List of megaprojects

This is a list of megaprojects. "Megaprojects are temporary endeavours (i.e. projects) characterized by: large investment commitment, vast complexity (especially in organizational terms), and long-lasting impact on the economy, the environment, and society".^[1] The number of such projects is so large that the list may never be fully completed.

Definitions

Megaprojects may be defined as:

• Projects that cost more than US$1 billion and attract a large amount of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, environment, and budgets.
• Projects can also be "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public".^[2]

Megaprojects require care in the project development process to reduce any possible optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation. Examples of megaprojects include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems.

This list identifies a wide variety of examples of major historic and contemporary projects that meet one or both megaproject criteria identified above.

Aerospace projects

Eurofighter Typhoon

Boeing 787

Saab JAS 39 Gripen

• Airbus A380, a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner manufactured by Airbus.
• Antonov An-225 is the longest and heaviest aircraft in service. Only one unit was ever completed.
• Boeing B-29 Superfortress, the first nuclear bomber, which cost 50% more than the development of the bombs in the Manhattan Project.
• Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, with 6 decades of service as a strategic nuclear bomber, it is one of the largest military aircraft ever built. Every other bomber produced in the US after the B-52 have been megaprojects; however, it has not been replaced nor will it be in the foreseeable future.
• Boeing 2707 and Lockheed L-2000 supersonic aircraft projects, initiated in 1963 via a US government-funded competition to build the United States' first Supersonic Transport (SST), prototypes never built, ultimately canceled due to political, environmental and economic reasons in 1971.
• Boeing 747, a wide-body commercial airliner first produced in 1970, often referred to by the nickname Jumbo Jet,^[3][4] is among the world's most recognizable aircraft with uses for long distance passenger transport, cargo, the US President's official shuttle plane, and as NASA's Shuttle Carrier Aircraft.
• Boeing 787, made in the United States with local and globally sourced parts, is the first major aircraft to be made largely out of composite materials^[5]
• Concorde, a supersonic passenger airliner, a product of an Anglo-French government treaty that combined the manufacturing efforts of Aérospatiale and the British Aircraft Corporation, first flown in 1969, Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued commercial flights for twenty-seven years.
• Convair B-58 Hustler, an all-weather, high altitude supersonic bomber with a fixed delta wing and 4 engines. The Hustler was operational from 1960 to 1970 in the US Air Force's Strategic Air Command for the deployment of up to 5 gravity nuclear weapons.
• Eurofighter Typhoon, a twin-engine canard–delta wing multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by a consortium of three separate partner companies -- Alenia Aeronautica, BAE Systems, and Airbus Defence and Space—working through a holding company, Eurofighter GmbH, that was formed in 1986.^[6]
• General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, a twin turbofan, multi-role supersonic fighter-bomber. It was active from 1967 to 2010 in the US and Australia with various roles, including nuclear deterrence and electronic warfare. Initially, it was meant to replace a wide breadth of aircraft in the US Navy and Air Force, but due to cost and suitability issues, it only was ever used as a bomber and jammer aircraft, though it performed very well in these roles.
• General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, a single seat, single turbofan, high performance, multi-role fighter. It is by far one of the most popular and most common jet fighters in the world, active from 1978 to present with operators in 26 countries.
• Lockheed C-5 Galaxy was the largest and heaviest aircraft of any kind for over a decade (1970 to 1982). This military cargo plane has the dubious distinction of being the first development program with a billion dollar cost overrun.^[7][8]
• F-22 Raptor, a single seat, twin-engine fifth-generation fighter manufactured by Lockheed Martin that uses stealth technology.
• Rafale, a French twin-engine delta-wing fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation. The Rafale is a multirole combat aircraft capable of undertaking air supremacy, interdiction, reconnaissance, and the airborne nuclear deterrent missions.
• Sukhoi Su-57/HAL FGFA, two variants of fifth-generation stealth fighters jointly being developed by Sukhoi and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for the Russian and the Indian Air Forces as a combined effort by Russia and India.
• F-35 Lightning II, a fifth-generation, single-seat, single-engine stealth multirole fighter manufactured by Lockheed Martin. Variants of the F-35 are planned to replace five classes of combat aircraft that are presently in use with roles as varied as close air support, tactical bombing, and air defense missions.
• Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, also known as the Stealth Bomber, a US heavy bomber with "low observable" stealth. Total program cost including development, engineering, and testing averaged $2.1 billion per aircraft in 1997.^[9]
• McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, a twin-engine supersonic, all-weather carrier-capable multirole fighter jet, designed to intercept air threats and attack ground targets.
• KH-11 reconnaissance satellite, manufactured by Lockheed Corporation and launched between 1976 and 1990.
• Rockwell B-1 Lancer, a supersonic bomber with a variable-sweep wing built in the 1980s as a strategic bomber. It has since acquired conventional and multi-role capabilities.
• Saab JAS 39 Gripen, a Swedish 4.5 generation Multirole jet fighter developed by Saab since 1978. Estimated project cost is US$19 billion.^[10]
• Tupolev Tu-144, the first supersonic transport aircraft, made by the Russian aircraft company Tupolev, first flown on 31 December 1968 and entered service on 26 December 1970.
• Tupolev Tu-160, the world's largest and heaviest combat aircraft, the world's largest supersonic aircraft, and the largest variable-sweep aircraft ever built. (The North American XB-70 Valkyrie had a higher empty weight and maximum speed but never entered production.)
• Chengdu J-20, a fifth-generation, stealth, twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF).

Disaster cleanup

Construction of the new confinement structure for the nuclear reactor that melted down at Chernobyl in Ukraine.

Bags of oily waste are piled up during the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989.

