Blackford County, Indiana

Blackford County, Indiana
Map of Indiana highlighting Blackford County
Location in the U.S. state of Indiana
Map of the United States highlighting Indiana
Indiana's location in the U.S.
Founded 2 April 1838
Named for Isaac Blackford
Seat Hartford City
Largest city Hartford City
Area
 • Total 165.58 sq mi (429 km2)
 • Land 165.08 sq mi (428 km2)
 • Water 0.50 sq mi (1 km2), 0.30%
Population
 • (2010) 12,766
 • Density 77/sq mi (29.86/km2)
Congressional districts 3rd, 5th
Time zone Eastern: UTC−5/−4
Footnotes: Indiana county number 5
FIPS Code 009

Blackford County is located in the east central portion of the U.S. state of Indiana. The county is named for Judge Isaac Blackford, who was the first speaker of the Indiana General Assembly and a long-time chief justice of the Indiana Supreme Court.[1][2] Created in 1838, Blackford County is divided into four townships, and its county seat is Hartford City.[3][4] Two incorporated cities and one incorporated town are located within the county. The county is also the site of numerous unincorporated communities and ghost towns. Occupying only 165.58 square miles (428.9 km2), Blackford County is the fourth smallest county in Indiana.[5] As of the 2010 census, the county's population was 12,766 people in 5,236 households.[6][7] Based on population, the county is the 8th smallest county of the 92 in Indiana.[3] Although no interstate highways are located in Blackford County, three Indiana state roads cross the county, and an additional state road is located along the county's southeast border.[8] The county has two railroad lines. A north–south route crosses the county, and intersects with a second railroad line that connects Hartford City with communities to the west.[9]

Before the arrival of European-American settlers during the 1830s, the northeastern portion of the future Blackford County was briefly the site of an Indian reservation for Chief Francois Godfroy of the Miami tribe.[10] The first European-American pioneers were typically farmers who settled on arable land near rivers. Originally, the county was mostly swampland, but more land became available for farming as the marshes were cleared and drained.[11] Over the next 30 years, small communities developed throughout the county. When the county's rail lines were constructed in the 1860s and 1870s, additional communities evolved around railroad stops.[12]

Beginning in the late 1880s, the discovery of natural gas and crude oil in the county (and surrounding region) caused the area to undergo an economic boom period known as the Indiana Gas Boom.[13] Manufacturers relocated to the area to take advantage of the low-cost energy and railroad facilities. The boom period lasted about 15 years, and is reflected in Blackford County's population, which peaked in 1900 at 17,213.[14] The construction associated with the additional prosperity of the boom period caused a significant upgrade in the county's appearance, as wooden buildings were replaced with masonry structures. Much of the infrastructure built during that time remains today—including Montpelier's historic Carnegie Library and many of Hartford City's buildings in the Courthouse Square Historic District.[15][16]

Agriculture continues to be important to the county, and became even more important after the loss of several large manufacturers during the 20th century.[Note 1] Today, 72 percent of Blackford County is covered by either corn or soybean fields; additional crops, such as wheat and hay, are also grown.[Note 2]

Geography

According to the 2010 census, Blackford County has a total area of 165.58 square miles (428.9 km2), of which 165.08 square miles (427.6 km2) (or 99.70%) is land and 0.50 square miles (1.3 km2) (or 0.30%) is water,[5] making it the fourth smallest county in the state. The county is located in East Central Indiana, about 55 miles (89 km) south of Fort Wayne, Indiana, and about 78 miles (126 km) northeast of Indianapolis.[Note 3]

Adjacent counties

The terrain of Blackford County shows the influence of glacial passage in the distant past.[23] These glaciers were responsible for the rich farmland that became available after the county was cleared and drained.[24] During the early 20th century, the Renner Stock Farm, in Licking Township, was known statewide for its quality cattle, hogs, and horses.[25][Note 4]

Waterways

The county has some small streams, and several man-made lakes. The Salamonie River, flowing out of Jay County (Indiana) from the east, crosses the northeast corner of Blackford County. Big and Little Lick Creek flow westward in Licking and Jackson townships in the southern half of the county.[27] Early settlers were attracted to Lick Creek, and then the Salamonie River, because the nearby land had suitable drainage for farming.[28] The county's lakes include Lake Blue Water in Harrison Township; Cain's Lake, Shamrock Lakes and Lake Mohee in Licking Township; and Lake Placid in Jackson Township.[29][30] Lake Blue Water is a spring-fed former stone quarry located one mile (1.6 km) east of Montpelier.[31] The Shamrock Lakes (a group of six lakes) were created between 1960 and 1965, and the first lake was originally intended to be a water supply for a farmer's cattle.[29]

Townships

Communities

RollIndiana SR 18MontpelierMatamorasWells CountyWashington TownshipHarrison TownshipMollieRennerGrant CountyHartford CityIndiana SR 3TrentonIndiana SR 26Jay CountyLicking TownshipJackson TownshipShamrock LakesMillgroveConverse/Crumley's CrossingDunkirkIndiana SR 167Delaware CountyNorfolk Southern RailwayFormer railroad lineMap of Blackford County showing current and former communities, state highways, and railroads.
Image map of Blackford County and communities that either existed (yellow dot) or still exist (red dot). Community names with white backgrounds have links.

