Hudson Yards (development)

Hudson Yards Real Estate Development
Hudson Yards construction progress as of June 2018
Location Above West Side Yard, Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates 40°45′17″N 74°00′14″W / 40.754661°N 74.003783°W / 40.754661; -74.003783Coordinates: 40°45′17″N 74°00′14″W / 40.754661°N 74.003783°W / 40.754661; -74.003783
Status Under construction
Groundbreaking December 4, 2012[1]
Estimated completion 2024
Companies
Architect Kohn Pedersen Fox
Developer The Related Companies L.P.
Oxford Properties Group Inc.
Technical details
Cost US$20 billion
Buildings 10, 15, 30, 35, 50, 55 Hudson Yards, and The Shed
Size 26 to 28 acres (11 to 11 ha)

Hudson Yards is a real estate development under construction in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It is the largest private real estate development in the United States by square footage. Upon completion, 13 of the 16 planned structures will sit on a platform built over the West Side Yard, a storage yard for Long Island Rail Road trains. The first of its two phases comprises a public green space and eight structures that contain residences, a hotel, office buildings, a mall, and a cultural facility. The second focuses on residential space, along with an office building and a school.

Related Companies is the primary developer, and Oxford Properties is a major equity partner. Mitsui Fudosan owns a 92.09 percent stake in 55 Hudson Yards, and a 90 percent stake in 50 Hudson Yards. The architectural firm Kohn Pederson Fox designed the master plan for the site, and architects including Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Thomas Heatherwick, Roche-Dinkeloo, and Diller Scofidio + Renfro contributed designs for individual structures. Major office tenants include or will include fashion company Coach, consulting firm BCG, and Alphabet subsidiary Sidewalk Labs.

Construction began in 2012 with the groundbreaking for 10 Hudson Yards and estimates suggest both phases should end by 2024. Agreements between various entities including the local government, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), and the state of New York made the development possible. The special zoning for Hudson Yards (an area roughly bound by 30th Street in the south, 41st Street in the north, 11th Avenue in the west, and Eighth Avenue in the east) further incentivized the building of other large-scale projects. Hudson Yards is adjacent but unrelated to Manhattan West, 3 Hudson Boulevard, and The Spiral.

History

Older site proposals

Several developers and other entities proposed uses for the rail yard during the 20th century. William Zeckendorf suggested the construction of the "Freedom Tower", which would have risen 1,750 feet,[2] making it the tallest building in the world at the time.[3] Transportation to the new complex would have been via a "passenger conveyor belt" from further east in Midtown. Zeckendorf never purchased the rights, as he was unable to secure financing for the deal, given that large-scale speculative real estate projects were not an asset class that institutional investors and lenders took interest in at the time.[4] The administration of mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr.[5] released a development plan in 1963 which was supported by later mayor John Lindsay but the plan was never realized. Later, in the 1980s, both the Jets and the Yankees proposed new stadiums above the rails, though neither project succeeded.

In the early 2000s, plans for the rail yard long included a new Olympics stadium,[6] to become the home of the Jets after the games ended.[7] Proposers dubbed the structure the "New York Sports and Convention Center". In addition to the stadium, rezoning the adjacent area would have incentivized the construction of some 13,000 new residential units and 28 million square feet of office space.[8][9] This effort, led by Daniel Doctoroff, was unpopular with the public and politicians.[10]

In January 2005, the New York City Council approved the 60-block rezoning, including the eastern portion of the West Side Yard.[11] Michael Bloomberg, then the city's mayor, subsequently separated the city's broader rezoning plans from the rail yard stadium.[12][13] In conjunction with the city, the MTA issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) for a 12,700,000-square-foot (1,180,000 m2) mixed-use development to be built on platforms over the rail yard, which would remain in use throughout.[14]

The MTA received three bids to cap and lease the rail yard. Cablevision (the owner of the nearby Madison Square Garden), the Jets organization, and TransGas Energy all submitted proposals.[15] The Jets won the development rights, but several lawsuits filed after the bidding process alleged they won without paying a fair price.[16] In June 2005, Sheldon Silver voted against the stadium, definitively eliminating the possibility of support at the state level and the possibility of the stadium's construction.[17] Although Bloomberg and others expressed doubts about interest in the area from real estate companies after the stadium fell through, development nevertheless continued.[18] The former mayor later expressed that the loss of the stadium may have been a "blessing" for New York.[19]

The MTA received proceeds from the development's 2006 bond offering to pay for an extension of the New York City Subway's 7 and <7>​ trains to 34th Street–Hudson Yards station.[20] With funding assured, the MTA proceeded quickly to construct the extension.[21] The first construction contracts were awarded in October 2007,[22][23] and the subway extension opened on September 13, 2015.[24][25]