While most megaprojects are planned and undertaken with careful forethought, some are undertaken out of necessity after a natural disaster occurs. There have also been a few man-made disasters.

• The Chernobyl New Safe Confinement is being built to enclose the #4 reactor that was destroyed in the Chernobyl disaster of 1986.
• The Fukushima disaster cleanup is ongoing, and includes the removal of spent nuclear fuel stored at the site of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.
• Cleaning up the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Exxon Valdez oil spill, and AZF chemical factory explosion were megaprojects.
• Storing nuclear waste at Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository is designed to prevent a disaster from leaking nuclear waste.
• Many hurricanes and typhoons have caused extensive damage and required large cleanup efforts, the largest of which included projects that targeted the damaged infrastructure. The list of costliest Atlantic hurricanes covers the ones in the Atlantic region, including Hurricane Katrina from 2005.
• Many earthquakes (and resultant tsunamis) have caused enough damage to infrastructure that enormous projects were undertaken. The 1994 Northridge earthquake, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami are some of the most notorious and recent events that led to a megaproject.
• Flooding is the cause of many disasters. Some have caused enough damage that a megaproject would be used to recover. The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and the 2011 Mississippi River floods are examples.
• Volcano eruptions rarely affect major industrial area, but the cleanup and recovery from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in rural Washington State was of megaproject proportions.
• The rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center.
• Major restoration was necessary after the destruction caused by World War I and II, some of which was paid for by German reparations for World War I and for World War II.

Energy projects

EDF has said its third-generation EPR Flamanville 3 project (seen here in 2010) will be delayed until 2018, due to "both structural and economic reasons," and the project's total cost has climbed to EUR 11 billion in 2012.^[11] Similarly, the cost of the EPR being built at Olkiluoto, Finland has escalated dramatically, and the project is well behind schedule. The initial low cost forecasts for these megaprojects exhibited "optimism bias".^[12]

• Three Gorges Dam, the largest hydro-electric facility in the world, China.
• China will spend $370 billion in 2015-25 on atomic energy^[13]
• Kemper Project, or Kemper County Energy Facility, is the world's first construction attempt of an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plant with Carbon Capture & Sequestration.^[14] However, after significant delays and cost overruns, the gasification process is currently suspended and the power plant runs just on regular natural gas.
• Boundary Dam Power Station, the world's first large-scale, coal-fired Carbon Capture & Storage plant.^[15]
• Tres Amigas SuperStation, an interconnection to connect the Eastern Interconnection to the Western Interconnection and the Texas Interconnection, planned to be completed in the late 2010s. This will effectively connect nearly all electrical grids in North America.
• Olkiluoto 3, a nuclear power-plant in Eurajoki, Finland, planned to be completed in 2019.
• Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station, was a project to construct some of the first new nuclear units in the United States in over 30 years, at an existing nuclear power plant in Jenkinsville, South Carolina. The project was cancelled and all work stopped in July, 2017.^[16]
• Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, is a project to construct two new nuclear units at an existing nuclear power plant in Waynesboro, Georgia.
• The Panamanian Natural Gas electric power plant, is a project with an investment of 1.15 billion US dollars located in Colon province. It is also meant as a port for supplying Natural Gas to other Central American countries.^[17]

Science projects

CMS detector for LHC

• Atacama Large Millimeter Array
• Copernicus programme, €8.4 Billion European satellite project for global, total and permanent earth observations.
• Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (in work) Long Baseline Neutrino Facility
• Envisat, an Earth observation satellite of European Space Agency (2002–2012)
• European Spallation Source, strongest ever spallation source for advanced and new material research development.
• European X-ray free electron laser, used for material research (since 2017).
• Extreme Light Infrastructure, European centers for the most intense lasers (under construction)
• Extremely Large Telescope, world's largest optical to mid infrared telescope (under construction)
• Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, in Germany (2012–)^[21]
• Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), the world's largest static/semi-static radio telescope measuring 500 meters across located in Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.
• Giant Magellan Telescope, a large ground-based optical and near infrared telescope (under construction)
• Human Genome Project, investigation to determine human genetic sequence (1990-2003) - cost $14.5bn, but generated an output of $965bn, personal income exceeding $293bn and more than 4.3 million job-years of employment.^[22]
• India-based Neutrino Observatory (under construction)
• ITER International nuclear fusion project, in France (under construction)
• Large Hadron Collider, a 14 TeV CERN particle accelerator, in Switzerland and France (2000-ongoing)
• Advanced LIGO, a large-scale physics experiment and observatory to measure gravitational waves, with total cost more than US$1 billion.^[23]
• Manhattan Project, in the United States (1945) - 30bn in 2012 dollars^[24]
• Materials Genome Initiative, an advanced manufacturing partnership^[25]
• MYRRHA, prototype of an accelerator-driven system to transmute nuclear waste.
• National Ignition Facility, United States nuclear fusion project (1997-ongoing)
• Ocean Networks Canada cabled Observatories. Largest underwater observatories, providing 24/7 access to hundreds of instruments in the Pacific Ocean and the Salish Sea (2005-)
• Square Kilometre Array in South Africa (planned)
• Superconducting Super Collider, canceled 40 TeV particle accelerator in Texas (1991–1993)
• Tevatron 1 TeV particle accelerator, in the United States (1983–2011)
• Thirty Meter Telescope, a large optical and near infrared telescope (under construction)
• Very Large Array, a radio astronomy observatory in the US
• Wendelstein 7-X, an experimental stellarator (nuclear fusion reactor) in Greifswald, Germany.

