Operation Inherent Resolve

Operation Inherent Resolve
Part of the Military intervention against ISIL, the Iraqi Civil War, the Syrian Civil War

U.S. military F/A-18F Super Hornets of VFA-22 take off from USS Carl Vinson to support U.S. efforts for Operation Inherent Resolve in October 2014.
Date15 June 2014 – present
(4 years, 4 months and 6 days)
  • Iraq: 15 June 2014 – 22 December 2017 (3 years, 6 months and 1 week)
  • Syria: 22 September 2014 – present (4 years, 4 weeks and 1 day)
LocationIraq and Syria
Result

Decisive American victory in Iraq

  • Over 24,000 airstrikes and 170,000 sorties launched on ISIL and Al-Qaeda positions[1]
  • Humanitarian efforts conducted
  • Arming and support for local ground forces
  • U.S. deploys ground forces in Iraq and Syria in advising and assisting roles
  • ISIL loses tens of thousands of troops, thousands of vehicles and all of its territory[2]
Ongoing operations in Syria
Belligerents

 United States

 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[3][4][5]

al-Qaeda

Turkistan Islamic Party[10]

Ahrar ash-Sham
(2014–18)[11]
Commanders and leaders
Donald Trump (President, 2017–present)
Barack Obama (President, 2014–2017)
James Mattis (Secretary of Defense, 2017 – present)
Ashton Carter (Secretary of Defense, 2015–2017)
Chuck Hagel (Secretary of Defense, 2014–2015)
General Joseph Votel (CENTCOM Commander, 2016 – present)
General Lloyd Austin (CENTCOM Commander, 2014–2016)
Lieutenant General Paul E. Funk II (Commanding General CJTF-OIR)
Major General Felix Gedney
(Deputy Commander-Strategy and Support CJTF-OIR)
Major General Dirk D. Smith
(Deputy Commander-Operations and Intelligence CJTF-OIR)

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (leader of ISIL)
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Abu Alaa Afri †
(Deputy Leader of ISIL)[12]
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Abu Mohammad al-Adnani † (Spokesperson)
Abu Ayman al-Iraqi † (Head of Military Shura)[13]
Abu Muslim al-Turkmani † (Deputy Leader, Iraq)[14]
Abu Ali al-Anbari † (Deputy Leader, Syria)
Abu Omar al-Shishani † (Field commander in Syria)[15][16]

Abu Khayr al-Masri † (al-Qaeda deputy leader)[17][18][19]
Abu Mohammad al-Julani (leader of the al-Nusra Front)
Abu Jaber (leader of Tahrir al-Sham, 2017)
Abu Humam al-Shami †
(al-Nusra Military Chief)[20]
Abu Mohammed al-Ansari †
(al-Nusra Emir of the Idlib province)
Ahmad Salama Mabruk † (al-Nusra senior commander)[21]
Abu Firas al-Suri † (al-Nusra chief spokesperson)[22]
Abu Hajer al-Homsi † (top al-Nusra military commander)[23]
Muhsin al-Fadhli † (leader of Khorasan)[24][25]
David Drugeon †[25]
Abu Omar al-Turkistani † (TIP and al-Nusra military commander)[10]

Abu Jaber Shaykh[26]
Abu Yahia al-Hamawi (2015–2016)[27]
Ali al-Omar (2016–present)
Units involved

Elements of:

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Military of ISIL

Wilayat al-Iraq

Wilayat al-Sham

Strength

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant:

al-Qaeda:

Ahrar ash-Sham:

Casualties and losses

United States United States:

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant:

  • 50,000+ killed by American and allied forces as of Dec 2017. Pentagon claim[92]
  • 32,000+ targets destroyed or damaged (as of 30 September 2016)[93]
    • 164 tanks
    • 388 HMMWVs
    • 2,638 pieces of oil infrastructure
    • 1,000+ fuel tanker trucks[94]
    • 2,000+ pick-up trucks, VBIEDs, and other vehicles

(per coalition)

al-Qaeda:

Ahrar ash-Sham:

6,365+ civilians killed by ISIL[99][100][101]
Between 6,321 and 9,712 civilians killed by Coalition airstrikes in Syria and Iraq (per Airwars)[102]
Over 970,000 civilians in Iraq and Syria displaced, or fled to Turkey and other countries[103][104][105][106]

Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR) is the U.S. military's operational name for the military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIL, in the vernacular, Daesh),[107] including both the campaign in Iraq and the campaign in Syria. Since 21 August 2016, the U.S. Army's XVIII Airborne Corps has been responsible for Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR). Though sometimes it targeted Bashar Assad also.[108]

History

2014

Unlike their coalition partners, and unlike previous combat operations, no name was initially given to the conflict against ISIS by the U.S. government.[109] The decision to keep the conflict nameless drew considerable media criticism.[110][111][112][113][114]

The U.S. decided in October 2014 to name its military efforts against ISIS as "Operation Inherent Resolve"; the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) news release announcing the name noted that:

According to CENTCOM officials, the name INHERENT RESOLVE is intended to reflect the unwavering resolve and deep commitment of the U.S. and partner nations in the region and around the globe to eliminate the terrorist group ISIL and the threat they pose to Iraq, the region and the wider international community. It also symbolizes the willingness and dedication of coalition members to work closely with our friends in the region and apply all available dimensions of national power necessary—diplomatic, informational, military, economic—to degrade and ultimately destroy ISIL.[115]

The Defense Department announced at the end of October 2014 that troops operating in support of Operation Inherent Resolve after 15 June were eligible for the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal. Service areas are: Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates, as well as troops supporting the operation in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea east of 25 degrees longitude. The medal is approved retroactively beginning 15 June, the Pentagon said.[116]

By 4 December 2014, three U.S. service members had died from accidents or non-combat injuries.[117]

2015

On 22 October 2015, a U.S. Master Sergeant, Joshua L. Wheeler, was shot dead when he, with about 30 other U.S. special operations soldiers and a peshmerga unit, conducted a prison break near Hawija, in which about 70 hostages were rescued, five ISIS members were captured and "a number" were killed or wounded.[118] The Kurdistan Regional Government said after the raid that none of the 15 prisoners it was intended to rescue were found.[119][120]

2016

As of 9 March 2016, nearly 11,000 airstrikes have been launched on ISIS (and occasionally Al-Nusra), killing over 27,000 fighters[121] and striking over 22,000 targets, including 139 tanks, 371 Humvees, and 1,216 pieces of oil infrastructure. Approximately 80% of these airstrikes have been conducted by American forces, with the remaining 20% being launched by other members of the coalition, such as the United Kingdom and Australia. 7,268 strikes hit targets in Iraq, while 3,602 hit targets in Syria.[93] On 12 June 2016, it was reported that 120 Islamic State leaders, commanders, propagandists, recruiters and other high-value individuals were killed so far this year.[122]

  • Until March 2016, U.S. military members were ineligible for Campaign Medals and other service decorations due to the continuing ambiguous nature of the continuing U.S. involvement in Iraq.[123] However, on 30 March 2016, U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter announced the creation of a new medal, named "Inherent Resolve Campaign Medal".[124]

On 16 June 2016, AV-8B II+ Harriers of the 13th MEU flying off the USS Boxer began airstrikes against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria the first time the U.S. Navy has used ship-based aircraft from both the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf at the same time during Operation Inherent Resolve[125] (aircraft from the USS Harry S. Truman began airstrikes on IS targets from the Mediterranean on 3 June).[126]

As of 27 July 2016, U.S. and coalition partners conducted more than 14,000 airstrikes in Iraq and Syria: Nearly 11,000 of those strikes were from U.S. aircraft and the majority of the strikes (more than 9,000) were in Iraq. Of the 26,374 targets hit, nearly 8,000 were against ISIS fighting positions, while approximately 6,500 hit buildings; ISIS staging areas and oil infrastructure were each hit around 1,600 times.[127] On 15 December 2016, the U.K. Defense Secretary Michael Fallon said that "more than 25,000 Daesh fighters have now been killed," a number that is half of the United States' estimate.[128] When asked about this discrepancy, the UK's Ministry of Defense said that it stood by his estimate.[128]

Since the first U.S. airstrikes on ISIS targets in Iraq on 8 August 2014, over two years, the U.S. military has spent over $8.4 billion fighting ISIS.[129]

The BBC reported in 2017 that according to the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, in 2016 alone, the U.S. dropped 12,192 bombs in Syria and 12,095 in Iraq.[130]

