International Freedom Battalion

International Freedom Battalion
Tabûra Azadî ya Înternasyonal
Participant in the Rojava conflict and the Syrian Civil War
Banner used by the International Freedom Battalion
Banner used by the International Freedom Battalion
Active 10 June 2015 – present
Status Active
Ideology Revolutionary socialism
Proletarian internationalism
Anti-fascism
Factions:
Anarchism
Communism
Political position Far-left
Groups See groups
Area of operations Rojava, Syria
Allies

Syrian Democratic Forces

International Antifascist Battalion[1][2]
Antifascist Forces in Afrin
TKP-Kıvılcım
Kurdistan Workers' Party

Opponents  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
 Turkey
Battles and wars

Syrian Civil War

Flag
Insignia

The International Freedom Battalion (Turkish: Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu; Kurdish: Tabûra Azadî ya Înternasyonal‎; Arabic: تابور الحرية العالمي‎), commonly abbreviated as IFB or EÖT, is an armed group consisting of leftist foreign fighters fighting for the People's Protection Units in the Syrian Civil War in support of the Rojava Revolution and against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[4][5] The formation of the International Freedom Battalion was announced on 10 June 2015 in Serê Kaniyê (Ras al-Ayn).[6][7] Inspiration for the group came from the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War. The political ideologies of the fighters include Marxism–Leninism, Hoxhaism, Maoism, and anarchism.

Main groups

The International Freedom Battalion is made up of fighters from left-wing armed groups (as well as individuals not part of any other groups) most of whom had been fighting with the YPG before the creation of the International Freedom Battalion. These groups include:

Marksist-Leninist Komünist Partisi

Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkish: Marksist-Leninist Komünist Partisi, abbreviated as MLKP) is an underground Hoxhaist communist party from Turkey. MLKP fighters had been reportedly been sent to Syria to fight with the People's Protection Units since 2012. MLKP fighters have also joined Kurdistan Workers' Party fighting in Northern Iraq in defence of the Yezidi minority in Sinjar.[8] In April 2015, it was announced that MLKP founded a permanent military training centre in the PKK-controlled areas of the Iraqi Kurdistan.[9] In March 2015 a 19-year-old German woman, Ivana Hoffmann, was killed whilst fighting ISIL during the battle of Tell Tamer making her the third western fighter, as well as the first female western fighter, to die while fighting alongside the YPG.[10][11] MLKP's female organisation, Komünist Kadın Örgütü, is also involved in fighting.[12] MLKP was heavily involved in forming the International Freedom Battalion.

Sosyal İsyan

Social Insurrection was founded in 2013 in Turkey by a group of green anarchists in Tuzluçayır. [13][14][15]

TKP/ML TİKKO

Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye İşci ve Köylü Kurtuluş Ordusu, abbreviated as TİKKO) is the armed wing of the Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist (Turkish: Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist-Leninist, abbreviated as TKP/ML), a Maoist insurgent organisation in Turkey. On 25 March 2016, the TKP/ML TİKKO headquarters in Serêkaniyê were targeted by a motorcycle bomb causing slight injuries to two members and damage to the headquarters, two suspects were detained by Asayiş.[16][17][18]

Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri

The United Freedom Forces (Turkish: Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri, or BÖG), inspired by the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War, were founded in December 2014 in the town of Kobanê as an organization of foreign leftist fighters of both revolutionary socialist and anarchist convictions. However groups such as the predominant MLKP didn't join,[19] but eventually BÖG and those other groups participated in the formation of the International Freedom Battalion. BÖG also has a female branch named "Women's Freedom Forces" (Kadın Özgürlük Gücü in Turkish).[20] BÖG is considered to be the largest group within the International Freedom Battalion.[13] BOG contains several factions, see Member groups

Reconstrucción Comunista

Communist Reconstruction (Spanish: Reconstrucción Comunista, abbreviated as RC) is a Marxist-Leninist group from Spain. The group carries a variant of the Flag of the Second Spanish Republic. RC has strong ties to the MLKP and members fight as part of MLKP formations, even fighting in Sinjar. Two members of the group were arrested by police after their return to Spain and were accused of participating in an armed conflict outside of Spain without authorization from the state, as well as putting national interests at risk and joining groups fighting against ISIL that are considered terrorist organizations by international organizations.[21] In January 2016, eight Spanish citizens and one Turkish citizen were arrested in Spain.[22] The Spanish Interior Ministry said in a statement that "The detained, in collaboration with other individuals residing in various European countries, were providing the necessary infrastructure for displaced people to travel abroad and to finally integrate in the ranks of the Peoples' Protection Units (YPG) or one of the armed wings of the organization" and that the majority of the arrested belong to the group 'Communist Reconstruction'.[23]

Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi/Leninist

Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist (Turkish: Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi/Leninist, abbreviated as TKEP/L) is an illegal Marxist-Leninist party in Turkey. The group have set up their own headquarters in Rojava.[24]

Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity

Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity (Greek: Επαναστατικός Σύνδεσμος Διεθνιστικής Αλληλεγγύης, abbreviated as ΕΣΔΑ) is a anarcho-communist group from Greece.[25][26] They have fought in Syria since 2015. Their appearance has alarmed Greek security and intelligence officials alleging that "warriors will be trained in guerilla warfare and then will be able to apply what they have learned in their homeland".[27]

Bob Crow Brigade

Flag of the Bob Crow Brigade

The Bob Crow Brigade (abbreviated as BCB) is a group of fighters from the United Kingdom and Ireland[28] named after Bob Crow, an English trade union leader and self-described "communist/socialist", who had died of a heart attack in March 2014. The group expressed solidarity with striking rail workers in the United Kingdom.[29][30] Steve Hedley, senior assistant general secretary of the RMT, said: "Bob would have been honoured that young people from Britain would fight the forces of evil in his name. A great admirer of the international brigades that fought in Spain, Crow would of course have drawn the parallels with the new international brigades fighting clerical fascism and defending Yazhidi, Muslim and Christian workers from slavery and persecution."[31]

The group criticized the Labour Party leadership candidate, Owen Smith, for proposing negotiations with ISIL.[32] After Turkey and its allied rebel groups invaded parts of northern Syria and clashed with the Syrian Democratic Forces, Turkish officials stated that they will treat British and other foreign volunteers fighting alongside the YPG as terrorists.[33][34] On 2 September, the Bob Crow Brigade relocated from the Raqqa front to Manbij and stated "When we came to defend the revolution we meant from all enemies, big or small".[35] On 7 September 2016, the Bob Crow Brigade sent a message of solidarity to the women of Ireland fighting to repeal the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland on the 33rd anniversary of its approval by referendum, as well as striking Irish bus workers the following day.[36][37]

Henri Krasucki Brigade

The flag of the Henri Krasucki Brigade[26]

The Henri Krasucki Brigade (French: Brigade Henri Krasucki) is a group of fighters from France. Inspired by their English-speaking counterparts of the Bob Crow Brigade, they named themselves after the French trade-unionist Henri Krasucki.[26] The group expressed solidarity with the CGT union and the Air France workers on trial for the "shirt-ripping case" over an incident on 5 October 2015, which arose from a dispute over the aviation giant's plans to cut 2,900 jobs.[38]

International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces

The flag of the IRPGF

The International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces (abbreviated as IRPGF) is a militant, armed, self-organized, and horizontal collective of foreign anarchist fighters from around the world. The formation of the IRPGF was announced on 31 March 2017 in a video and text release to several revolutionary websites and media organizations.[39] According to the declaration of the group, their goals are to defend the social revolution in Rojava and spread anarchism.

They are a member organization and part of the management team of the International Freedom Battalion since April 2017, this was announced by the IFB on 17 May on their Facebook page. Their public formation and solidarity campaigns have garnered interest and support from around the world as well as backlash.[40][41] On 24 July, the group established an LGBT unit, the TQILA.[42][43]

The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army

The flag of TQILA

The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army (abbreviated as TQILA)[note 1] is a unit of the IFB announced in 24 July 2017, by members of the IRPGF from Raqqa City. The group launched a statement explaining the purposes of its formation in which the response to persecution of LGBT persons by ISIL is highlighted as one of the main motivations of the group. They are part of the International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces and International Freedom Battalion.