Other spaceflight projects

Apollo Program Saturn V awaiting launch

• Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, a $2 billion particle physics experiment module that is mounted on the International Space Station since 2011^[36]
• Apollo program (1960–1975), as a centerpiece of the US Space Program, culminated in manned exploratory missions to the Moon, $203.4 billion in 2015 dollars^[37]
• Ariane, a family of European launch vehicles; the most recent development is Ariane 6
• Avatar RLV, Indian version of the Space Shuttle, being developed by the DRDO and ISRO.
• Buran program, canceled Soviet version of the Space Shuttle (1980–1993)
• Constellation program, canceled planned moon landing spacecraft and space shuttle replacement, part lives on as future Crew Escape Vehicle for ISS (2005–2010)
• Interplanetary Transport System, a privately funded spaceflight system capable of enabling human settlements on Mars (2016- )
• Kennedy Space Center, the main spaceport for US manned space flight, located in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
• Shenzhou program, Chinese human spaceflight program (since 1992)
• Soyuz programme, Soviet/Russian human spaceflight program (since 1966)
• Soviet Moonshot, canceled moon landing program (1962–1969)
• Space Launch System, an American Space Shuttle-derived heavy expendable launch vehicle (2011– )
• Space Shuttle program (1972–2011), low earth orbiters designed as manned cargo vessels that could be reused after each spaceflight and landed like a glider, $203.6 billion in 2015 dollars^[38]
• Vostok programme, Soviet program to put the first man in space (1959-1963)

Sports and culture projects

Every Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup in the latter part of the 20th century and entering into the 21st century has cost more than $1 billion in arenas, hotels etc., usually several billions.

Roads & Transport infrastructure

Ground transportation systems like roads, tunnels, bridges, terminals, railways, and mass transit systems are often megaprojects. Numerous large airports and terminals used for airborne passenger and cargo transportation are built as megaprojects.

Africa

West Africa

The Third Mainland Bridge is currently the longest of three bridges connecting the island of island of Lagos to the mainland.

Nigeria

Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Abuja Light Rail	Abuja, FCT	Under Construction	$2,650,000,000	The Abuja Light Rail project is a light rail transport system that is underway in Abuja in Federal Capital Territory. The first phase of the project will connect the city centre to Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, stopping at the Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway station in Idu. The project is 84% complete as of January 2017,[40] and is expected to open in early 2018.[41] The first phase of the project cost $824 million,[40] while the second phase will be costing $1.79 billion.[42]
Fourth Mainland Bridge	Ikorodu to Lekki, Lagos State	Under Development	$4,200,000,000	The fourth mainland bridge will join three other bridges connecting the Island of Lagos to the mainland. The 38 km bridge and expressway will become the longest bridge and expressway in the world when completed.[43]
Lagos–Calabar Railway	From Lagos, Lagos to Calabar, Cross River	Under Development	$11,920,000,000	The Lagos–Calabar Railway is a planned standard gauge railway that will run from Lagos through to Calabar. The first phase of the project (Calabar-Port Harcourt) is expected to be completed by 2018. The total length of the rail will be 1,402 kilometres.[44]
Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway	From Lagos, Lagos to Kano, Kano State	Under Construction	$8,300,000,000	The Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway is a standard gauge railway across Nigeria, from the port of Lagos to Kano, near the Niger border. The railway will run parallel to the British-built Cape gauge line, which has a lower design capacity and is in a deteriorated condition. The Abuja-Kaduna route is completed and operational, whilst the Lagos-Ibadan route is underconstruction, and several other routes are underdevelopment. The total length of the rail will be 2,733 kilometres.[45]
Lagos Rail Mass Transit	Lagos, Lagos	Under Construction	$3,600,000,000	The Lagos Rail Mass Transit is an urban rail system being developed and under construction in Lagos. The system is envisioned to consist eventually of seven lines.[46] The railway equipment including electric power, signalling, rolling stock, and fare collection equipment will be provided by the private sector under a Concession Contract, while LAMATA is responsible for policy direction, regulation, and infrastructure for the network. The first section of the network, Phase I of the Blue Line, was originally planned to be completed in 2011. After many delays caused by funding shortfalls, the opening date was revised to 2017.[47][48]
Lekki Port	Lekki, Lagos State	Under Construction	$1,650,000,000	The Port at Lekki is a new seaport in Lekki, and construction commenced in 2015. The port is planned to be developed in phases to meet the growing demand; phase one is expected to be operational by 2018.[49] The port is financed by private investors and a consortium of banks who have funded the project with $1.65 billion so far.[50]
Third Mainland Bridge	Lagos, Lagos State	Completed		The Third Mainland Bridge is currently the longest of three bridges connecting the island of Lagos to the mainland. It was completed in 1990 and became the longest bridge in Africa. The bridge was built by Julius Berger Nigeria PLC and it measures about 11.8 km in length.

North America

The new Port Mann Bridge with the old bridge fully demolished.

Canada

Project	City/Province	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Southwest Calgary Ring Road	Calgary, Alberta	Under Construction	$5,000,000,000+	"...extend from Lott Creek Boulevard on Glenmore Trail/Highway 8 south to Macleod Trail (Highway 2A) and is approximately 21 kilometres long."[68] Set for Completion in Fall 2022.
New Champlain Bridge Corridor Project	Montréal to Brossard, Québec	Under Construction	$4,239,000,000	Set for Completion in 2019.[68]
Réseau express métropolitain	Montréal, Québec	Under Construction	$6,300,000,000	Set for Completion in 2021.[68]
Confederation Bridge	The Maritimes, Prince Edward Island	Completed	$1,300,000,000	The 12.9 km bridge is the longest bridge in the world crossing ice-covered water.
Line 5 Eglinton	Toronto, Ontario	Under Construction	$9,100,000,000	Set for Completion in 2021.[68]
Port Mann Bridge	Vancouver, British Columbia	Completed	$1,930,000,000	The widest bridge in the world (until the Bay Bridge's east span recently opened), the bridge east of Vancouver, B.C., which opened in 2012, remains the second-longest bridge in North America. The cable-stay bridge uses an impressive 288 cables to reach a total bridge length of 6,866 feet.

