allied victory
|
| Black Hawk War (1832) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory  Native women and children fleeing the Battle of Bad Axe |
Ho-Chunk Menominee  Potawatomi |
Black Hawks British Band Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi allies |
U.S. allied victory
|
| Second Seminole War (1835–1842) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Florida, United States  U.S. Marines search for Seminoles in the Everglades |
|
Seminole | Mixed
|
| Second Creek War
(1836) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Alabama |
|||
| Caroline affair
(1837) Location: Niagara River |
|
|
Mixed |
| Osage Indian War
(1837) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Great Plains |
|||
| Second Sumatran expedition (1838) Part of the Sumatran expeditions Location: Aceh Sultanate |
|
Chiefdom of Kuala Batee | U.S. allied victory
|
| Aroostook War (1838) Location: Maine and New Brunswick |
|
|
Mixed Webster–Ashburton Treaty
|
| Pastry War (1838–1839) Location: Mexico |
.svg.png){kind=small}  |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
U.S. allied victory |
| Ivory Coast Expedition (1842) Part of the African Slave Trade Patrol Location: Ivory Coast  Veterans of the expedition on board Saratoga in 1842 |
|
|
U.S. victory
|
| Mexican–American War (1846–1848) Location: Texas, New Mexico, California and Mexico  2nd Dragoons charge the enemy at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, 1846 |
.svg.png){kind=small}  |
|
U.S. allied victory
|
| Conquest of California
(1846–1847) Location: California "Protecting The Settlers" Illustration by JR Browne for his work "The Indians Of California" 1864 |
|
|
Catastrophe
|
| Cayuse War (1847–1855) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oregon |
|
Cayuse | U.S. victory
|
| Johanna Expedition (1851) Location: Matsamudu, Johanna Island |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
 |
U.S. victory
|
| Apache Wars (1851–1900) Part of the Texas–Indian wars Location: Southwestern United States  |
|
Apache Ute Yavapai |
U.S. victory
|
| Puget Sound War (1855–1856) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Washington |
Snoqualmie |
Nisqually Muckleshoot Puyallup Klickitat Haida Tlingit |
U.S. allied victory
|
| First Fiji Expedition
(1855) Part of the Fiji Expeditions Location: Fiji |
|
Fiji | U.S. victory |
| Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) Location: Rogue Valley |
|
Rogue River people | U.S. victory
|
| Third Seminole War
Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars |
|
Seminole | Stalemate[12]
|
| Battle of Ty-ho Bay (1855) |
|
Chinese Pirates | U.S. allied victory |
| Yakima War
Part of the American Indian Wars .jpg) Seattleites evacuate to the town blockhouse as USS Decatur opens fire on advancing tribal forces. |
Snoqualmie |
Yakama Walla Walla tribe Umatilla tribe Nez Perce tribe Cayuse tribe |
U.S. allied victory
|
| Second Opium War
Part of the Opium Wars  Palikao's bridge, on the evening of the battle, by Émile Bayard |
|
.svg.png){kind=small} |
U.S. allied victory
|
| Utah War
Part of the Mormon wars |
|
Deseret/Utah Mormons (Nauvoo Legion) | Mixed
|
| Navajo Wars (1858–1866) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: New Mexico |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
Navajo | U.S. victory
|
| Antelope Hills expedition
(1858) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Comancheria, Texas, Oklahoma |
|||
| Second Fiji Expedition
(1859) Part of the Fiji Expeditions Location: Fiji |
|
Fiji | U.S. victory |
| John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
(1859) Part of pre-Civil War conflicts Location: West Virginia  Harper's Weekly illustration of U.S. Marines attacking John Brown's "Fort" Teresa Baine |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
Abolitionist Insurgents | U.S. victory |
| First and Second Cortina War (1859–1861) |
|
|
U.S. allied victory |
| Paiute War
Part of the American Indian Wars |
|
Paiute Shoshone Bannock |
U.S. victory
|
| American Civil War (1861–1865) Location: United States  The Battle of Antietam, by Kurz & Allison. |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
U.S. victory
|
| Bombardment of Qui Nhơn (1861) |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
Đại Nam under the Nguyễn Dynasty | U.S. victory |