Structure

International Freedom Battalion fatalities

Date of deathNameAgeNationalityGroupLocation of death
September 2013Serkan TosunN/ATurkishMLKPRas al-Ayn, Al-Hasakah Governorate[44]
23 February 2015Ashley Johnston28AustralianLions of Rojava, YPGnear Tell Hamis, Al-Hasakah Governorate[45]
2 March 2015Konstandinos Erik Scurfield25BritishLions of Rojava, YPGTal Khuzela, Al-Hasakah Governorate[46]
7 March 2015Ivana Hoffman19GermanMLKPnear Tell Tamer, Al-Hasakah Governorate[47]
mid-May 2015N/AN/AIranianYPGsouth of Ras al-Ayn, Al-Hasakah Governorate[48]
25 May 2015Bedrettin AkdenizN/ATurkishBÖGTil Xenzir, Al-Hasakah Governorate[49]
2 June 2015Mahir ArpaçayN/ATurkishBÖGnear Ras al-Ayn, Al-Hasakah Governorate[50]
3 June 2015Keith Broomfield36AmericanLions of Rojava, YPGSuluk, Raqqa Governorate[51]
7 March–19 May 2015N/AN/ATurkishMLKPAyn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[44]
7 March–19 May 2015N/AN/ATurkishMLKPAyn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[44]
7 March–19 May 2015N/AN/ATurkishMLKPAyn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[44]
7 March–19 May 2015N/AN/ATurkishMLKPAyn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[44]
7 March–19 May 2015N/AN/ATurkishMLKPAyn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[44]
7 March–19 May 2015N/AN/ATurkishMLKPAyn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[44]
27 June 2015Reece Harding23AustralianLions of Rojava, YPGAl-Kantari, Raqqah Governorate[52][48]
6 July 2015Kevin Jochim21GermanLions of Rojava, YPGnear Suluk, Raqqa Governorate[53][54]
21 September 2015Aziz GülerN/ATurkishBÖGnear Ras al-Ayn, Al-Hasakah Governorate[55]
4 November 2015John Robert Gallagher32CanadianThe 223, YPGnear Al-Hawl, Al-Hasakah Governorate[56][57][58]
23 February 2016Gunter Helsten47GermanYPGAl-Shaddadah, Al-Hasakah Governorate[59]
3 May 2016Mario Nunes22PortugueseYPGTell Tamer, Al-Hasakah Governorate[60]
25 May 2016Jamie Bright45AustralianYPGAl-Shaddadah, Al-Hasakah Governorate[61]
28 June 2016Eylem AtaşN/ATurkishBÖGManbij, Aleppo Governorate[62]
14 July 2016Levi Jonathan Shirley24AmericanYPGManbij, Aleppo Governorate[63][64]
21 July 2016Martin GrudenN/ASlovenianYPGManbij, Aleppo Governorate[65][66]
27 July 2016Dean Carl Evans22BritishYPGManbij, Aleppo Governorate[65]
3 August 2016Jordan MacTaggart22AmericanYPGManbij, Aleppo Governorate[67]
10 August 2016William Savage27AmericanYPGManbij, Aleppo Governorate[68][69]
August 2016Amir QobadiN/AIranianYPGnear Kobanî, Aleppo Governorate[70][71]
24 November 2016Michael Israel27AmericanYPG & BÖGwest of Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[72][73]
24 November 2016Anton LeschekN/AGermanYPGwest of Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[72]
21 December 2016Ryan Lock20BritishYPGwest of Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[74]
21 December 2016Nazzareno Tassone24CanadianYPGwest of Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[75]
7 January 2017Muzaffer KandemirN/ATurkishBÖGwest of Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[76]
15 January 2017Paolo Todd33AmericanYPGwest of Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[77]
18 January 2017Albert Avery Harrington49AmericanYPG & SMCwest of Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[78][77]
10 May 2017Ulaş BayraktaroğluN/ATurkishBÖGnear Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[79]
29 May 2017Ayşe Deniz Karacagil23TurkishMLKPnear Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[80][81]
29 May 2017Hasan AliN/ATurkishMLKPnear Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[82][83]
5 July 2017Robert Grodt28AmericanYPGRaqqa, Raqqa Governorate[84]
5 July 2017Luke Rutter22BritishYPGRaqqa, Raqqa Governorate[85]
5 July 2017Nicholas Warden29AmericanYPGRaqqa, Raqqa Governorate[85]
16 July 2017David Taylor26AmericanYPGRaqqa, Raqqa Governorate[86]
14 August 2017Nubar Ozanyan61TurkishTKP/MLRaqqa, Raqqa Governorate[87]
September 2017Gökhan Taşyakan38TurkishBÖGRaqqa, Raqqa Governorate[88]
7 September 2017Frederic Henri Georges Demonchaux49FrenchYPGRaqqa, Raqqa Governorate[89]
16 September 2017Siyabend NasirN/AIraqiYPGDeir ez-Zor Governorate[89]
26 September 2017Mehmet Aksoy32BritishYPGRaqqa, Raqqa Governorate[90]
24 October 2017Jac Holmes24BritishYPGRaqqa, Raqqa Governorate[91]
25 November 2017Oliver Hall24BritishYPGRaqqa, Raqqa Governorate[92]
1–2 February 2018 Sinan Ateş N/A Turkish TKP/ML Afrin district[93]
