Close-mid front unrounded vowel

Close-mid front unrounded vowel
e
IPA number 302
Encoding
Entity (decimal) e
Unicode (hex) U+0065
X-SAMPA e
Kirshenbaum e
Braille ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15) 
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The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.

For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ or ⟨i⟩, see near-close front unrounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨e⟩, the vowel is listed here.

Features

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[2]bed[bet]'bed'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. The height varies between close-mid [e] and mid [ɛ̝].[2] See Afrikaans phonology
Azerbaijanigecə[ɟeˈd͡ʒæ]'night'
BavarianAmstetten dialect[3]
Catalan[4]més[mes]'more'See Catalan phonology
ChineseShanghainese[5]该[ke̠ʔ¹]'should'Near-front; realization of /ɛ/, which appears only in open syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]), which appears only in closed syllables.[5]
CzechBrno accent[6]led[let]'ice'Corresponds to [ɛ ~ ɛ̠ ~ ɛ̝̈] in standard Czech.[7] See Czech phonology
DanishStandard[8][9]hæl[ˈheːˀl]'heel'Realized as mid [ɛ̝ː] in the conservative variety;[10] most often, it is transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. See Danish phonology
DutchBelgian[11]vreemd[vreːmt]'strange'In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology
EnglishAustralian[12]bed[bed]'bed'See Australian English phonology
General American[13]may[meː]'may'Most often a closing diphthong [eɪ].[13]
General Indian[14]
General Pakistani[15]Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker.
Geordie[16]
Scottish[17]
Singaporean[18]
Ulster[19]Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast.
Some Cardiff speakers[20]square[skweː]'square'More often open-mid [ɛː].[20]
Estonian[21]keha[ˈkeɦɑ̝ˑ]'body'See Estonian phonology
Faroese[22]frekur[ˈfɹeː(ʰ)kʊɹ]'greedy'May be a diphthong [eɛː ~ eəː] instead.[23] See Faroese phonology
French[24][25]beauté[bot̪e]'beauty'See French phonology
GermanStandard[26][27]Seele [ˈzeːlə]'soul'See Standard German phonology
Many speakers[28]Jäger[ˈjeːɡɐ]'hunter'Outcome of the /ɛː–eː/ merger found universally in Northern Germany, Eastern Germany and Eastern Austria (often even in formal speech) and in some other regions.[28] See Standard German phonology
Southern accents[29]Bett[bet]'bed'Common realization of /ɛ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[29] See Standard German phonology
Swabian accent[29]Contrasts with the open-mid [ɛ].[29] See Standard German phonology
GreekSfakian[30]Corresponds to mid [e̞] in Modern Standard Greek.[31] See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian[32]hét[heːt̪]'seven'Also described as mid [e̞ː].[33] See Hungarian phonology
Italian[34]stelle[ˈs̪t̪elle]'stars'See Italian phonology
Kaingang[35]kre[ˈkɾe]'thigh'
LatinClassical [36]spes[speːs]'hope'
LimburgishMost dialects[37][38][39]leef[leːf]'dear'The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower Sorbian[40]měŕ[merʲ]'measure!'Diphthongized to [i̯ɛ] in slow speech.[40]
Luxembourgish[41]drécken[ˈdʀekən]'to push'Allophone of /e/ before velar consonants; in free variation with [ɛ].[41] See Luxembourgish phonology
NorwegianUrban East[42]le[leː]'laugh'Often diphthongized to [eə̯]. See Norwegian phonology
Persian سه [se] 'three'
Polish[43]dzień [d͡ʑeɲ̟]'day'Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[44]mesa[ˈmezɐ]'table'See Portuguese phonology
RomanianMuntenian dialects[45]vezi[vezʲ]'(you) see'Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[46]шея [ˈʂejə]'neck'Occurs only before soft consonants. See Russian phonology
Saterland Frisian[47]tään[te̠ːn]'thin'Near-front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩ is actually near-close [e̝ː].[47]
Shiwiar[48]Allophone of /a/.[48]
SlovakDialects spoken near the river Ipeľ[32]dcéra[ˈt͡seːrä]'daughter'Mid [ɛ̝ː] in Standard Slovak.[32] See Slovak phonology
Sotho[49]ho jwetsa[hʊ̠ʒʷet͡sʼɑ̈]'to tell'Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[49] See Sotho phonology
SwedishCentral Standard[50][51]se[s̪eː]'see'Often diphthongized to [eə̯] (hear the word:  [s̪eə̯]). See Swedish phonology
Tahitianvahine[vahine]'woman'
Upper Sorbian[40][52]wem[ɥem]'I know'Diphthongized to [i̯ɛ] in slow speech.[40][53] See Upper Sorbian phonology
Yoruba[54]
ZapotecTilquiapan[55]zied[zied̪]Allophone of /e/ that occurs mostly after /i/. In other environments, the most common realization is central [ɘ].[55]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. 1 2 Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/".
  3. ↑ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  5. 1 2 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
  6. ↑ Palková (1999), p. 187.
  7. ↑ Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  8. ↑ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  9. ↑ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
  10. ↑ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010), p. 227.
  11. ↑ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  12. ↑ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
  13. 1 2 Wells (1982), p. 487.
  14. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 626.
  15. ↑ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1010.
  16. ↑ Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
  17. ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  18. ↑ Deterding (2000), p. ?.
  19. ↑ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
  20. 1 2 Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  21. ↑ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  22. ↑ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 74–75.
  23. ↑ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
  24. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  25. ↑ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  26. ↑ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  27. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  28. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 64–65.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  30. ↑ Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
  31. ↑ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  32. 1 2 3 Kráľ (1988), p. 92.
  33. ↑ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  34. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  35. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  36. ↑ Wheelock's Latin (1956).
  37. ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  38. ↑ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  39. ↑ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  40. 1 2 3 4 Stone (2002), p. 600.
  41. 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  42. ↑ Vanvik (1979), p. 13.
  43. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 106.
  44. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  45. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  46. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 44.
  47. 1 2 Peters (2017), p. ?.
  48. 1 2 Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  49. 1 2 Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
  50. ↑ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  51. ↑ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
  52. ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
  53. ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 32–33.
  54. ↑ Bamgboṣe (1969), p. 166.
  55. 1 2 Merrill (2008), pp. 109–110.

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