Cities

Towns

Unincorporated communities

[Note 5] These communities are sometimes listed as ghost towns, most businesses in these communities have closed.[37] However, residences are still maintained in these communities, and they are listed as populated places by the U.S. Geological Survey.[38] Millgrove, Roll, and Trenton all had post offices during the 19th or 20th centuries.[39]

Extinct settlements

Blackford County has over 10 communities that do not exist anymore. In some cases, a church, farm or single residence remains at the extinct community's location.[37] Among these former communities, Bowser Station, Dorsey Station, Mollie, Silas, and Slocum all had post offices during the 19th century.[39] Mollie's post office lasted until 1907.[40]

  • Bowser Station—This community was a railroad stop in southern Licking Township, and had a post office during the 1870s.[39][Note 6]
  • Dorsey Station—This Harrison Township community was a railroad stop, and had a post office during the 1870s.[39][41]
  • Frog Alley—This Washington Township community had a church and school. "Frog Alley" arose because of the swampy condition of the area. The school, which began in 1863, lasted until 1923.[42]
  • Greenland—Located in Harrison Township at 400 North and 600 East.[37]
  • Little Chicago—Located in northwest corner of Harrison Township, and in Wells County.[37]
  • Mollie—This community thrived in the 1890s as a railroad stop with a grain elevator, post office, and general store.[43] The Harrison Township oil fields were located nearby.[40]
  • Pleasantdale—Located in Harrison Township, at 300 North and 600 East.[37]
  • Renner (Licking Township) - a railroad stop at the Renner Stock Farm. Housing for the farm's employees was also located there. It thrived from the 1890s until the 1920s.[25] Renner is still listed as a populated place by the U.S. Geological Survey, but its "population" is a farm.[38]
  • Silas— (Washington Township) - the land was purchased in 1848, and the owner established a church and school. By 1880, a general store was established at that location, and its owner was community namesake Silas Rayl. During the first decade of the 20th century, the Silas general store closed, contributing to the demise of the community.[44]
  • Slocum (southeastern Harrison Township, exact location not known) - had a post office 1886–1902.[39]
  • Luck (Harrison Township at 250 North and 800 East)[37]
  • Winterhurst (Licking Township, at 200 South and 0.5 miles (0.80 km) East)[37]

History

Historic marker for Godfroy Reserve
Historic Marker in Montpelier, Indiana
1876 map showing Blackford County. One line moves north–south through Hartford City and Montpelier, and the other moves east–west through Hartford City.
1876 map of Blackford County

Following thousands of years of varying cultures of indigenous peoples, the historic Miami and Delaware Indians (a.k.a. Lenape) are the first-recorded permanent settlers in the Blackford County area, living on the Godfroy Reserve after an 1818 treaty.[45] The site is located in Blackford County's Harrison Township, east of Montpelier.[46] Although the Godfroy Reserve was allotted to Miami Indian Chief Francois (a.k.a. Francis) Godfroy, Delaware Indians were also allowed to stay there.[47] The Miami tribe was the most powerful group of Indians in the region, and Francois Godfroy (who was half French) was one of their chiefs. By 1839, Godfroy had sold the reserve, and the Indians had migrated west.[45] Benjamin Reasoner was the first European–American to enter future Blackford County, and its first land owner.[48][49] He entered the area on 9 July 1831.[50] Reasoner and his sons built the county's first mill, on their farm.[51]

The land that would become Blackford County was originally the western part of Jay County. A 30 January 1836 act of the Indiana General Assembly created Jay County, effective 1 March 1836.[52] In December 1836, a motion was made in the Indiana House of Representatives to review dividing Jay County, but that resolution was not adopted.[53] Two Blackford County communities, Matamoras and Montpelier, originally existed as part of Jay County. They lie along the Salamonie River in what became the northeast portion of Blackford County. John Blount founded Matamoras, arriving in 1833.[Note 7] This village is Blackford County's oldest community, and is the site of the county's largest water mill.[43] The mill, constructed around 1843, was considered one of the finest in the state.[51] Blackford County's other former Jay County community is Montpelier, west of Matamoras on the Salamonie River. Led by Abel Baldwin, the community was started in 1836 by groups of migrant settlers from Vermont. They named the settlement after the capital of their previous home state. Blackford County's Montpelier was platted in 1837 (before Matamoras), and is the county's oldest platted community.[54]

Several sources list the creation year for Blackford County as 1837.[Note 8] However, the law was not finalized until 1838. Indiana bill of the House No. 152 was originally for the creation of a county named Windsor. The name "Windsor" was replaced with the name "Blackford" by the House of Representatives in January 1838.[56] An "act for the formation of the county of Blackford" was approved on 15 February 1838.[57] This act intended that the county would be "open for business" on the first Monday in April, 1838, which was April 2.[58] However, the county was not organized.[59] Finally, on 29 January 1839, the original February 15 act was amended, stating that Blackford County shall "enjoy the rights and privileges" of an independent county. The act also appointed commissioners, and corrected a misprint that defined the southeast corner of the new county.[57][Note 9]

Over the next two years, a political struggle continued to determine the location of the county seat. The tiny community of Hartford was repeatedly selected by the commissioners, but those decisions were challenged by individuals favoring Montpelier. While Licking Township (where Hartford lay) was the most populous township in the county, Montpelier was the county's oldest platted community. After a third and fourth act of the Indiana General Assembly, Hartford was finalized as the location of the county seat—and construction of a courthouse began.[61][62] When it was noted that another Indiana community was also named Hartford, Blackford County's Hartford was renamed Hartford City.[63]

During the next 25 years, the county grew slowly. Plans were made for roads and railroads, and swampland was drained. The first railroad line was authorized in 1849. The plan was for the Fort Wayne & Southern Railroad Company to connect the Indiana cities of Fort Wayne and Muncie—running north–south through the Blackford County communities of Montpelier and Hartford City.[64] Although construction began in the 1850s, it was not completed (by connecting Fort Wayne to Muncie) until 1870, and this delay caused it to be the second railroad to operate in Blackford County.[64] By the time the railroad began operations, it was named Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville Railroad.[64] The Lake Erie and Western Railroad acquired this railroad in 1890.[65][Note 10]

The first railroad to operate in Blackford County crossed somewhat east–west through the county's southern half. The railroad was named Union and Logansport Railroad Company by the time it entered Blackford County.[64] This line was proposed in 1862, and completed to Hartford City in 1867—running through the Blackford County communities of Dunkirk, Crumley's Crossing, and Hartford City. The small community of Crumley's Crossing was renamed Converse, and two other communities (Millgrove and Renner) became established on this line. The railroad was eventually named Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad.[64] Other names for the railroad since that time include the Panhandle division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Penn Central Railroad Company, Conrail, and Norfolk Southern Railway.[67] A portion of this line is now abandoned, and the track has been removed between Converse and Hartford City, south of State Road 26.[68]

Gas boom

Old map from the 1880s with drawings
Blackford County in 1887 with western portion of Jay County (east of Blackford) and northeast corner of Delaware County (south of Blackford).