Baluarte Bridge under construction, 10 March 2012

Mexico (Latin America)

Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Durango-Mazatlán Highway	Durango-Sinaloa	Completed	$1,400,000,000	Construction in 2008 and was completed in 2012. Upon this projects completion, President Felipe Calderón received a Guinness record certifying that the Baluarte Bicentennial Bridge is the highest suspension bridge in western Mexico.
New International Airport for Mexico City	Mexico City	Under Construction	$13,300,000,000

Boston's highway system before and after the Central Artery/Tunnel Project

The completed replacement and the old eastern span of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (2013)

The Evergreen Point Floating Bridge viewed from the east end in Medina shortly after opening in April 2016

United States

Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Big Dig	Boston, Massachusetts	Completed	$14,600,000,000	Estimated to cost $22 billion after interest.
C.R.E.A.T.E.	Chicago, Illinois	Under Construction	$3,200,000,000	Is a "public-private partnership to reduce rail and highway congestion while adding freight and passenger capacity in the metropolitan Chicago area to support the increase of intermodal traffic."[69]
O'Hare Modernization	Chicago, Illinois	Under Construction	$8,800,000,000	Construction began in 2001 with an initial cost of $6.6 Billion, however, over the last few years additions to the Modernization Plan brought on by the Chicago City Councils approval on new leases to American and United, has increased to the cost by $2.2 Billion, which will include a new terminal where Terminal 2 now sits as well as 2 remote concourses. The completion of the O'Hare Modernization is expected to occur sometime in 2026.
Crescent Corridor Expansion	Eastern Coast States-East South Central States-Gulf Coast States	Under Construction	$2,500,000,000	Freight rail company Norfolk Southern will utilize special intermodal trains on its freight rail network running from New York to Louisiana. This project covers 2,500 miles & and 13 States, which "is expected to be fully developed by 2020."[70]
Ohio River Bridges Project	Louisville, Kentucky	Completed	$2,300,000,000[71]	A Louisville metropolitan area transportation project involving the reconstruction of the Kennedy Interchange (locally known as "Spaghetti Junction"), the completion of two new Ohio River bridges and the reconstruction of ramps on Interstate 65 between Muhammad Ali Boulevard and downtown.
Second Avenue Subway Project	Manhattan, New York City, New York	Under Construction	$17,000,000,000	The Proposed full line would be 8.5 miles (13.7 km) long with 16 stations and a projected ridership of 560,000 people. Phase 1 of the project, which runs from 96th Street to 57th Street and 7th Avenue, opened 1 January 2017. Other Phases of the project are either under development or are under construction.
LaGuardia Airport Project	Queens, New York City, New York	Under Construction	$4,000,000,000	A Complete retrofit of the entire Airport slated to be Completed by 2022.
San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge Eastern Span	San Francisco-Oakland, California	Completed	$6,400,000,000	The Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge began in 2002 and was Completed in 2013. Currently the Old East Span is being deconstructed and removed for recycling while the foundations are being demolished with explosives or converted for other uses.
California High-Speed Rail	San Francisco-Los Angeles, California	Under Construction	$70,000,000,000	An 808 mile high-speed rail system is expected to be Completed in phases up to 2030. Currently some of the funding is being held up in Congress by lack of agreement between Democrats and Republicans.
Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel	Seattle, Washington	Under Construction	$3,100,000,000	South-End Viaduct Replacement Started 2008 and Completed 2014. SR 99 Tunnel started 2011 set for Completion in 2021. Mitigation Projects started 2008 set for Completion in 2019. Other Miscellaneous Projects started 2007 and set for Completion in 2023.
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge (2016)	Seattle, Washington	Completed	$4,560,000,000	This 7,710-foot-long floating bridge is the longest in the world. The new State Route 520 bridge replaced the previous world's longest Evergreen Point Floating Bridge across Lake Washington, connecting Seattle to points east. The new structure, rising 20 feet above the water, opened to traffic in spring 2016.
Sound Transit 3	Seattle, Washington	Under Construction	$50,000,000,000	This project is to expand the current Light Rail and Bus system currently in use in Seattle, which is to be Completed in Stages from 2020 till 2041.
Silver Line (Washington Metro)	Washington, D.C.	Under Construction	$6,800,000,000	Phase 1 on the project is to link the Capital to Dulles International Airport and to four edge cities Tysons, Reston, Herndon, and Ashburn, which opened 26 July 2014. Phase 2 is to help with urban development of Tysons Corner and reduce overall reliance on highway traffic in the business district, Virginia's largest and 12th-largest in the country, which is to be Completed by 2020.

Planned cities and urban renewal projects

Infrastructure systems that include electricity, sewer, telecommunications, and transportation. Building cities that include Skyscrapers, housing, etc. requires concrete, steel, glass, and most especially that workers in all the trades to undertaker the massive scale of these megaprojects.