10 February 2018 Olivier François Jean Le Clainche 40 French YPG Afrin district[94]
10 February 2018 Samuel Prada Leon 24 Spanish YPG Afrin district[94]
12 February 2018 Sjoerd Heeger 24 Dutch YPG Deir ez-Zor Governorate[94]
24 February 2018 Haukur Hilmarsson 32 Icelandic YPG, RUIS, MLKP[95] Afrin district[96][97]
4 March 2013 Şevger Ara Makhno N/A Turkish YPG, AFFA near Rajo, Afrin district[98][99]
13 March 2013 Taylan Demircioğlu N/ATurkish YPG, TKEP/L Afrin district[100]
14 March 2018 Jake Klipsch 32 American YPG Afrin district[101][102]
16 March 2018 Anna Campbell 26 British YPJ/YPG International Afrin district[103][104]
17 March 2018 Alina Sánchez 32 Argentine YPJ Al-Hasakah Governorate[105]
March 2018 N/A N/A Turkish YPG, MLKP Afrin district[99]
March 2018 N/A N/A Turkish YPG, MLKP| Afrin district[99]
March 2018 N/A N/A Turkish YPG, MLKP Afrin district[99]
March 2018 N/A N/A Turkish YPG, DKP Afrin district[99]
March 2018 N/A N/A Turkish YPG, DKP Afrin district[99]
April 2018 Jack Klebs N/A American YPG Ayn Issa[106]
13 May 2018 Kendal Ramon N/A Spanish YPG al-Bughuz, Deir ez-Zor Governorate[107]
6 October 2018 Farid Medjahed 36 French YPG Hajin, Deir ez-Zor Governorate[108]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Pronounced  [teˈkila]  like the word Tequila.
  1. ↑ Tonacci, Fabio (29 December 2016). "La brigata degli italiani con i curdi verso Raqqa: "Ma a casa non sanno che qui combattiamo"". la Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. p. 8.
  2. ↑ Harp (2017), p. 49.
  3. ↑ Julian Röpcke (27 January 2018). "Türkische Offensive in Nordsyrien. Deutsche kämpfen gegen Erdogan" [Turkish offensive in northern Syria. Germans fight against Erdogan]. Bild. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  4. ↑ "Rojava'da ilk Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu kuruldu". YPG News (in Turkish). 10 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  5. ↑ "International Freedom Battalion: women of the world, defend the Rojava revolution–a report from JINHA". signalfire. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  6. ↑ "The First Internationalist Freedom Battalion Established in Rojava". Isyandan. 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  7. ↑ "New Leftist 'Freedom Brigade' to Join Kurdish Forces in Rojava". TeleSUR. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  8. ↑ "MLKP fighters also in Sinjar". Kurdish info. 23 August 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  9. ↑ "MLKP komutanı Can: 'Gerilla tarzı yaşam bizim geleceğimizdir'". Etkin Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 27 April 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  10. ↑ "German woman fighting ISIL killed in Syria". Al Jazeera. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  11. ↑ "Funeral for German woman Ivana Hoffmann killed fighting IS". BBC News Online. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  12. ↑ "MLKP Rojava/KKÖ: Halkımızın acıları acımızdır". Etkin Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 1 June 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  13. 1 2 The Carter Center (2017), p. 2.
  14. ↑ Anarquistas en Rojava http://325.nostate.net/tag/sosyal-isyan-social-rebellion/ Consultado el 22 de julio de 2016
  15. ↑ Anarquistas ecologistas en Rojava (texto en turco) http://sosyalsavas.org/2015/02/rojava-ve-kobanedeki-yeniden-insaa-surecinde-anarsist-ve-ekolojist-gerillalar/ Consultado el 22 de julio de 2016
  16. ↑ "Islamic State bomb attack against Serêkaniyê HQ of TKP/ML-TIKKO". Signalfire. 28 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  17. ↑ "TKP-ML TİKKO'ya yönelik bombalı saldırı". Hawar Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 26 March 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  18. ↑ The Carter Center (2017), pp. 2, 3.
  19. ↑ "Enternasyonal cepheye çağrı". Özgür Gündem (in Turkish). 8 December 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  20. ↑ "Kadın Özgürlük Gücü kuruldu". Hawar Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 14 August 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