In 1886, natural gas was discovered in two counties adjacent to Blackford County. The discoveries were in the small community of Eaton (south of Hartford City along railroad line) in Delaware County, and in the city of Portland in Jay County (east of Hartford City and Millgrove).[69] The Hartford City Gas & Oil Company was formed in early 1887, and successfully drilled a natural gas well later in the year. The Montpelier Gas & Oil Mining company was organized in 1887.[13] While natural gas was found throughout Blackford County, crude oil was found mostly in the county's Harrison Township (between Montpelier and Mollie). Blackford County's first successful oil well, located south of Montpelier, began producing in 1890.[70] Montpelier was thought to be "the very heart of the greatest natural gas and oil field in the world".[35] Oil was also found in parts of Washington Township, including a well that was thought to be "the most phenomenal well ever drilled in America".[71] By 1896, Blackford County had 18 natural gas companies, headquartered in all four of the county's townships, including the communities of Hartford City, Montpelier, Roll, Dunkirk, Trenton (Priam Post Office), and Millgrove.[72]

In June 1880, only 171 people held manufacturing jobs in Blackford County.[73] The Indiana Gas Boom transformed the region, as manufacturers moved to the area to utilize the natural gas and railroad system. During 1901, Indiana state inspectors visited 21 manufacturing facilities in Blackford County, and these companies employed 1,346 people (compare to 171 two decades earlier).[74] Since these inspections were in Hartford City and Montpelier only, additional manufacturing employees from the county's small communities (such as Millgrove's glass factory) could be added to the count of 1,346. The county's two largest employers were glass factories: American Window Glass plant number 3 and Sneath Glass Company.[74] Hartford City's resources (low–cost energy, two railroads, and skilled workforce) were especially favored by glass factories, and a 1904 directory lists 10 of them.[75][Note 11] In addition to an economic transformation, another byproduct of the gas boom was an upgrade of Blackford County's appearance. Many of the county's landmark buildings were constructed during the gas boom, including the current courthouse and surrounding buildings in Hartford City's Courthouse Square Historic District.[15][77] The city's water supply system was also built during that period.[78] Additional buildings include the Carnegie Library, and the historic Presbyterian Church.[79] Many of Montpelier's Downtown Historic District structures were built during the gas boom. Montpelier's historic Baptist Church and Montpelier's Carnegie Library were constructed in the early 1900s – near the end of the gas boom.[80]

Post-gas boom

Hartford City's waterworks building with date on front of building of 1894
Hartford City's waterworks, built in 1894
Old red-brick church building with arched entrance and stained-glass window
Montpelier's historic Baptist Church, built during Montpelier's Oil Boom

The Indiana Gas Boom ended during the first decade of the 20th century,<ref">Glass & Kohrman 2005, p. 91</ref> reducing the county's economy. Gas and oil workers left, some manufacturers moved, and service industries were forced to cut back operations. Adding to the county's problems, machines made the labor–intensive method originally used for producing window glass obsolete, causing many of the county's skilled glass workers at the large American Window Glass plant to lose their jobs.[81] By 1932, the window glass plant of the county's former largest employer was closed.[17][Note 12] According to the United States Census, Blackford County's population peaked at 17,123 in 1900, and it still has not returned to that zenith over 100 years later.[14]

The end of the gas boom was especially difficult for the smaller communities in the county, since the loss of a single business has more of an impact on small communities. In the case of Millgrove, the community's major manufacturer (a glass factory) closed.[83] For other communities, such as Mollie, the loss of the gas and oil workers meant that the local post office was a "waste of time", and consumer demand at the general store was significantly diminished.[40]

Improvements to the automobile and highways, which coincided with the end of the gas boom, also contributed to the decline of the county's smaller communities. The automobile changed "business and shopping patterns at the expense of the small-town merchant". Small–town residents began to drive to larger communities to purchase goods, because of the wider selection.[84] The improved quality of automobiles and roads competed with passenger service on the railroads (and interurban lines), causing a decline in passenger traffic on the rails. Small towns associated with railroad stations suffered from the loss in traffic. In Blackford County, passenger service on the Lake Erie and Western Railroad line (owned by the Nickel Plate Road by that time) was discontinued in 1931, and the last interurban train ran on 18 January 1941.[67]

Although many workers left the area after the gas and oil bust, Montpelier's population eventually stabilized—and Hartford City's grew. Some manufacturers remained because of a lack of better alternatives. Hartford City's Sneath Glass Company, a major employer, continued operations until the 1950s.[18] Hartford City leaders attracted businesses such as Overhead Door (1923) and 3M (1955) to replace the former companies.[85][86] Overhead Door was a major employer in Hartford City for over 60 years. In the 1960s, Overhead Door moved its headquarters from Hartford City to Dallas, Texas, although its Hartford City manufacturing plant continued until the 1980s as a major manufacturer, when it began reducing its local presence. It ceased the Indiana operation in 2000.[87][Note 13] The county lost another 200 jobs in 2011 when Hartford City's Key Plastics plant closed.[88]

Agriculture continues to be an important factor in the county's economy. Over 70 percent of Blackford County's land is occupied by soybean or corn fields. Additional crops and livestock are also raised. Good returns in agriculture are not always reflected in the economy of nearby towns, as industrial agriculture has reduced the number of workers it needs, and family farms have declined. Many small towns in the "Corn Belt", such as the communities in Blackford County, continue to decline in size and affluence.[89]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18401,226—
18502,860133.3%
18604,12244.1%
18706,27252.2%
18808,02027.9%
189010,46130.4%
190017,21364.5%
191015,820−8.1%
192014,084−11.0%
193013,617−3.3%
194013,7831.2%
195014,0261.8%
196014,7925.5%
197015,8887.4%
198015,570−2.0%
199014,067−9.7%
200014,048−0.1%
201012,766−9.1%
Est. 201612,149[90]−4.8%
U.S. Decennial Census[91]
1790-1960[92] 1900-1990[93]
1990-2000[94] 2010-2013[6]