Africa

North Africa

Egypt

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Madinaty	Egypt	Under Development	$10,000,000,000	Expected to open by 2014, "houses 600,000 population."[75]
Proposed new capital of Egypt	Egypt	Under Construction	$45,000,000,000	Construction began in 2015 and is Expected to open by 2022, houses 250,000 population

Southern Africa

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Modderfontein New City — New Gauteng City	South Africa	Under Development	$7,800,000,000	Modderfontein infrastructure development of residential, industrial and commercial space by Chinese developer Shanghai Zendai. Start dated 2015 completion dated 15 to 20 years later.[76][77]

West Africa

Abuja, FCT in Nigeria, which was built mainly in the 1980s, was the fastest growing city in the world between 2000 and 2010, with an increase of 139.7%, and still expanding rapidly.^[78]

Nigeria

Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Abuja	FCT	Completed		The planned capital city of Nigeria, which was built mainly in the 1980s. It officially became Nigeria's capital on 12 December 1991, replacing Lagos, and has since witnessed a huge influx of people into the city. As at 2006, the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298, making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria, with an estimated metropolitan population of well over three million. Abuja is currently amongst the four largest urban areas in Nigeria.[79]
Asokoro Island[80]	Abuja, FCT	Under Construction	$1,000,000,000	A peninsula development located in Asokoro district, in Abuja. The mixed-use development is approximately 60 hectares of land, located at the shores of Pendam Lake. Its residential development ranges from apartment buildings to villas. They are majorly luxury properties with private balconies, mezzanines, floor-to-ceiling windows, swimming pool and sun terrace etc. The commercial and work section presents hotels, offices, shopping malls, business and primary schools.[81]
Centenary City	Abuja, FCT	Under Construction	$18,000,000,000	Project by the Nigerian Government, Eagle Hills of Abu Dhabi and Julius Berger Nigeria PLC to build a smart city to mark the country's centennial anniversary. Project broke ground on June 19, 2014 and has an anticipated timeline of 10 to 15 years to completion. The city, which is located in the Federal Capital Territory, anticipates over 400,000 residents.[82]
Eko Atlantic	Lagos State	Under Construction	$6,000,000,000	A planned city of Lagos State, Nigeria, being constructed on land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean. The project broke ground in 2007 and is being spearheaded by South Energyx Nigeria Ltd. Upon completion the project anticipates at least 250,000 residents and an additional daily flow of 150,000 commuters.[83]
FESTAC Phase 2	Lagos, Lagos State	Under Development	$2,400,000,000	In 2014, The Ministry of Housing and Urban Development signed deal with the New Festac Property Development Company, to develop the second phase of Festac Town. Since the award, the company has been carrying out extensive preliminary project development activities including surveys, field studies, site investigation, environmental impact assessment, and town planning for the project.[84]
Lekki	Lagos State	Under Construction		A peninsula city which is 755 square kilometres. Lekki Phase 1 has been completed and it currently houses several Estates and gated residential developments; other phases of the project include, areas allocated for a Free Trade Zone, with an airport, and a sea port under construction. The proposed land use master plan for the Lekki envisages the Peninsula as a "Blue-Green Environment City", expected to accommodate well over 3.4 million residential population and an additional non-residential population of at least 1.9 million.[85]

Asia

East Asia

China

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Todtown	Shanghai	Under Construction	$1,500,000,000	A Mix-use development started Construction in 2014 and is set for Completion in 2020.

Image of the proposed sky mile tower

Japan

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Roppongi Hills	Tokyo	Completed	$4,000,000,000	One of Japan's largest integrated property developments.
Sky Mile Tower	Tokyo	Proposed	UNKNOWN	If built, Completion would probably be in the year 2045 and stand at 1.7 km in height with a population of around 55,000 people.

South Asia

Navi Mumbai, the world's largest planned city.

India

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor	Area from Delhi to Mumbai, India	Under Development	$90,000,000,000	Conceived as a global manufacturing and trading hub, the project is expected to double employment potential, triple industrial output and quadruple exports from the region in five years. The total employment to be generated from the project is 3 million, the bulk of which will be in the manufacturing/processing sectors. The project initially aims to create seven smart cities distributed along the backbone of the dedicated freight corridor between Delhi and Mumbai.
Navi Mumbai	India	Under Construction	$13,346,000,000	World's largest planned city. Contains a population of 2.6 million.[86]
Gujarat International Finance Tec-City	India	Under Development	$20,000,000,000	The smart city is being built as a global financial hub to provide world class infrastructure for the Indian financial industry to grow.[87] When completed, it will outclass France's La Défense, Tokyo's Shinjuku and London's London Docklands in every aspect.[88] It is expected to be finished by 2017–2018.
SmartCity, Kochi	Kochi, India	Under Development	$1,000,000,000 (for the 1st phase)	First phase of project to be completed by 2020.[89]

Pakistan

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Islamabad	Islamabad	Completed		The new capital city of Pakistan. A planned city located on north of Rawalpindi. The city has population of 2.2 million.[90]
Bahria Town	Karachi	Under Development	$1,000,000,000	Bahria Town Karachi is a world-class master planned community near Pakistan largest port city Karachi This city is designed with a neighborhood concept to provide worldclass lifestyle facilities having Sports city, IT City, Entertainment Complex, Five Star Hotels and Residential Area.[91] The city is built on a 70560 acres piece of land located near Karachi.
DHA City, Karachi (DCK)	Karachi	Under Development		The green and sustainable city is to be built on a 4,700 hectares piece of virgin land located several kilometres northeast of Karachi.[92] Upon completion, the new city which is still under development is anticipating at least 250,000 residents and a daily flow of 50,000 commuters.[93]
Ravi Riverfront Development Project	Lahore	Under Development	$7,000,000,000	Sprawling over an area of 70,000 acres, the RRDZ project entails high-quality residential, commercial, institutional, cultural and recreational zones along both sides of the river at a stretch of 33 km.[52] The riverfront will be dotted with highrise condominiums, modern piers, boardwalks and 70 per cent area dedicated to trees to make it environment friendly.[53] Around 25,000 acres of riverfront would be sold to investors for business, cultural and lifestyle activities.[54]
LDA City	Lahore	Under Development		LDA City is the biggest housing society project ever undertaken by LDA,[94] and is the largest housing society in Punjab, Pakistan. The city is to be built on a 3,059 hectares (7560 acres) piece of virgin land located several kilometres south of Lahore.
Mubarak Center and new Central Business District at Gulberg	Lahore	Under Development	$3,200,000,000	A new Central Business District for the city of Lahore to be built at land previously occupied by Walton Airport which will provide Lahore with a modern set of skyscrapers while the city itself retains most of its original architecture and historical character.[95]
Pak-US Knowledge Corridor	Pakistan and United States	Under Development		Pak-Us Knowledge Corridor (PUKC) is a minister-proposed mega project. This project was proposed by Minister for Planning and Development Ahsan Iqbal, the term US-Pakistan Knowledge Corridor, he used to boost cooperation between Pakistan and America in education sector.