2017

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Coalition airstrikes have killed 7,043 people across Syria, of which: 5,768 dead were ISIL fighters, 304 Al-Nusra Front militants and other rebels, 90 government soldiers and 881 civilians. The air strikes occurred in the period between 22 September 2014 and 23 January 2017.[131]

In March 2017, various media outlets reported that conventional forces from the 11th MEU, as well as special operations forces in the form of the 75th Ranger Regiment[132] deployed to Syria to support U.S.-backed forces in liberating Raqqa from ISIS occupation. The deployment marks a new escalation in the U.S. war in Syria.[133]

As of Feb. 28, 2017, the Coalition has conducted 3,271 sorties in 2017, 2,129 of which have resulted in at least one weapon released. In total, the coalition released 7,040 weapons in Iraq and Syria in this same time period in an effort to destroy ISIS.[134]

As of August 9, 2017, the Coalition has conducted 13,331 strikes in Iraq, and 11,235 strikes in Syria, for a total of 24,566 strikes total in support of Operation Inherent Resolve.[135]

2018

In February 2018, the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division was awarded a campaign streamer following its deployment to Iraq. In May 2016, the brigade deployed to advise and assist, train and equip Iraqi security forces to fight the Islamic State of Iraq.[136] The 2nd Brigade also conducted precision surface-to-surface fires and supported a multitude of intelligence and logistical operations for coalition and Iraqi forces.[136] They also provided base security throughout more than 12 areas of operations.[136] The Brigade also aided in the clearance of ISIS from Fallujah, the near elimination of suicide attacks in Baghdad, and the introduction of improved tactics that liberated more than 100 towns and villages.[136] The 2nd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division also played a significant role in the liberation of Mosul.[136]

Assets

United States Air Force, United States Navy & United States Marine Corps units that are participating in this operations can be found in the aerial and ground order of battle.

 United States Army

U.S. and coalition forces are training Iraqi forces at four sites: in al-Asad in Anbar province, Erbil in the north, and Taji and Besmayah in the Baghdad area.

Combined Joint Forces Land Component Command-Iraq[32]

United States Marine Corps

Casualties

According to Airwars, 1,472 civilians had been killed by the U.S. air campaign in Iraq and Syria in March 2017 alone.[142] On March 17, a U.S.-led coalition airstrike in Mosul killed more than 200 civilians.[143]

Data compiled by Airwars shows that 229 strikes in Iraq and 878 strikes in Syria were carried out by Coalition forces in June 2017, killing an alleged total of 1,483 people. The reporting of 875 of those total alleged deaths is contested.