| Yavapai Wars (1861–1875) Location: Arizona |
|
Yavapai Apache Yuma Mohave |
U.S. victory |
| Dakota War of 1862 (1862) Location: Minnesota and Dakota  The Siege of New Ulm, Minnesota on August 19, 1862 |
|
|
U.S. victory
|
| Colorado War (1863–1865) |
|
  |
Mixed
|
| Shimonoseki War (1863–1864) Location: Kanmon Straits  Capture of a Choshu battery at Shimonoseki by British sailors and marines. |
|
 |
U.S. allied victory
|
| Snake War (1864–1868) Locations: Oregon, Nevada, California, and Idaho |
|
Paiute Bannock Shoshone |
U.S. victory |
| Powder River War (1865) Location: Powder River State |
|
|
Mixed |
| Second Franco-Mexican War (1865–1867) Location: Mexico |
|
Template:Country data Mexican Empire Mexican Empire |
U.S. allied victory
|
| Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) Location: Powder River State  The Fetterman Massacre |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
|
U.S. defeat
|
| Formosa Expedition (1867) Location: Southern Formosa (Taiwan)  US Marines and Sailors attack Formosan pirates. |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
Paiwan | U.S. defeat
|
| Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) Location: Western United States  Battle of Beecher Island. One soldier and three horses have fallen, while others continue to wage the battle. |
|
Kiowa |
U.S. victory
|
| Battle of Boca Teacapan
(1870) Location: Boca Teacapan, Sinaloa, Teacapan Estuary |
|
|
U.S. victory |
| United States expedition to Korea (1871) Location: Ganghwado  American forces after capturing the Deokjin Fort during the Battle of Ganghwa in 1871. |
|
 |
Mixed[14] |
| Modoc War (1872–1873) Location: California and Oregon  Engraving of soldiers recovering the bodies of the slain May 3, 1873. |
|
 |
U.S. victory
|
| Red River War (1874–1875) Location: Texas |
|
Kiowa |
U.S. victory
|
| Las Cuevas War (1875)  Texan soldiers. |
|
|
U.S. victory
|
| Great Sioux War of 1876 (1876–1877) Location: Montana, Dakota and Wyoming  Custer's last stand at Little Bighorn. |
|
|
U.S. victory
|
| Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) |
|
Apache |
U.S. victory |
| Nez Perce War (1877) Location: Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana .jpg) Chief Joseph's band in the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
Nez Perce Palouse |
U.S. victory
|
| Bannock War (1878) |
|
Bannock Shoshone Paiute |
U.S. victory
|
| Cheyenne War (1878–1879) Location: Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota and Montana  Aftermath of the Battle of "The Pit." |
|
|
U.S. victory
|
| Sheepeater Indian War (1879) Location: Idaho |
|
Shoshone | U.S. victory |
| Victorio's War (1879–1881) Location: Mexico |
|
Apache | U.S. allied victory
|
| White River War (1879–1880) Location: Colorado |
|
Ute | U.S. victory
|
| Hawaiian rebellions
(1887–1895) Location: Hawaii.jpg) The USS Boston's landing force on duty at the Arlington Hotel, Honolulu, at the time of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, January 1893. Lieutenant Lucien Young, USN, commanded the detachment, and is presumably the officer at right.[15] |
.svg.png){kind=small}  |
|
U.S. blunder
|
| Pine Ridge Campaign (1890–1891) Location: South Dakota  Mass grave for the dead Lakota after the conflict at Wounded Knee Creek. |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
|
Mixed |
| Garza Revolution (1891–1893)  3rd Cavalry Troopers searching a suspected Revolutionist, 1892 |
|
Garzistas | U.S. allied victory |
| Rio de Janeiro Affair (1894) Location: Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
U.S. victory
|
| Yaqui Wars (1896–1918)  10th Cavalry soldiers holding Yaqui prisoners at their camp in Bear Valley, January 9, 1918. |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
 Pima Opata |
U.S. allied victory |
| Second Samoan Civil War (1898–1899) Location: Samoa  Samoan warriors and American servicemen during the Siege of Apia in March 1899. |
Samoa.svg.png){kind=small} |
Mataafans |
Mixed
|
| Spanish–American War (1898) Location: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam  Teddy Roosevelt and the "Rough Riders" charge Spanish positions during the Battle of San Juan Hill. |
 .svg.png){kind=small} |
|
U.S. allied victory
|
| Philippine–American War (1899–1902) Location: Philippines  Kurz & Allison print of the Battle of Quingua. |
1899-1902 1902-1906 |