Sri Lanka

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Colombo Port City	Colombo	Under Construction	$15,000,000,000	A planned offshore city in Colombo, Sri Lanka which is to be built on reclaimed land adjacent to the Galle Face Green. The city will use construction resources from the Colombo Harbour Expansion Project, currently under construction near the site of this proposed city.[96]

Southeast Asia

Indonesia

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
BSD City	Greater Jakarta	Completed		An area half the size of Paris, encompasses an area of about 6000 hectares BSD City is the most ambitious urban planning scheme in Indonesia to combine housing, business and commercial properties.
Lippo Cikarang	Greater Jakarta	Completed	$18,750,000,000	Lippo Cikarang is an industrial park with an area of 332 hectares, which also has apartment, hotel, office, shopping center, retail, school and university, hospital, convention center and other supporting facilities.
Pantai Indah Kapuk	Jakarta	Completed		Pantai Indah Kapuk (PIK) is a well-planned model town in North Jakarta, spreading over 1200 hectares of land.
Ancol Dreamland	Jakarta	Completed		Ancol Dreamland is currently the largest integrated tourism area in South East Asia with an area of about 600 hectares, boasting an international championship golf course, a theme park, an oceanarium, a convention centre, beaches, hotels and other recreational facilities.
Pluit City	Jakarta Bay	Under Development		Standing on 160 hectares of artificial/reclaimed land, located on an open water at Jakarta Bay, Pluit City is a stunning modern city that will become a valuable addition to the capital city of Jakarta.

Malaysia

Project	City/District	Status	Cost	Special Notes
KL River City	Kuala Lumpur	In Development	$11,638,736,500	"...the rehabilitation and transformation of a 2.2km stretch of Sungai Gombak, comprises 320 acres of potential development area..."[97]
Forest City	Johor Bahru	Under Construction	$40,000,000,000	To Be Completed in 2035.
Iskandar Malaysia	Johor Bahru	Under Construction	$100,000,000,000
Putrajaya	Putrajaya, Sepang District	Completed	$8,100,000,000	In 1999 most of the seats of government moved from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya.

Philippines

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Lancaster New City Zone 1 and Zone 2	Cavite	Under Construction		Ongoing 2,000 hectare township project in the buzzling province of Cavite. Touted to be a full pledged city, Lancaster New City has its own transport terminal, several campuses throughout the project, a 25 Hectare BPO center, a Church, Multiple club houses and retail strip complex. Future expansions are on going with Zones 3, 4 and 5 that consists of low rise residential complexes.
Nuvali	Laguna	Under Construction		Situated at Laguna's 2290 hectare land, Nuvali is the second largest township development in the Philippines. To date, approximately 50 percent of the total land area of Nuvali has been developed, along with the road networks surrounding the commercial and residential developments. It has its own educational institutions, shopping areas, hotel, soccer field, and a bike trail.
Bonifacio Global City	Manila	Completed		A new CBD area for Metro Manila, previously occupied by the Philippine Army headquarters.
Pagcor City	Manila Bay	Under Development	$15,000,000,000	A casino and entertainment hub project, dubbed as the "Philippines' Las Vegas".
Clark Green City	Pampanga	Under Construction	$59,288,000,000	The 9,450-hectare master-planned property will be the Philippines’ most modern and the first technologically-integrated city with a mix of residential, commercial, agro-industrial, institutional and information technology developments. Modeled after South Korea's Songdo City, with sustainable buildings and efficient power and energy use operated by Singapore's SSR C-Solar power plant.
Eastwood City	Quezon City	Completed		Ongoing project of MegaWorld Corporation, one of the biggest real-estate companies in the Philippines.

Southwest Asia (a.k.a. the Middle East)

Azerbaijan

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Khazar Islands	Azerbaijan	Under Construction	$100,000,000,000	Artificial archipelago 25 km (16 mi) south of Baku, Azerbaijan consisting of 41 islands spreading 3,000 hectares (about 11.6 sq mi) over the Caspian Sea. Expected to be finished by 2020–2025, and house a population of 1 million.

Iraq

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
The Bride of the Gulf	Basra	Proposed		Basra is in the midst of rebuilding and is in need of something that will return it to its pre-Hussein period.

Jordan

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Abdali Project[98][99]	Amman, Jordan	Under Development	$5,000,000,000	Project is being developed on 384,000 square metres (0.148 sq mi) of land, intending to create a total built-up area of over 1,700,000 square metres (0.66 sq mi) consisting of hotels, apartments, offices, commercial outlets and entertainment.[98][99]

Kuwait

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Madinat al-Hareer	Kuwait	Under Development	$132,000,000,000	Proposed 250 km2 (62,000-acre) planned urban area in Subiya, Kuwait an area just opposite Kuwait City across Kuwait Bay.