In July 2017, an alleged 1,342 people were killed in Iraq and Syria by Coalition airstrikes. 812 of the allegations are contested, and 2 are disproved.[144]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Special Report: Operation Inherent Resolve." U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Accessed October 08, 2018. https://dod.defense.gov/OIR/
  2. ↑ "Op Shader – A Year On". Ministry of Defense. 26 September 2015. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  3. ↑ "Islamic State, rival Al Nusra Front each strengthen grip on Syria". Los Angeles Times. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  4. ↑ Master. "Negotiations failed between the IS, Jabhat al-Nusra and Islamic battalions". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014.
  5. ↑ "War of Words Between al Qaeda and ISIS Continues With Scholar's Smackdown". NBC News. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  6. ↑ "IŞİD ve El Nusra'nın birleştiği iddia edildi". Star Gazete (in Turkish).
  7. ↑ "An internal struggle: Al Qaeda's Syrian affiliate is grappling with its identity". Brookings Institution. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  8. 1 2 Charkatli, Izat (23 February 2017). "Over 2,000 radical rebels defect to ISIS following intra-rebel deal".
  9. ↑ "Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State-linked brigade leaves for Raqqa".
  10. 1 2 Caleb Weiss (14 February 2017). "Uighur jihadist fought in Afghanistan, killed in Syria". Long War Journal. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  11. ↑ Nick Paton Walsh; Laura Smith-Spark (6 November 2014). "Report: Airstrikes target new Islamist group in Syria". CNN. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  12. ↑ "Report: A former physics teacher is now leading ISIS". Business Insider. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  13. ↑ Hubbard, Ben; Schmitt, Eric (27 August 2014). "Military Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  14. ↑ Matt Bradley; Ghassan Adnan; Felicia Schwartz (10 November 2014). "Coalition Airstrikes Targeted Islamic State Leaders Near Mosul". The Wall Street Journal.
  15. ↑ "Kadyrov Claims Red-Bearded Chechen Militant al-Shishani Dead". ElBalad. 14 November 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015.
  16. ↑ "Kadyrov Says Islamic State's Leader From Georgia Killed". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 November 2014.
  17. ↑ Antonopoulos, Paul (26 February 2017). "BREAKING: Al-Qaeda's deputy leader killed in Idlib drone strike".
  18. ↑ "War On Terror: Who Is Abu Khayr al-Masri? Al Qaeda Second In Command Killed In Drone Strike In Syria". 26 February 2017.
  19. ↑ "Syria: Al Qaeda Deputy Killed In Apparent Drone Strike".
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  22. ↑ "Syria: Al-Nusra Front spokesman Firas 'killed in air strike'". BBC. 4 April 2016.
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  25. 1 2 "Officials: Khorasan Group bomb maker thought dead survived". CNN. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
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  31. ↑ "PATFORSWA: Guardians of the Arabian Gulf". coastguard.dodlive.mil. United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 21 March 2018. PATFORSWA also supported Operation Enduring Freedom and in 2015 transitioned to supporting Operation Inherent Resolve
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  75. ↑ https://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf
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  80. ↑ Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR) U.S. Casualty Status Fatalities as of: 23 December 2014, 10 a.m. EDT
  81. ↑ http://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf
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  84. ↑ "BBC News – Libya hotel attack: Five foreigners among nine killed". BBC News. 28 January 2015.
  85. ↑ "Kayla Mueller, American ISIL hostage, is dead,", Al Jazeera America, 10 February 2015
  86. ↑ Lamothe, Dan (1 December 2014), "Air Force F-16 pilot killed in crash in Middle East", The Washington Post
  87. ↑ "Isil using anti aircraft batteries captured in Iraq", The World Tribune, 12 September 2014, archived from the original on 1 September 2015
  88. ↑ One US service member killed in aircraft crash in Iraq
  89. ↑ CENTCOM: No survivors after US helicopter crash in western Iraq
  90. ↑ Karouny, Mariam (17 March 2015). "U.S. loses drone over Syria, which claims to have brought it down". Reuters. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  91. ↑ Roba Alhenawi (17 March 2015). "Syria says it shot down U.S. drone". CNN. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  92. ↑ "Once promised paradise, ISIS fighters end up in mass graves". The Straits Times. 15 October 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  93. 1 2 "Airstrikes in Iraq and Syria". US Department of Defense. 30 September 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  94. ↑ Reuters, Brett Wolf, "RPT-INSIGHT-In taking economic war to Islamic State, U.S. developing new tools", 24 November 2015.
  95. 1 2 "About 3 thousand citizens were killed by the International Coalition warplanes in Syria within about 10700 persons who were killed during 38 months of their military operations in Syria". SOHR. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  96. ↑ "U.S. Airstrike Kills More Than 100 al-Qaida Fighters in Syria". US Department of Defense. 20 January 2017.
  97. ↑ "US-led air strikes hit al-Qaeda affiliate in Syria". Reuters. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  98. ↑ "Pentagon: 11 al Qaeda terrorists killed in airstrikes near Idlib, Syria - FDD's Long War Journal".