As of the 2010 United States Census, Blackford County's population density was 77.3 inhabitants per square mile (29.8/km2), well below the average for Indiana, which was 180.8 inhabitants per square mile (69.8/km2).[6] Blackford County had 12,766 people, 5,236 households, and 3,567 families residing within its borders. The racial makeup of the county was 97.7 percent white, 0.4 percent black or African American, 0.2 percent Native American, 0.1 percent Asian, 0.3 percent from other races, and 1.3 percent from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.9 percent of the population.[7]

The average household size was 2.41, and the average family size was 2.88. Families accounted for 68.1 percent of the county's 5,236 households, and 75.5 percent of these families included a husband and wife living together. Children under the age of 18 were living in 38.9 percent of the family households. Non-family households accounted for 31.9 percent of total households, and 86.8 percent of them were occupied by someone living alone. People 65 years and older, living alone, accounted for 40.1 percent of non-family households—or 12.8 percent of all types of households.[7]

In terms of age distribution, 22.8 percent of the population were under the age of 18, and 21.6 percent were 62 years of age or older. The median age was 42.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.7 males.[7]

As of the 2000 United States Census, the median income for a household in the county was $34,760, and the median income for a family was $41,758. Males had a median income of $30,172 versus $21,386 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,543. About 6.0 percent of families and 8.7 percent of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.3 percent of those under age 18 and 8.6 percent of those age 65 or over.[95] In terms of ancestry, 16.7 percent were German, 15.5 percent were American, 9.3 percent were Irish and 7.8 percent were English.[96]

Government

The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Indiana and the Indiana Code. The county council is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are elected from county districts. The council members serve four-year terms and are responsible for setting salaries, the annual budget and special spending. The council also has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes and service taxes.[97][98] In 2010, the county budgeted approximately $3.95 million for the district's schools and $3.18 million for other county operations and services, for a total annual budget of approximately $7.1 million.[99]

The executive body of the county is a board of commissioners. They are elected county-wide, in staggered four–year terms. One commissioner serves as president. The commissioners are charged with executing the acts legislated by the council, collecting revenue and managing day-to-day functions of the county government.[97][98]

The county maintains a small claims court that can handle some civil cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of four years and must be a member of the Indiana Bar Association. The judge is assisted by a constable who is elected to a four-year term. In some cases, court decisions can be appealed to the state level circuit court.[98]

The county has several other elected offices, including sheriff, coroner, auditor, treasurer, recorder, surveyor and circuit court clerk. Each serves a four–year term and oversees a different part of county government. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare party affiliations and be residents of the county.[98]

Each township has a trustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides poor relief and manages cemetery care, among other duties.[100] The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.[101]

Based on 2000 census results, Blackford County is part of Indiana's 6th congressional district, Indiana Senate district 19 and Indiana House of Representatives district 31.[102][103]

Presidential elections results
Presidential elections results[104]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2016 68.6% 3,350 25.5% 1,243 5.9% 288
2012 57.0% 2,711 40.5% 1,927 2.6% 122
2008 49.4% 2,690 49.1% 2,677 1.5% 83
2004 64.1% 3,447 35.4% 1,903 0.6% 30
2000 55.2% 2,699 43.0% 2,103 1.9% 91
1996 40.4% 2,070 45.5% 2,335 14.1% 725
1992 40.6% 2,347 36.1% 2,088 23.3% 1,343
1988 59.5% 3,336 40.2% 2,253 0.3% 19
1984 60.8% 3,787 38.4% 2,395 0.8% 48
1980 53.1% 3,168 40.8% 2,431 6.1% 363
1976 47.2% 2,886 51.9% 3,174 1.0% 60
1972 62.3% 3,876 37.2% 2,311 0.5% 32
1968 46.9% 3,052 44.6% 2,898 8.5% 554
1964 37.4% 2,552 61.7% 4,210 1.0% 67
1960 53.3% 3,738 46.1% 3,228 0.6% 43
1956 54.5% 3,855 44.6% 3,152 0.9% 64
1952 53.2% 3,759 44.5% 3,144 2.3% 163
1948 42.8% 2,840 54.4% 3,611 2.9% 190
1944 47.8% 3,079 49.8% 3,207 2.4% 153
1940 44.5% 3,352 54.4% 4,095 1.1% 83
1936 39.8% 2,845 59.0% 4,217 1.2% 83
1932 40.5% 2,890 57.3% 4,088 2.1% 152
1928 59.4% 3,882 39.4% 2,576 1.3% 83
1924 51.1% 3,553 44.5% 3,094 4.4% 306
1920 51.8% 3,145 42.1% 2,555 6.1% 373
1916 43.0% 1,595 50.4% 1,867 6.6% 244
1912 11.0% 399 45.7% 1,651 43.3% 1,565
1908 43.1% 1,835 52.0% 2,214 4.9% 209
1904 51.4% 2,521 42.0% 2,058 6.7% 327
1900 47.3% 2,121 48.8% 2,191 4.0% 177
1896 47.9% 2,154 50.5% 2,272 1.7% 75
1892 41.0% 1,203 45.7% 1,340 13.4% 392
1888 46.6% 1,141 50.3% 1,232 3.1% 77

Climate and weather

Hartford City, Indiana
Climate chart (explanation)
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2
 