Qatar

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Lusail	Al Daayen Municipality	Under Development	$45,000,000,000	Planned to be a host city of the 2022 FIFA World Cup, planned population of 260,000 people

Saudi Arabia

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Jeddah Economic City	Jeddah	Under Construction	$20,000,000,000	Will host both commercial and residential development including homes, hotels, and offices. The centerpiece of the development project will be the $1.2 Billion Jeddah Tower, a tower planned to become the tallest in the world.
Jubail City Center	Jubail	Under Construction	$80,000,000,000	Jubail will be the biggest industrial city in the world and is expected to be Completed in 2026.
Masjid Al-Haram	Mecca	Under Construction	$100,000,000,000	The Saudi government is reportedly paying as high as 500,000 Saudi riyals (around $133,000) per square meter to the owners of the buildings close to the mosque in return for the expropriation. This brings the total figure to around $100 billion. Slated to Completed by 2020.
Neom (Neo-Mustaqbal)	Neom	In Development	$500,000,000,000	Saudi Arabia's most ambitious mega-city project ever, which is to build a city "from scratch on 10,231 square miles of untouched land in the northwestern region of Saudi Arabia, including territory from within the Egyptian and Jordanian borders."[100] At the core of this new city will be Artificial Intelligence.[101]
King Abdullah Financial District	Riyadh	Under Construction	$78,000,000,000	About a fifth (Phase 1) of the project is completed.
King Abdullah Economic City	Saudi Arabia	Under Construction	$100,000,000,000	Currently in various stages of Construction and Completion stages.

The Burj Khalifa in October 2012.

United Arab Emirates

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Masdar City	Abu Dhabi	Under Construction	$22,000,000,000	The city will rely entirely on solar energy and other renewable energy sources, with a sustainable, zero-carbon, zero-waste ecology and will be a car free city.
Yas Island	Abu Dhabi	Under Development	$36,000,000,000	It occupies a total land area of 2,500 ha (25 km2), of which 1,700 ha will be claimed for development. The island holds the Yas Marina Circuit, which hosts the Formula One United Arab Emirates Grand Prix since 2009.
Burj Al Arab	Dubai	Completed	$1,000,000,000	Completed and Opened in 1999, it is the 3rd tallest hotel in the World.
Burj Khalifa	Dubai	Completed	$1,500,000,000	Originally call the Burj Dubai, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the World and has held that title since its Completion and Grand Opening on 4 January 2010.
Dubai Meydan City	Dubai	Under Construction	$2,200,000,000	Expected Completion date about 2020.
Falconcity of Wonders	Dubai	Under Development	$36,500,000,000
Business Bay	Dubai	Under Development	$30,000,000,000	Comprises 240 high and low rise buildings, mostly residential and mixed use skyscrapers.
The World	Dubai	Under Development	$14,000,000,000	Artificial archipelago of various small islands constructed in the rough shape of a world map. Development has slowly restarted.
Palm Jumeirah	Dubai	Completed	$12,300,000,000	It is the world's largest man-made island.
Dubai Marina	Dubai	Completed		World's largest man-made marina, with 200 residential and hotel high rises.
Palm Jebel Ali	Dubai	On-Hold	$4,000,000,000	Will accommodate over 250,000 people by 2020.
Palm Deira	Dubai	On-Hold		Will be the largest palm island, in Dubai.
Dubai International City	Dubai	Under Construction	$95,000,000,000	A country-themed architecture of residences, business, and tourist attractions.
Jumeirah Garden City	Dubai	On-Hold	$95,000,000,000	Will be built across an area north of Sheikh Zayed Road between Diyafa Street and Safa Park.
Dubai Waterfront	Dubai	Under Development		Expected to become the largest waterfront and largest man-made development in the world.
Dubailand	Dubai	Under Construction	$64,300,000,000	Will be world's largest Retail and Entertainment World, twice the size of Walt Disney World Resort, it include 45 mega projects and 200 sub projects. Currently, there are 22 projects under development. Expected Completion Date about 2020.
The Universe	Dubai	On-Hold		A planned artificial archipelago in the shape of the Milky Way and Solar System.
The Tower	Dubai	Under Construction	$1,000,000,000	Located at Dubai Creek Harbour, The Tower will be a mixed-use skyscraper that will be a notch taller than the Burj Khalifa when Completed in 2020.
Mall of the World	Dubai	Under Construction	$6,806,425,500	To be located along the Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Road and set to Open in 2029.

North America

Verclaire Gate South in Downtown Markham.

Canada

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Downtown Markham	Markham, Ontario	Under Construction	$4,000,000,000	One of the many city center projects in York Region. Scheduled for Completion in 2025.

Mexico (Latin America)

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Cancún	Quintana Roo	Completed		One of main tourist destinations in the world.
Santa Fe, Mexico City	Mexico City	Completed		Before the city dump, today one of largest CBDs in the world.

Brickell Key in Miami.

Las Vegas CityCenter, the largest set of resorts in the largest gambling center in the world.