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  22. ↑ "Spanish police arrest 9 for suspected PKK links". Rudaw. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  23. ↑ "Police Arrest Eight Spaniards And One Turk For Recruiting Fighters For PKK-KCK". The Spain Report. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  24. ↑ "TKEP-L Rojava'da merkez açtı". Hawar Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 22 January 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  25. ↑ "The International Freedom Battalion of Rojava and participation from greece". athens.indymedia.org. Independent Media Center. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  26. 1 2 3 The Carter Center (2017), p. 3.
  27. ↑ "Greek anarchists vow to implement warfare methods they learned from PYD terrorists in Syria". Daily Sabah. Istanbul. 29 May 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
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  29. ↑ MacDonald, Alex (10 August 2016). "'Bob Crow Brigade' in Syria solidarity with striking London Tube workers". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
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  34. ↑ Ensor, Josie (1 September 2016). "Turkey warns: we will treat Britons fighting with Kurds as terrorists". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  35. ↑ Baker, Graeme (2 September 2016). "British YPG fighters 'head to Manbij to face Turkish forces'". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  36. ↑ Anderson, Claire (7 September 2016). "Ní Saoirse go Saoirse na mBan: There is no freedom until the freedom of women". BreakingNews.ie. Landmark Digital Ltd. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  37. ↑ Ó Conghaile, Tomaí (8 September 2016). "Comharthaí Gaeilge á n-ardú ag trodaithe sa Chordastáin". Nós (in Irish). Rua Media. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
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  43. ↑ Kentish, Ben (25 July 2017). "'The Queer Insurrection': Coalition forces fighting Isis in Syria form first LGBT unit". The Independent. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Outlawed Turkish party
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  48. 1 2 "A second German fighter in YPG killed in clashes with "Islamic State"". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  49. ↑ "SDP Bedrettin Akdeniz için mesaj yayınladı". www.diclehaber.com. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  50. ↑ BÖG: Mahir yoldaş ölümsüzdür
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  52. ↑ Press, Australian Associated (30 June 2015). "Australian man Reece Harding killed helping Kurds fight Isis in Syria – reports". the Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
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  55. ↑ "Governor once again rejects application of Rojava martyr Güler's family". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  56. ↑ "John Gallagher: Here's what we know about the Canadian killed while fighting ISIS in Syria". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
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  62. ↑ "Thousands bid farewell to BÖG fighter and HPG guerrilla in Adana". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  63. ↑ Gelardi, Associated Press, Liz (24 July 2016). "Colorado man who joined Kurdish forces in their fight against ISIS killed in combat in Syria". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  64. ↑ Bodies of three Americans fighting with YPG repatriated through Kurdistan Region
  65. 1 2 Two Western YPG volunteers killed in Manbij
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  67. ↑ "Colorado family says son died fighting for Kurdish militia". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  68. ↑ American volunteer with YPG died two days before Manbij victory
  69. ↑ Kajjo, Sirwan. "American Volunteer Killed While Battling IS in Syria". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
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  72. 1 2 Question, Kurdish. "International YPG Volunteers Fighting ISIS Killed by Turkish Warplanes - Updated". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