 
33
18
 
 
1.9
 
 
38
22
 
 
2.8
 
 
49
31
 
 
3.4
 
 
62
41
 
 
3.8
 
 
72
50
 
 
4.3
 
 
81
60
 
 
4.3
 
 
84
63
 
 
4.1
 
 
82
62
 
 
2.9
 
 
76
54
 
 
2.5
 
 
65
43
 
 
3.4
 
 
50
34
 
 
2.7
 
 
38
23
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Source: The Weather Channel[105]

Blackford County has a typical Midwestern humid continental seasonal climate, and its Köppen climate classification is Dfa.[106] There are four distinct seasons, with winters being cold with moderate snowfall, while summers can be warm and humid.[107] In recent years, average temperatures in county seat Hartford City have ranged from a low of 18 °F (−8 °C) in January to a high of 84 °F (29 °C) in July, although a record low of −26 °F (−32 °C) was recorded in January 1994 and a record high of 103 °F (39 °C) was recorded in June 1988. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.94 inches (49 mm) in February to 4.33 inches (110 mm) in June.[105]

March and April are considered tornado season in Indiana.[107] Blackford County endured a category 4 storm on Palm Sunday (11 April) in 1965. This storm was one of many tornadoes that occurred in the Midwest on that day. Category 4 tornadoes have maximum speeds of 207 to 260 miles per hour (333 to 418 km/h), and this one crossed Blackford County farmland east of Roll. Although there were no fatalities in Blackford County from this tornado, two people were killed in neighboring Wells County.[108] The county has recorded at least five other tornadoes. The most recent tornadoes occurred in Hartford City in 2002. However, those Hartford City tornadoes were rated category 1 on the Fujita scale—much less dangerous than a category 4.[109]

Blackford County has a record for hail. Hailstones 4.5 inches (110 mm) in diameter fell in Hartford City on 9 April 2001. In a tie with the city of Cayuga, those hailstones are the largest ever recorded in the state of Indiana.[107]

The biggest recorded snowstorm was the Great Blizzard of 1978, which occurred on 26–27 January 1978. A federal state of emergency was declared for Indiana at that time.[107] Indiana governor Otis R. Bowen authorized the use of National Guard equipment, facilities, and personnel throughout the state.[110] Low temperatures, high winds, and deep snow caused Hartford City to appear vacant, as schools and businesses closed. Wind gusts to 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) caused snowdrifts 5 feet (1.5 m) high, making travel almost impossible. Snowmobiles were the only viable means of transportation, and volunteers from Hartford City's Snowmobile Club provided emergency assistance.[111]

Economy

Autumn Soybean fields awaiting harvest in Blackford County
Autumn Soybean fields awaiting harvest in Blackford County

Blackford County's economy is supported by a labor force of approximately 5,900 workers with an unemployment rate for June 2013 of 9.8 percent.[112] There are industrial parks in Montpelier and Hartford City, and both cities are served by railroad line owned by Norfolk Southern.[113][114] Over 30 employers of varying size are located in the county.[115] The Blackford County School System has the most employees, with locations in both Hartford City and Montpelier.[115] 3M Company is currently the largest manufacturer in the county, and has been located in Hartford City since its purchase of the Hartford City Paper Mill in 1955.[86] Another business employing more than 100 people is Blackford County Community Hospital, located in Hartford City.[115] Emhart Gripco is Montpelier's leading employer, with over 100 employees.<ref"BCED"/>[116]

Four categories account for over half the county's employment: manufacturing, government, retail trade, and health care.[112] The largest category is manufacturing, with about 19 percent of the county's workforce. In addition to local Blackford County businesses, larger local economies in the more populous counties to the south and west offer employment and commerce, particularly in the city of Muncie in Delaware County, and the city of Marion in Grant County. Both counties employ more workers than their local workforce can provide.[117][118]

Agriculture has a significant impact on the county, although farm workers account for only about 5 percent of the county's workers.[112] In 2007, the county had 250 farms occupying 84,626 acres (34,247 ha),[119] so four-fifths of Blackford County is farmland. Nearly 72,000 acres (29,000 ha) are devoted to soybeans and corn. Wheat, hay, and oats are also grown. Livestock include over 24,000 hogs and pigs.[119]

Transportation

Map of Blackford County
Map of Blackford County

There are no interstate highways in Blackford County, although Interstate 69 passes near the county's western border.[8]

State Road 3 enters the county from Delaware County on the south. It runs north through Hartford City and enters Wells County near Roll.[120] State Road 18 runs west–east through the north end of the county, on its way from Marion to the Ohio border; it passes through Montpelier and Matamoras.[121]

State Road 26 also runs from west to east, entering from Upland in Grant County and crossing Hartford City at State Road 3. It continues through Trenton to Jay County.[122]

State Road 167 runs along the eastern border of the county for about 5 miles (8.0 km) as it goes north from Dunkirk; it terminates when it reaches State Road 26.[123]

A Norfolk Southern Railway railroad line enters the county from the south after leaving Eaton; it runs about a mile to the east of State Road 3 until it reaches Hartford City where it veers to the northeast and passes through Montpelier. It continues into Wells County to the north.[9] Norfolk Southern also owns Blackford County's east–west line in southern Blackford county. An 8-mile (13 km) section of this line, between Converse and Hartford City, was abandoned during the last decade, and track has been removed.[124] The line is still in service north of State Road 26, between Hartford City and Upland in Grant County. In October 2009, Central Railroad Company of Indianapolis pursued a leasing agreement to operate the east–west line with Norfolk Southern Railway in Blackford County.[125] However, the line currently does not appear on the Central Railroad Company of Indianapolis system map.[126]