1899-1902 Limited Foreign Support: 1902-1906 |
Catastrophe
|
| Moro Rebellion (1899–1913)  The 8th Infantry Regiment defeat the Moros in the four-day battle of Bagsak Mountain on Jolo Island in the Philippines. |
|
 |
Catastrophe
|
| Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) Location: China  Corporal Titus, of the 14th Infantry Regiment, scaling the walls of Peking. |
.svg.png){kind=small} .svg.png){kind=small} _crowned.svg.png){kind=small} .svg.png){kind=small} |
 |
U.S. allied victory
|
.svg.png){kind=small}
20th-century armed conflicts
| Conflict | U.S. and allies | Opponents | Results and assessment of outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) Location: Oklahoma  Creek prisoners of war. |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
Creek | U.S. victory |
| Border War (1910–1919) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico–United States border  American troops of the 16th Infantry Regiment rest for the night on 27 May 1916 |
|
.svg.png){kind=small} |
U.S. victory
|
| Negro Rebellion (1912) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Cuba  USS Mississippi in Cuba |
|
|
U.S. allied victory
|
| Occupation of Nicaragua (1912–1933) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Nicaragua  US Marines holding a captured Sandinista flag. |
 |
|
U.S. allied victory
|
| Bluff War (1914–1915)  Prisoners of the Bluff War in Thompson, Utah, waiting to board a train for their trial in Salt Lake City. |
|
Ute Paiute |
U.S. victory |
| Occupation of Veracruz (1914) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico  American ships at Veracruz |
|
 |
U.S. victory
|
| Occupation of Haiti (1915–1934) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Haiti  2nd Marine Regiment in Haiti |
 |
|
U.S. allied victory
|
| Occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Dominican Republic  US Marines in the Occupation of the Dominican Republic. |
|
 |
U.S. victory
|
| World War I (1914–1918) Location: Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and coast of North and South America  Two US troops pass by dead German soldiers on a battlefield. |
.svg.png){kind=small}
|
  |
U.S. allied victory
|
| Russian Civil War (1918–1920) Location: Russia, Mongolia, and Iran  US troops march through Russia before the Battle of Romanovka. |
|
.svg.png){kind=small}  .svg.png){kind=small} .svg.png){kind=small}  .svg.png){kind=small} |
U.S. allied defeat
|
| Last Indian Uprising (1923) Location: Utah  Ute and Paiute prisoners of war. |
|
Ute Paiute |
Victory |
| World War II (1939–1945) Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, North and South America _March_1944.jpg) U.S. Army Soldiers advancing at dawn in the cover of a M4 Sherman tank, during the Battle of Bougainville, 1944. |
.svg.png){kind=small}   .svg.png){kind=small}    .svg.png){kind=small} .svg.png){kind=small}   .svg.png){kind=small}   .png){kind=small} .svg.png){kind=small}    .svg.png){kind=small}  |
.svg.png){kind=small} .svg.png){kind=small}       .svg.png){kind=small} |
U.S. allied victory
|
| First Indochina War (1946–1954) Part of the Cold War Location: French Indochina |
  .svg.png){kind=small} .svg.png){kind=small} |
.svg.png){kind=small}   |
U.S. allied defeat
|
| Korean War (1950–1953) Part of the Cold War Location: Korea  American soldiers in the Korean war with the Browning M1919A6 LMG. |
 .svg.png){kind=small}   |
   |
Stalemate
|
| Operation Ajax (1953) Location: Tehran, Imperial State of Iran  Coup supporters celebrating in Tehran |
 |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
Mixed
|
| Laotian Civil War (1953–1975) Part of the Indochina Wars and Cold War Location: Laos  A U.S. Air Force Bell UH-1P from the 20th Special Operations Squadron "Green Hornets" at a base in Laos, 1970. |
 Supported by: |
|
U.S. allied defeat
|
| Lebanon Crisis (1958) Location: Lebanon  US Marine sits in a foxhole and points his machine gun toward Beirut. |
 |
|
Mixed
|
| Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Part of the Cold War Location: Cuba |
|
|
U.S. allied defeat
|
| Simba Rebellion (1964) Part of the Cold War Location: Democratic Republic of the Congo |
.svg.png){kind=small} |
 |
U.S. allied victory
|
| Vietnam War (1965–1973[lower-alpha 2], 1975[lower-alpha 3]) Part of the Cold War and Indochina Wars Location: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos  1st Cavalry Division, Battle of Ia Drang, 1965. |