  99. ↑ Hopkins, Steve (14 October 2014). "Full horror of the Yazidis who didn't escape Mount Sinjar: UN confirms 5,000 men were executed and 7,000 women are now kept as sex slaves". Daily Mail. London.
  100. ↑ "IS executes 61 people during the ninth month of declaration its alleged "Caliphate"". SOHR. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  101. ↑ "Clashes around Aleppo city and more losses in al-Hasakah". SOHR. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  102. ↑ "civilians casualty claims". Airwars. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  103. ↑ "Iraq crisis: Islamists force 500,000 to flee Mosul". BBC News. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  104. ↑ "10,000 Yazidis rescued through safe corridor, as ISIL 'fire on aid helicopters'". Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  105. ↑ "Most US Airstrikes in Syria Target a City That's Not a "Strategic Objective"". Mother Jones. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  106. ↑ At least 20,000 civilians displaced during the Al-Hasakah offensive (February–March 2015); 5,000+ in the Khabur Valley region, and 15,000+ in the Tell Hamis region
  107. ↑ Pentagon Briefing On Operation Inherent Resolve against Daesh, minute 1:20 / 32:56
  108. ↑ "Just awarded at
    1. Hook18
    LCDR Mike “MOB” Tremel of VFA-87 received the
    1. DistinguishedFlyingCross
    for shooting down a Syrian SU-22 Fitter during Operation Inherent Resolve." https://web.archive.org/web/20180914081039/https://mobile.twitter.com/flynavy/status/1038522987853406209
  109. ↑ "US Operation Against ISIL in Iraq Remains Nameless". Military.com. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  110. ↑ "The War on ISIS Has 'No Name". Business Insider. 3 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  111. ↑ "The Military Can't Come Up with a Name For Its War Against ISIS. We're Here To Help". The Huffington Post. 3 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  112. ↑ "What's in a Name: Obama's Anonymous War Against ISIS". U.S. News & World Report. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  113. ↑ "U.S. Needs a Name for the Operation Against ISIS". New York. 3 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  114. ↑ "The War With No Name". The American Prospect. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  115. ↑ "Iraq and Syria Operations Against ISIL Designated as Operation Inherent Resolve". U.S. Central Command. 15 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  116. ↑ Carroll, Chris. "Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal authorized for Operation Inherent Resolve". Stripes.com. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  117. ↑ "Air Force pilot killed in Middle East crash identified". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  118. ↑ Gal Perl Finkel, Back to the ground?, Israel Hayom, 8 November 2015.
  119. ↑ "U.S. soldier killed in Iraq hostage rescue operation". CBS News. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  120. ↑ "U.S. Identifies American Killed in Iraq Raid as Master Sgt. Joshua Wheeler". The Wall Street Journal. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  121. ↑ Starr, Barbara. "Estimate: More than 26,000 ISIS fighters killed by Coalition". CNN. 17 February 2016.
  122. ↑ "U.S. Military Says it has Killed more than 120 Islamic State Leaders". military.com. 12 June 2016.
  123. ↑ "Troops not eligible for campaign medal in fight against ISIS". The Hill. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  124. ↑
  125. ↑ "Harriers from USS Boxer begin airstrikes against Islamic State". Stars and Stripes. 17 June 2016.
  126. ↑ "USS Harry Truman launches airstrikes against ISIS from Mediterranean Sea". Fox News. 4 June 2016.
  127. ↑ "Two Years of U.S.-led Airstrikes on ISIS in Syria and Iraq in Numbers". ABC News. 8 August 2016.
  128. 1 2 Ryan Browne (16 December 2016). "UK puts number of ISIS fighters killed at half US figure". CNN.
  129. ↑ "Nearly 45,000 ISIS-linked fighters killed in past 2 years, US military official says". Fox News. 10 August 2016.
  130. ↑ "How many bombs has Britain dropped in 2017?". BBC. 15 April 2017.
  131. ↑ "28 months of bombing by the international coalition kills more than 6900 persons in Syria, including 820 Syrian civilians". SOHR. January 23, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  132. ↑ Gal Perl Finkel, Win the close fight, The Jerusalem Post, March 21, 2017.
  133. ↑ "US Marines join local forces fighting in Raqqa". CNN. 8 March 2017.
  134. ↑ AFCENT/PA (Feb 28, 2017). "Combined Forces Air Component Commander 2012–2017 Airpower Statistics – Feb 28" (PDF). www.afcent.af.mil.
  135. ↑ "Special Report: Operation Inherent Resolve". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
  136. 1 2 3 4 5 February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23). "101st Airborne Division's Strike Brigade receives Operation Inherent Resolve streamer following Iraq deployment - Clarksville, TN Online". Clarksvilleonline.com. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
  137. 1 2 "Warrior Brigade assumes mission in Iraq". U.S. Central Command – DoD. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  138. ↑ "Department of the Army announces 101st Airborne Division deployment". U.S. Army. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  139. ↑ "US Soldiers build elite Iraqi force with ranger training". U.S. Army. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
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  142. ↑ "US-led coalition killed more Syrian civilians than Isis or Russia in March, figures show". The Independent. 28 March 2017.
  143. ↑ "US admits it conducted Mosul air strike 'at location' where '200' civilians died". The Independent. 26 March 2017.
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