Education and health care

The county's five public schools are administered by the Blackford County School Corporation.[127] During the 2010–11 school year, a total of 1,943 students attended these schools.[128] The county school system was reorganized in 1963, after a county-wide vote favored a single school system for the entire county.[129] As a result, Hartford City and Montpelier High Schools graduated their last classes in 1969, and a new high school serving the entire county was constructed in time for the 1969–1970 school year.[129] Like the county, the new high school was named after Isaac Newton Blackford, and is called Blackford High School. The school is located a few miles north of Hartford City, near the center of the county. The school was designed for 1,200 students, and initial enrollment totaled to 1,150 students, serving grades 9 through 12.[130] Current high school enrollment is less than 650.[131] All students in grades 7 and 8 attend Blackford Junior High School.[132] Although the county was served by eight elementary schools during the 1980s, consolidations have decreased the number of elementary schools to three.[130] Montpelier Elementary School serves kindergarten through grade 6.[133] In Hartford City, Southside Elementary School serves kindergarten through grade 3; students in grades 4–6 attend Northside Elementary School.[134][135]

Four universities are near to Blackford County:

Montpelier and Hartford City both have public libraries. The Public Library of Montpelier and Harrison Township was built in 1907 and 1908.[140] The building is known as the Montpelier Carnegie Library because it was made possible by a grant from philanthropist (and former business magnate) Andrew Carnegie. The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.[141] Hartford City's Public library, built in 1903, was also funded by a grant from Carnegie. The Carnegie Fund required local towns to do fundraising to match the grants, and to commit to operating the libraries after their construction. In many localities, women's groups were instrumental in organizing and doing fundraising for the libraries, both at the time of construction and since.[142] Another library located in Hartford City belongs to the Blackford County Historical Society, and a museum is housed in the same building.[143]

The Blackford County Health Department is located in Hartford City.[144] The county's hospital is Indiana University Health Blackford Hospital, a 15-bed facility in Hartford City. It opened January 2005.[145]

Media

The first newspaper in Blackford County was The Hartford City Times, started by Dr. John Moler in 1852. Moler ran a drug store and print shop, and the Times was mostly an advertiser.[146] At least one source considers The Blackford County News, which was started later in 1852, as the county’s first newspaper—possibly because the Times was mostly for advertising.[147] The Montpelier Examiner was first published in 1879, and that newspaper is the predecessor of The Montpelier Herald. The county's first daily newspaper, the Evening News, was started in 1894 by Edward Everett Cox in Hartford City. It was later renamed Hartford City News. After Cox’s death in the 1930s, his family sold the Hartford City News to the owners of Hartford City’s Times-Gazette, and the combined entity became the Hartford City News-Times.[148] It continued through the years under several owners. In the twenty-first century, the newspaper titled itself News-Times, and calls itself "Blackford County’s only daily newspaper".[149]

The two major television markets that reach Blackford County are Indianapolis and Fort Wayne.[150] Although a few lower-powered stations are located closer to Blackford County in cities such as Muncie, Marion, and Kokomo, these stations typically do not have a broadcast range that covers all of Blackford County.[151] There are no AM radio stations based in Blackford County, although several adjacent AM signals are available, including from Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, Muncie, and Marion.[152] Several adjacent FM radio signals are also available; there are also FM stations in Hartford City and Montpelier.[153][154][155] Hartford City, Montpelier, and portions of the county's rural areas have internet access available.[156]

Notable people

Astronaut Kevin A. Ford in spacesuit
Astronaut Kevin A. Ford (Left), and former Indiana Governor Townsend (right)

Kevin A. Ford was born in Portland, Indiana, in 1960. His family moved to Montpelier, Indiana, and he graduated from Blackford High School in 1978. He holds four academic degrees, and retired from active duty as a colonel in the United States Air Force in 2008. He was the pilot for the Space Shuttle Discovery during its August 2009 flight, and has logged over 332 hours in outer space.[157][158] On 23 October 2012, Ford returned to the International Space Station aboard a Russian spacecraft.[159]

Clarence G. Johnson was the first president of Overhead Door Corporation, and lived in Hartford City, Indiana, from 1923 until he died in 1935.[19][85] He was a pioneer in the development of garage doors, and holds numerous patents.[Note 14] One of Johnson's more notable inventions is the first "electric operator for sectional upward-acting doors".[85] Johnson's Overhead Door Corporation was a major employer in Blackford County for over 60 years, employing as many as 515 people during its peak years.[163]

Maurice Clifford Townsend was born 11 August 1884 in Licking Township. After graduating from college in Marion, Indiana, Townsend served as superintendent of Blackford County schools, superintendent of Grant County schools, and as a representative of the Blackford-Grant District in the Indiana General Assembly. He was elected as Indiana's lieutenant governor in 1932. He won the 1936 election for governor, and served the single four-year term allowed by law.[164] After his service in his home state, Townsend worked in the federal administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in agriculture–related assignments. One memorable achievement: he directed school buses be painted yellow for safety and identification purposes, an idea that spread nationwide.[165]