 |
  Supported by: |
U.S. allied defeat
|
| Communist insurgency in Thailand (1965-1983) Part of the Cold War Location: Thailand  Ta Ko Bi Cave, a former hideout used by communist rebels. |
 |
|
U.S. allied victory
|
| Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969) Part of the Korean conflict and the Cold War Location: Korean Demilitarized Zone  ROK and US troop stationed at the DMZ, 1967. |
|
|
U.S. allied victory
|
| Dominican Civil War (1965–1966) Location: Dominican Republic  US soldiers push a child underneath a Jeep to protect him during a firefight in Santo Domingo on May 5, 1965. |
 |
|
U.S. allied victory
|
| Insurgency in Bolivia (1966–1967) Part of the Cold War Location: Bolivia |
 |
|
U.S. allied victory
|
| Cambodian Civil War (1967–1975) Location: Cambodia  US troops and tanks entering town in Cambodia. |
 Other Supports |
Other Supports |
U.S. allied defeat
|
| War in South Zaire (1978) Location: Zaire |
  |
 Supported by: |
U.S. allied victory
|
| Soviet–Afghan War (1979) Location: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan |
  |
.svg.png){kind=small}  Supported by: |
Mixed
|
| Operation Eagle Claw (1980) Part of the Iranian hostage crisis Location: Iran  Wreckage at the Desert One base in Iran. |
|
|
U.S. blunder
|
| Gulf of Sidra encounter (1981) Location: Gulf of Sidra |
|
.svg.png){kind=small} |
U.S. victory
|
| Lebanese Civil War (1982–1984) Location: Lebanon  US Marines on patrol in Beirut, April 1983 |
 Multinational Force in Lebanon:   SLA  |
    |
Mixed
|
| Invasion of Grenada (1983) Part of the Cold War Location: Grenada  American soldiers in mortar positions in Grenada. |
       |
 Military advisors: |
U.S. allied victory
|
| Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)  Libyan corvette obliterated after attempting to fire on US forces |
|
|
U.S. victory
|
| Bombing of Libya (1986) Location: Libya  USAF F-111 taking off for Libya |
|
|
U.S. victory
|
| Tanker War (1987–1988) Location: Persian Gulf  Iranian frigate Sahand after being attacked by U.S. aircraft. |
|
|
Mixed
|
| Tobruk encounter (1989) Location: Mediterranean Sea  Gun camera depicting the last remaining MiG-23 fighters exploding after being shot down. |
|
|
U.S. victory
|
| Invasion of Panama (1989–1990) Location: Panama  U.S. troops prepare to take a neighborhood in Panama City, December 1989. |
 |
|
U.S. allied victory
|
| Gulf War (1990–1991) Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Israel  M1 Abrams tanks of the 3rd Armored Division advance on Medina Ridge. |
       .svg.png){kind=small}  |
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U.S. allied victory
|
| Iraqi No-Fly Zone Enforcement Operations (1991–2003) Location: Iraq  A Tomahawk cruise missile is fired from an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer during Operation Desert Fox in December 1998. |
 |
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U.S. allied victory
|
| First Intervention in the Somali Civil War (1992–1995) Location: Somalia  US Marines on patrol in Somalia. |
     |
 |
Mixed
|
| Bosnian War (1992–1995) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina  Russian and American troops on a joint patrol around the Bosnian town of Zvornik on the afternoon of 29 February 1996. |
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|
  .svg.png){kind=small} .svg.png){kind=small} .svg.png){kind=small} |
Stalemate
|
| Intervention in Haiti (1994–1995) Location: Haiti  US troops arrive in Haiti. |
 |
|
Mixed
|
| Kosovo War (1998–1999) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Serbia  Bombing of Novi Sad. |
    |
|
Mixed[28][29][30][31]
|
| Operation Infinite Reach (1998) Location: Sudan and Afghanistan  al-Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan. |
|
  Harkat-ul-Mujahideen  |
U.S. blunder
|
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- 1 2 Covertly
- ↑ Direct U.S. involvement ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. Air Force and Special Ops continued some operations until April 1975; President Ford in a televised speech on April 23, 1975 declared the end of Vietnam War.
- ↑ The war reignited on 13 December 1974 with offensive operations by North Vietnam, leading to victory over South Vietnam in under two months.