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  76. ↑ "BÖG fighter Kandemir martyred in the Operation Wrath of Euphrates". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  77. 1 2 "Two US Volunteers Killed Fighting for Kurdish Militia in Syria". www.thewhim.com. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  78. ↑ "Kurds confirm death of third US volunteer as part of Raqqa campaign". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  79. ↑ "Syria: United Freedom Forces (BÖG) Commander Ulaş Bayraktaroğlu martyred during the operation to liberate Raqqa". 12 May 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  80. ↑ "MLKP: Ayşe Deniz Karacagil'in mirasını yaşatacağız". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  81. ↑ "Martyrs Karacagil, Bayraktaroğlu and Güler commemorated in London". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  82. ↑ "political-prisoners.net". political-prisoners.net. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  83. ↑ "Four martyrs of Raqqa operation laid to rest". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  84. ↑ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (11 July 2017). "Two Americans killed battling ISIS in Syria". Retrieved 28 January 2018 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  85. 1 2 Blake, Matt (11 July 2017). "British man and two Americans killed fighting Isis in Syria". the Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  86. ↑ "American national David Taylor killed fighting ISIS in battle to recapture Raqqa". 25 July 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  87. ↑ "TKP/ML-TİKKO Commander in Rojava falls a martyr". ANF News. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  88. ↑ "Gökhan Taşyakan martyred in Rojava". KurDdaily. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  89. 1 2 "Şehit düşen 5 YPG savaşçısının kimliği açıklandı". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  90. ↑ Vardy, Emma (27 September 2017). "British documentary-maker dies in Syria". Retrieved 28 January 2018 – via www.bbc.com.
  91. ↑ Vardy, Emma (24 October 2017). "Briton fighting against IS killed in Syria". Retrieved 28 January 2018 – via www.bbc.com.
  92. ↑ Blake, Matt (30 November 2017). "British man who went to fight Isis in Syria killed in Raqqa". the Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  93. ↑ "TKEP/L savaşçısı Sinan Ateş Afrin'de ölümsüzleşti | Komün Gücü". komungucu.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  94. 1 2 3 "Two internationalist fighters martyred in Afrin". ANF News. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
  95. ↑ "EÖT savaşçısı İzlandalı Haukur Hilmarsson şehit düştü" [IFB Icelandic warrior Haukur Hilmarsson fell as martyr]. ETHA (Etkin Haber Ajansı) (in Turkish). 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  96. ↑ "İzlanda vatandaşı Afrin'de öldürüldü" [IFB Icelandic warrior Haukur Hilmarsson fell as martyr]. CNN Türk (in Turkish). 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  97. ↑ grapevine.is (7 March 2018). "Icelander Reportedly Killed In Action In Afrin - The Reykjavik Grapevine". Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  98. ↑ Rojava: Şehîd Şevger Ara Makhno – Fallen in the Defence of Afrin
  99. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Full list of Kurdish YPG foreign fighters killed in Afrin battle (Photos)". Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  100. ↑ "TKEP/L savaşçısı Kenan Aktaş Efrin'de ölümsüzleşti - Yeni Demokrasi". www.yenidemokrasi.net. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  101. ↑ "Family, friends share memories of American volunteer killed in Syria". Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  102. ↑ Harp, Seth (23 March 2018). "Two Americans Among Seven Westerners Killed by Turkish Forces in Syria". Retrieved 25 April 2018 – via www.thedailybeast.com.
  103. ↑ Blake, Matt (19 March 2018). "British woman killed fighting Turkish forces in Afrin". the Guardian. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  104. ↑ Vardy, Emma (19 March 2018). "Briton killed fighting with Kurdish unit". Retrieved 25 April 2018 – via www.bbc.com.
  105. ↑ "Alina Sánchez, internacionalista argentina de las YPJ, cayó mártir en un accidente". Kurdistan America Latina (in Spanish). 22 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  106. ↑ Amerikalı YPG savaşçısı Klebs için kitlesel tören
  107. ↑ Spanish YPG fighter killed in Deir Ezzor
  108. ↑ French YPG fighter killed in eastern Deir Ezzor
    French YPG volunteer killed fighting ISIS in Hajin

Bibliography

  • Harp, Seth (23 February 2017). "The Anarchists vs. ISIS". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC. pp. 42–49.
  • The Carter Center (27 February 2017). "Foreign Volunteers for the Syrian Kurdish Forces" (PDF). Atlanta: Carter Center.
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