Erika Wicoff is one of the most decorated female athletes in Indiana University history, earning three Big Ten Player of the Year awards as a golfer. She was the Big Ten women's golf champion in 1994, 1995 and 1996.[166] A native of Hartford City, Indiana, she later competed in the Ladies Professional Golf Association. Wicoff was inducted into the Indiana Athletics Hall of Fame in 2006.[167]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ The American Window Glass plant closed near the beginning of the Great Depression as fewer factories were needed because of a new window making process using machines that was much more productive than the more labor-intensive process used earlier.[17] Sneath Glass Company closed during the 1950s after plastics replaced many of the company's products.[18] The Overhead Door Company moved its headquarters to a larger city (Dallas, Texas) in 1964, and the Hartford City plant was closed in 2000 after cutbacks during the 1980s.[19]
  2. ↑ In 2010, 34 thousand acres of corn, and 42.4 thousand acres of soybeans, were planted in Blackford County.[20] Total acreage for those two crops is 76,400. Blackford County's total area is 165.4 square miles or 105,856 acres, so over 72 percent of the county is devoted to those two crops.
  3. ↑ Mileages from Blackford County to Fort Wayne and Indianapolis are based on highway miles using county seat Hartford City for Blackford County.[21]
  4. ↑ A portion of Shinn's description of the Renner Stock Farm has been reproduced on a web page (scroll down).[26]
  5. ↑ All five of Blackford County’s unincorporated communities are shown in UniversalMAP’s Northern Indiana road map (2009), and Indiana's digital state transportation map for 2009–2010.[8]
  6. ↑ An 1876 Blackford County map in the David Rumsey Map Collection shows both Dorsey Station and Bowser Station.[41]
  7. ↑ "Blount" may have also been spelled "Blunt". In Bureau of Land Management records for the area that would become Blackford County, "John Blunt" is listed as a land purchaser in 1835. (Benjamin Reasoner is listed as the first land purchaser.)[49]
  8. ↑ At least three sources incorrectly say Blackford County began in 1837: Biographical and historical record of Jay and Blackford Counties...,[55] Montgomery and Jay,[52] and Shinn.[50]
  9. ↑ Multiple dates are designated as the time Blackford County was “created” or “founded”. 15 February 1838 is the date Blackford County was created by legislation, and this date is used by at least one source as the county’s creation date.[60] The original legislation expected the county to be organized on 2 April 1838. An additional act clarified the county’s status on 29 January 1839, and the county was finally organized later that year.
  10. ↑ The railroad changed ownership and names more than once, and was also known as the Lake Erie and Western Railroad, the Nickel Plate Road, and the Norfolk and Western Railway. The line is currently owned by the Norfolk Southern Railway.[66]
  11. ↑ Hartford City's workforce became an attraction for glass companies. The city had a community of skilled glass workers from Belgium.[76]
  12. ↑ A second source says the American Window Glass plant closed in 1929 instead of 1932.[82]
  13. ↑ Grant's Overhead Door article in volume 70 of the International Directory of Company Histories has been reproduced on a web page.[19]
  14. ↑ Examples of Johnson's patents are United States Patent No. 1,784,292,[160] United States Patent No. 1,824,212,[161] and United States Patent No. 2,026,091.[162]