21st-century armed conflicts
| Conflict | U.S. and allies | Opponents | Results and assessment of outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nepalese Civil War
(2002–2006) Part of the War on Terror Location: Nepal  Three Maoist rebels wait on top of a hill in the Rolpa district for orders to relocate |
 |
.svg.png){kind=small}  |
U.S. allied defeat
|
| War in Afghanistan (2001–present) Part of the War on Terror Location: Afghanistan  American and British soldiers take a tactical pause during a combat patrol in the Sangin District area of Helmand Province. |
   Formerly:  |
 Allied groups
Taliban splinter groups 
2001 Invasion: |
Ongoing
|
| Insurgency in the Maghreb
(2002–present) Part of the War on Terror Location: Maghreb, Sahara desert, Sahel U.S. NCO training member of Malian counter-terrorism unit in weapons marksmanship, December 2010. |
         Supported & Trained By: |
Supported By:
|
Ongoing
|
| Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
(2002–present) Location: Horn of Africa, Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel U.S. soldiers and French commandos marine conduct a reconnaissance patrol during joint-combined exercise in Djibouti. |
 NATO allies:
|
 Pirates: |
Ongoing |
| Iraq War (2003–2011) Part of the War on Terror Location: Iraq  Soldiers from 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment conduct security before a cordon and search operation in Biaj, Iraq with their M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank. |
  |
2003 Invasion: |
Mixed
|
| War in North-West Pakistan (2004–present) Part of the War on Terror Location: Pakistan  MQ-1 Predator drones are typically used in covert bombing operations in the Federally administered tribal regions of Pakistan |
|
    |
Ongoing
|
| War in Somalia (2007–present) Location: Somalia and Northeastern Kenya  MQ-9 Reaper commonly used in covert drone strikes in Somalia. |
  .jpg){kind=small} |
 Hizbul Islam |
Ongoing
|
| Operation Ocean Shield (2009–2016) Location: Indian Ocean  A tall plume of black smoke rises from a destroyed pirate vessel that was struck by USS Farragut in March 2010. |
|
Somali pirates | U.S. allied victory
|
| American-led intervention in Libya (2011) Part of the Libyan Crisis Location: Libya _launching_a_Tomahawk_missile_in_support_of_Operation_Odyssey_Dawn.jpg) US vessels launch missiles in support of the Libyan Civil War. |
 |
|
U.S. allied victory
|
| Operation Observant Compass
(2011-2017) Location: Uganda  U.S. Marine Sgt. Joseph Bergeron, a task force combat engineer, explains combat marksmanship tactics to a group of Ugandan soldiers. |
 |
Mixed/ongoing
| |
| American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2017) Part of Operation Inherent Resolve, the Iraqi Civil War, the Spillover of the Syrian Civil War, and the International ISIS campaign Location: Iraq  General Stephen J. Townsend observes a HIMARS strike that destroyed a building near Haditha, September 2016 |
 |
|
Mixed/ongoing
|
| American-led intervention in Syria (2014–present) Part of Operation Inherent Resolve, the Syrian Civil War and the International ISIS campaign Location: Syria  USS Ross fires Tomahawk missiles towards Shayrat Military Base, during the 2017 retaliatory strike against the Syrian government. |
Formerly:
|
Partial Support: |
Ongoing
|
| Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) Location: Yemen  U.S. Naval vessel patrolling along the coastline of Yemen enforcing the American-Saudi blockade against Iran. |
 Saudi-led Coalition: |
  Supported by:  |
Ongoing
|
| American intervention in Libya (2015–present) Part of the Second Libyan Civil War Location: Libya |
 |
|
Ongoing
|
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See also
- Military history
- Military history of the United States
- American imperialism
- Indian removal
- Foreign policy of the United States
- Timeline of United States military operations
- List of wars fought by the United States
- United States involvement in regime change
- United States war crimes
- Genocide of indigenous peoples
- United States military casualties of war
- List of ongoing armed conflicts
References
- ↑ Chambers, John W., ed. (1999). The Oxford Guide to American Military History. ISBN 9780195340921.
- ↑ Pickett, Margaret F.; Pickett, Dwayne W. (2011). The European Struggle to Settle North America: Colonizing Attempts by England, France and Spain, 1521–1608. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-5932-2.
- 1 2 Berlin, Ira (2004). Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves. Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674016248.
- ↑ "Armed Conflicts in America, 1587–1815". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved Oct 12, 2018.
- ↑ Landers, Jane (2006). Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives: Blacks in Colonial Latin America. UNM Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-2397-2.