Battery Park City

United States

Project	Borough/County/City/State	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Pacific Park	Brooklyn, New York City, New York	Under Construction	$8,000,000,000	The project's centerpiece, Barclays Center, opened in September 2012. The project name Atlantic Yards has been renamed Pacific Park, Brooklyn. The Project is expected to be Completed by 2025 at the earliest.
Vista Tower Project	Chicago, Illinois	Under Construction	$1,000,000,000	Set for Completion in 2020.
Brickell Key	Claughton Island, Miami, Florida	Completed	$2,000,000,000+	A man-made island called Claughton Island[109] off the mainland Brickell neighborhood of Miami, Florida.
Apple Park	Cupertino, California	Completed	$3,000,000,000+	The "spaceship", as it is nicknamed, is Apple's new flagship headquarters (formally named Apple Campus 2). Taking the shape of a giant ring, it is expected to house over 14,000 employees. It was completed and opened in April 2017.
Encore Boston Harbor	Everett, Massachusetts	Under Construction	$2,500,000,000	Planned to open in 2019, the casino resort property is the largest single private development in Massachusetts history.
CityCenter	Las Vegas, Nevada	Completed	$11,000,000,000	The largest privately financed development in the United States.
Wilshire Grand Center	Los Angeles, California	Completed	$1,200,000,000	Set to be Completed 23 June 2017. It is the tallest building in Los Angeles, the tallest building in California, and the tallest building west of the Mississippi at a height of 1,100 feet.
Riverside South	Manhattan, New York City, New York	Under Construction	$3,000,000,000	An urban development project in the Lincoln Square neighborhood of the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City.
Battery Park City	Manhattan, New York City, New York	Completed	$1,400,000,000+	Mainly a residential 92-acre (37 ha) planned community at the southwestern tip of the island of Manhattan in New York City, New York, United States, more than  1⁄3 of which is parkland.[110]
Cornell Tech Campus	Manhattan, New York City, New York	Under Construction	$2,000,000,000	Construction began in 2014 on the South end of Roosevelt Island. Phase 1 to be Completed in 2017 and Phase 2 to be Completed sometime later.
Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project	Manhattan, New York City, New York	Under Construction	$20,000,000,000	A mixed-use real estate development currently being built over the 28-acre West Side Rail Yard.
Rebuilding of the World Trade Center	Manhattan, New York City, New York	Re-Construction In Progress	$32,000,000,000[111]	Recovery from the September 11 attacks. One, Three, Four, and Seven World Trade Center Towers completed 2006-2018. Two, Five, and Six World Trade Center Towers are either In Development, Currently On Hold, or will NEVER be Rebuilt.
53W53	Manhattan, New York City, New York	Nearing Completion	$1,200,000,000	Formerly the Tower Verre is a Supertall Skyscraper with a Museum and Residential Condominiums. Expected Completion by the end of 2018.
Comcast Technology Center	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Nearing Completion	$1,500,000,000	Ninth-tallest building in the Western Hemisphere as well as the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere outside of Manhattan and Chicago at a height of 1,121 feet, which is expected to be Completed in 2018.
Gigafactory 1	Reno, Nevada	Under Construction	$5,000,000,000	3 Blocks (14%) of the total 21 Blocks of the factory Completed and the remaining 18 Blocks to be completed by 2020.
The Transbay Redevelopment Area	San Francisco, California	Under Construction	$4,500,000,000	The redevelopment of began in June 2005 and is expected to be fully Completed around 2030, includes a new Transbay Transit Center and the newly opened Salesforce Tower. The Salesforce Tower is a 1,070-foot Supertall Office Skyscraper just completed in the South of Market district of downtown San Francisco at a cost of $1,100,000,000.
San Francisco Shipyard and Candlestick Redevelopment	San Francisco, California	Under Construction	$8,000,000,000	Set to be Completed sometime after 2028.
Treasure Island Redevelopment	San Francisco, California	In Development	$6,000,000,000	Set to be Completed by 2028.
The Mission Bay Redevelopment	San Francisco, California	Under Construction	$1,000,000,000
Parkmerced	San Francisco, California	Under Construction	$1,350,000,000	Expected to be Completed by 2035.
Washington State Convention Center	Seattle, Washington	Under Construction	$1,600,000,000	This expansion project is expected to be Completed in 2020.
Sasol Ethane Cracker Complex Project	Westlake-Mossville-Lake Charles, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana	Under Construction	$8,900,000,000	Sasol is constructing a world-scale petrochemical complex in Southwest Louisiana, which will roughly triple the company’s chemical production capacity in the U.S. and enable it to build on its strong positions in robust and growing global chemicals markets.

Water-related

Ports, waterways, canals, and locks for Passenger Ships and Cargo Ships carrying passengers and cargo from country to country and islands nations are built as megaprojects

Africa

North Africa

Old and New Suez Canal

Egypt

Project	Province(s)	Status	Cost	Special Notes
New Suez Canal	Ismailia and Suez	Completed	$8,400,000,000	In August 2014, work started on expanding the Suez Canal, dubbed the "New Suez Canal" was completed and opened on 6 August 2015.
Suez Canal	Ismailia and Suez	Completed	$1,725,950,238.22	A man-made canal that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea cost $100 million in 1869.

West Africa

Nigeria

Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Badagry Deep Sea Port	Badagry, Lagos State	Under Construction	$2,300,000,000	Construction started in January 2016, and the project is expected to have a "soft Launch" in 2018.[115][116]
Lekki Port	Lekki, Lagos State	Under Construction	$1,650,000,000	The Port at Lekki is a new seaport in Lekki, and construction commenced in 2015. The port is planned to be developed in phases to meet the growing demand; phase one is expected to be operational by 2018.[49] The port is financed by private investors and a consortium of banks who have funded the project with $1.65 billion so far.[117]

Central America (Latin America)

Nicaragua

Project	City/Province(s)	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Nicaragua Canal		Proposed	est. $100,000,000,000	Formally the Nicaraguan Canal and Development Project (also referred to as the Nicaragua Grand Canal, or the Grand Interoceanic Canal) is a planned shipping route through Nicaragua to connect the Caribbean Sea (and therefore the Atlantic Ocean) with the Pacific Ocean. Its viability has been questioned by shipping experts and engineers[120]

New Panama Canal expansion project. July 2015

Panama

Project	Province(s)	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Panama Canal	Colón Province and Panamá Province	Completed	$8,961,664,698.46	Originally constructed by the United States for about $360 million. Opened on 15 August 1914 with a series of locks, canals, and lakes which connect ships traveling between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
Panama Canal Expansion	Colón Province and Panamá Province	Completed	$5,250,000,000	The Expansion Opened 26 June 2016.

See also

• List of most expensive U.S. public works projects

References

External links

• Megaprojects in Dubai