References

  1. ↑ "Origin of Indiana County Names". Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  2. ↑ "A Biography of Isaac Newton Blackford". Blackford County Historical Society. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
  3. 1 2 "Find A County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  4. ↑ STATS Indiana. "Blackford County Townships". Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelly School of Business. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  5. 1 2 "Census 2010 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Counties". United States Census. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  6. 1 2 3 "Blackford County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 "Indiana Transportation Map 2009–2010" (PDF). Indiana Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
  9. 1 2 "State of Indiana 2011 Rail System Map" (PDF). Indiana Department of Transportation. 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  10. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 114
  11. ↑ Shinn 1900, p. 222
  12. ↑ Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana 2005, p. 77
  13. 1 2 Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, pp. 17–18
  14. 1 2 Forstall 1996, pp. 50–53
  15. 1 2 Hamilton, Abraham & Lankford 2005, p. 1 section 7
  16. ↑ Leonard & Walker 2005, p. 5 section 8
  17. 1 2 Davis, Scott (1 December 2002). "East Central Indiana's Glass legacy". The Star Press (Muncie, Indiana). p. 4A.
  18. 1 2 "What's Wrong At Sneath?". Hartford City News Times. 2 October 1952. p. 2.
  19. 1 2 3 "Overhead Door Corporation" (PDF). CBS Interactive Business Network Resource Library. 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  20. ↑ "National Agricultural Statistics Service County Level Data". U.S. Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  21. ↑ "MapQuest (search for Hartford City, Indiana)". MapQuest. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  22. ↑ "Indiana County Map". Census Finder – A Directory of Free Census Records. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  23. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, pp. 8–9
  24. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 10
  25. 1 2 Shinn 1914, p. 36
  26. ↑ "Renner Stock Farm". Deb Murray. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  27. ↑ Garrigus 1990, p. 13
  28. ↑ Shinn 1900, p. 235
  29. 1 2 Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 146
  30. ↑ United States Geological Survey. "Geographic Names Information System: Lakes in Blackford County, Indiana". Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  31. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 123
  32. ↑ Shinn 1900, p. 227
  33. ↑ Shinn 1900, p. 226
  34. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 152
  35. 1 2 Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 90
  36. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 130
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.), p. 1
  38. 1 2 United States Geological Survey. "Geographic Names Information System: Populated places in Blackford County, Indiana". Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 17
  40. 1 2 3 "A Postoffice is Wiped Out". Hartford City Evening News. 7 February 1907. p. 1.
  41. 1 2 "David Rumsey Map Collection". Map of Blackford County (with) Montpelier, Hartford City. Andreas, A. T. (Alfred Theodore), 1839–1900; Baskin, Forster and Company, 1876. Cartography Associates. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  42. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 157
  43. 1 2 Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 117
  44. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, pp. 155–156
  45. 1 2 Unlisted (Biographical and historical record...) 1887, p. 715
  46. ↑ "Godfroy Reserve". Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  47. ↑ Beeson, p. 1
  48. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 141
  49. 1 2 "Blackford County, Indiana, Land Records 1831–1837". Genealogy Trails History Group. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
  50. 1 2 Shinn 1900, p. 224
  51. 1 2 Beeson & Bonham 1974, p. 4
  52. 1 2 Montgomery & Jay 1922, p. 84
  53. ↑ Indiana State House of Representatives 1836, p. 118
  54. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 91
  55. ↑ Unlisted (Biographical and historical record...) 1887, p. 724
  56. ↑ Indiana State House of Representatives 1837, p. 346
  57. 1 2 Indiana General Assembly 1839, pp. 64–65 (Chapter XLIX)
  58. ↑ Shockley 1914, p. 38
  59. ↑ Monks, Esarey & Shockley 1916, pp. 564–565
  60. ↑ Kane & Aiken 2005, p. 361
  61. ↑ Shockley 1914, pp. 38–39
  62. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 14
  63. ↑ Unlisted (Biographical and historical record...) 1887, p. 744
  64. 1 2 3 4 5 Unlisted (Biographical and historical record...) 1887, pp. 759–760, 239–240
  65. ↑ Goltra 1895, p. 14
  66. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, pp. 18–19
  67. 1 2 Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 19
  68. ↑ "Norfolk Southern Railway Company—Abandonment Exemption—in Blackford County IN". Surface Transportation Board. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  69. ↑ "Indiana's Natural Gas Boom". The American Oil & Gas Historical Society. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  70. ↑ Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources 1897, pp. 71–72
  71. ↑ "GREAT INDIANA OIL STRIKE.; Well in Blackford County Field Surpasses the Famous Texas Gusher". The New York Times. 12 February 1901. p. 1 Special ed.
  72. ↑ Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources 1896, p. 405
  73. ↑ Unlisted (Biographical and historical record...) 1887, p. 761
  74. 1 2 Indiana Department of Inspection 1902, pp. 57 & 91
  75. ↑ Dale 1902, pp. 120–121
  76. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 48
  77. ↑ Beetem 1980, p. 1 section 7
  78. ↑ Indiana State Board of Health 1907, p. 250
  79. ↑ Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana 2005, pp. 59–63
  80. ↑ Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana 2005, pp. 42–45
  81. ↑ "Human Blowers Thing of the Past – Machines Replacing Skilled Trades and Obsolete Methods of Manufacture of Window Glass". Daily Times Gazette (Hartford City, Indiana). 13 April 1908. p. 1. By June 1 three fourths of the window glass plants now operating by the obsolete way with human blowers will be out of blast and by July all will be idle, many never to resume by the old plan.
  82. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 89
  83. ↑ "Millgrove Plant is to Move to Albany?". The Telegram (Hartford City, IN). 11 January 1911. p. 4.
  84. ↑ McIlwraith & Muller 2001, p. 336
  85. 1 2 3 Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 86
  86. 1 2 Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 88
  87. ↑ Grant 2005, pp. 214–215
  88. ↑ "Plastics Plant to Close, Idling 200". McGraw-Hill Broadcasting Company. 28 January 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  89. ↑ Belz, Adam (1 June 2011). "Farm boom leaves Main Street wanting". USA Today. p. 6A.
  90. ↑ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  91. ↑ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  92. ↑ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
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  105. 1 2 "Monthly Averages for Hartford City, Indiana". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
  106. ↑ "Köppen Climate Classification for the Conterminous United States". Idaho State Climate Services. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  107. 1 2 3 4 "Climate fact sheet". Indiana State Climate Office. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  108. ↑ "The Palm Sunday Story 11 April 1965 — Indiana and Michigan". National Weather Service – Northern Indiana. Retrieved 1 July 2011. The tornado steamed across farmland near Roll, and then struck Keystone with F4 strength, killing two people. It continued to the northeast and hit Linn Grove, causing two more fatalities.
  109. ↑ "Map of tornadoes in Blackford County" (PDF). National Weather Service. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  110. ↑ "Indiana virtually paralyzed". Hartford City News-Times. 26 January 1978. p. 1. Downtown Hartford City looked like a virtual Ghost Town as blizzard conditions made it almost impossible for vehicles other than snow–mobiles to travel the highways.
  111. ↑ "Death, power shortages, inconvenience hamper County". Hartford City News-Times. 27 January 1978. p. 1. Last night even four–wheel–drive vehicles found the going rough as intense winds, sometimes gusting up to 45 mph, caused drifting snow to block highways and impede travel.
  112. 1 2 3 STATS Indiana. "InDepth Profile: Blackford County, Indiana". Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelly School of Business. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
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  114. ↑ "Montpelier Industrial Park". Blackford County Economic Development Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  115. 1 2 3 "Blackford County Employers". Blackford County Economic Development Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
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  117. ↑ STATS Indianaurl=http://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=a&county_changer=18035. "InDepth Profile: Delaware County, Indiana". Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelly School of Business. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  118. ↑ STATS Indiana. "InDepth Profile: Grant County, Indiana". Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelly School of Business. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  119. 1 2 United States Department of Agriculture. "2007 Census of Agriculture, County Profile, Blackford County Indiana" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  120. ↑ "State Road 3". Highway Explorer. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
  121. ↑ "State Road 18". Highway Explorer. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
  122. ↑ "State Road 26". Highway Explorer. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
  123. ↑ "State Road 167". Highway Explorer. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
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  130. 1 2 Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, pp. 28–29
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  146. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 51
  147. ↑ Unlisted (Biographical and historical record...) 1887, pp. 734–735
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  149. ↑ "Hartford City News-Times". Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  150. ↑ "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47: Telecommunication". United State Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
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  152. ↑ "AM Query Results". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  153. ↑ "FM Query Results". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  154. ↑ "Station Search Details – WMXQ". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  155. ↑ "Station Search Details – WJCO". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  156. ↑ "Rural High Speed Internet Expands". Blackford County}quote=While OIBW already offered wireless service in Hartford City and Montpelier, the addition of antenna sites at the Blackford County Security Center and the Highway Department brings in even larger areas of Harrison and Jackson townships. 14 April 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  157. ↑ "Biographical Data, Kevin A. Ford (Colonel, USAF, Ret.), NASA Astronaut". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  158. ↑ "Space shuttle Discovery launched after days of delays". Reuters. 29 August 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  159. ↑ "Russian spacecraft with US-Russian crew blasts off to orbiting space station". Fox News Network. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  160. ↑ US patent 1,784,292, "Double Overhead Door", issued 1930–12–09
  161. ↑ US patent 1,824,212, "Movable Sealing Strip for Doors", issued 1931–09–22
  162. ↑ US patent 2,026,291, "Multiple Door Construction", issued 1935–12–31, assigned to Overhead Door Corporation
  163. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, p. 87
  164. ↑ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, pp. 39–40
  165. ↑ "Indiana Governor Maurice Clifford Townsend (1884–1954)". IN.gov, Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  166. ↑ Hammel & Klingelhoffer 1999, p. 212
  167. ↑ "Hall of Fame Induction 2006 – Spotlight on Erika Wicoff". CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.

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Coordinates: 40°28′N 85°19′W / 40.47°N 85.32°W / 40.47; -85.32

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