- ↑ "Ashley's fur trappers attacked by Indians". History.com. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ↑ "Los Pasteles Más Caros de la Historia", Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México Archived October 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "The Mexican Campaign, 1862-1867". FONDATION NAPOLÉON.
- ↑ Blakemore, Erin. "California's Little-Known Genocide". history.com.
- ↑ Madley, Benjamin (2016). An American Genocide, The United States and the California Catastrophe, 1846–1873. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18136-4.
- ↑ Casillo, Ed. "Short Overview of California Indian History".
- ↑ Kohn, George Childs (2004). Dictionary of Wars: Third Edition. United States of America: Checkmark Books. p. 486. ISBN 0-8160-6578-0. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
- ↑ The Nation. J.H. Richards. 1889. pp. 256–.
- ↑ Chay, Jongsuk (2002). Unequal Partners in Peace and War: The Republic of Korea and the United States, 1948–1953. Praeger Publishers. p. 10. ISBN 0-275-97125-2.
- ↑ U.S. Navy History site. History.navy.mil (March 22, 2005). Retrieved on 2011-07-06.
- 1 2 "Public Law 103-150" (PDF). Nov 23, 1993.
- ↑ "Jan. 17, 1893 | Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown by America-Backed Businessmen". The Learning Network. Jan 17, 2012.
- ↑ Chaudhry, Mubasil (Mar 12, 2017). "American Atrocities in the Philippines: A Case Study". medium.com.
- ↑ Moorfield, Storey; Lichauco, Marcial P. (1926). The conquest of the Philippines by the United States, 1898-1925. New York, London: G. P. Putnam's sons.
- ↑ Dumindin, Arnaldo. "Philippine-American War, 1899-1902". Retrieved Oct 10, 2018.
- ↑ "Philippine-American War". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved Oct 10, 2018.
- ↑ "History: World War I". Cabq.gov. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ↑ "Communist Insurgency In Thailand" (PDF). CIA Report. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- 1 2 "Anatomy of a Counterinsurgency Victory" (PDF). January 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ↑ Borer, Douglas A. (1999). Superpowers defeated: Vietnam and Afghanistan compared. London: Cass. p. 216. ISBN 0-7146-4851-5.
- ↑ "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". September 23, 1982.
- ↑ "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". March 11, 1984.
- ↑ Nancy McEldowney. "Kosovo: Redefining Victory in an Era of Limited War" (PDF). Dtic.mil. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ↑ Publisher, Cambridge Scholars (10 October 2018). "Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo". Cambridge Scholars Publishing – via Google Books.
- ↑ Erlanger, Steven. "NATO Was Closer to Ground War in Kosovo Than Is Widely Realized". Nytimes.com.
- ↑ Lake, Daniel R. (1 July 2009). "The Limits of Coercive Airpower: NATO's "Victory" in Kosovo Revisited". International Security. 34 (1): 83–112. doi:10.1162/isec.2009.34.1.83.
- ↑ "Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad". The Long War Journal. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ↑ "Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium.
- ↑ "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad's image". MSNBC. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
- 1 2 "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
- ↑ Michael Petrou (9 September 2011). "The decline of al-Qaeda". Maclean's.
George W. Bush gambled on surging thousands more troops to the embattled country. It paid off. Al-Qaeda in Iraq is now a diminished force without territory.
- ↑ Spencer C. Tucker. U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror. ISBN 1440838798.
Al Qaeda in Iraq was decimated by the end of the Iraq War in 2011
- ↑ Galbraith, Peter W. (2007). The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End. Simon & Schuster. p. 74. ISBN 978-0743294249.
- ↑ "Iran expands regional 'empire' ahead of nuclear deal". Reuters.
- ↑ "How to Stop Iran's Growing Hegemony – National Review Online". National Review Online.
- ↑ "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S. Department of State. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
- ↑ "Somali piracy is down 90 per cent from last year". The Journal. 15 December 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
- ↑ Holmes, Oliver (24 January 2012). "UPDATE 1-Anger, chaos but no revolt after Libya violence". Bani Walid. Reuters Africa. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ↑ Baddorf, Zack (20 April 2017). "Uganda Ends Its Hunt for Joseph Kony Empty-Handed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
External links
- Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK)
- Conflict Barometer – Describes recent trends in conflict development, escalations, and settlements
- A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
- Timeline of wars involving the United States, Histropedia
- U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts, Congressional Research Service
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