Bidding process

In late 2006, the city and the MTA backed out of a plan for the city to purchase the development site, and created a proposal to seek bids from private developers.[26] This was followed by the a formal request for proposals in 2008 with the intention of creating a large-scale mixed-use development above the rail yards. Five developers responded to the RFP: Extell, Tishman Speyer,[27] Brookfield, Vornado, and the Related Companies.[28] Tishman Speyer, a New York-based real estate conglomerate, won the bid in March 2008.[29] Tishman Speyer won a $1 billion bid to lease and cap the West Side Yard, with payment due as annual rent over a 99-year period.[30] It would also spend another $2 billion for development over the rail yards, including for the two platforms over the yards to support 15 acres (6.1 ha) of public spaces, four office buildings, and ten high-rise residential towers.[29] Tishman had secured the investment bank Morgan Stanley as both an anchor tenant and financial backer.[31]

However, just two months later, the deal broke down due to the late-2000s financial crisis.[32] Subsequently, the MTA chose the Related Companies and Goldman Sachs to develop Hudson Yards under the same conditions.[33] In December 2009, the New York City Council approved Related Companies' revised plan for Hudson Yards, and the western portion of the West Side Yard was rezoned.[34] Following the rail yards' successful rezoning, the MTA signed another 99-year lease to the air rights over the rail yard in May 2010. The air rights were signed over to a joint venture of Related Companies and Oxford Properties Group, which invested $400 million to build a platform above both the eastern and western portions of the yard on which to construct the buildings.[34][35]

In April 2013, the Related/Oxford joint venture obtained a $475 million construction loan from parties including Barry Sternlicht's Starwood Capital Group and luxury retailer Coach. The financing deal was unique in several aspects, including the fact that it included a construction mezzanine loan, that Coach was a lender on both the debt and equity sides,[36] and that the MTA reused a "severable lease" structure (previously used by Battery Park City) that allowed for the loans. A portion of the project was also financed by the EB-5 investment program, which uses capital from immigrants who become eligible for a green card.[37]

Planning and construction

Hudson Yards under construction in 2015

The groundbreaking for 10 Hudson Yards, which was not built on the platform, occurred on December 4, 2012. The start of construction was also announced for 30 Hudson Yards.[38][39] At the time, no tenants had been secured for any building in the complex, but three tenants—L'Oreal, Coach, and SAP—were announced in 2013.[40] Construction on the platform began in 2014.[41] Groundbreaking occurred for 15 Hudson Yards in December 2014,[42] and work on 35 Hudson Yards and 55 Hudson Yards both started in January 2015.[43][44]

10 Hudson Yards was the first building in the complex to open, on May 31, 2016.[45] 55 Hudson Yards topped out in August 2017.[46] 15, 30, and 35 Hudson Yards all topped out in 2018. All four structures are expected to be completed in early 2019.[47][48] Work on 50 Hudson Yards, the final building in the first phase, began in May 2018.[49]

Labor disputes

Beginning in late 2017, unions working at the site alleged Related "continue[d] to look for deeper and deeper concessions" in their negotiations.[50] Higher costs for materials and land after the 2008 recession have caused real estate companies to seek lower labor costs. In New York City non-union labor has made inroads, although workers tend to have less training and experience. Douglas Durst, a real estate magnate in New York, has said "Related is leading the charge" among New York-based companies in employing non-union labor.[50] Related's push to change the site to an open shop would mostly affect the second phase of construction, on the western yard.[51]

Rail yard platform

30th Street staging area for construction equipment and materials.

The new platform upon which the Hudson Yards development will be built is bordered by 10th and 12th Avenues and by 30th and 33rd Streets.[52][53] In 2014, it was expected to cost more than US$20 billion[54] and may eventually see 65,000 visitors a day.[55] Construction on the platform began in 2014.[56] As of June 2015, construction is overseen by Related Companies' executive vice president, Timur Galen.[57]

The 26.17-acre (10.59 ha) Hudson Yards project[58][59] was to be constructed over the existing at-grade West Side Yard, allowing LIRR trains to continue to be stored during midday hours. The land parcel is bordered by 30th Street and Chelsea on the south, Twelfth Avenue on the west, 33rd Street and Hell's Kitchen on the north, and Tenth Avenue on the east. Eleventh Avenue runs through the site, and splits the redevelopment project into two phases. To minimize construction impact on the LIRR's ability to store trains during midday and peak hours, caissons were drilled into bedrock throughout much of the site, over which the platform was to be built.[60] However, only 38% of the ground level at West Side Yard was to be filled in with columns to support the development.[61] Much of the platform itself will be built by a huge Manitowoc 18000 crane.[62] The eastern platform, supporting the towers, comprises 16 bridges.[63] The platform for the Eastern Rail Yard was completed in October 2015, and the western platform will be completed by 2016.[64]

In 2013, Amtrak announced it would build a "tunnel box" through the project areas to reserve the space for a future rail right-of-way such as the proposed Gateway Project.[65][66][67] Construction began September 2013 and is expected to take two years.[68] The underground concrete casing is 800 ft (240 m) long, 50 ft (15 m) wide, and approximately 35 ft (11 m) tall.[69]

Phase 1

View of 30 Hudson Yards (left, under construction), and 10 Hudson Yards (right, completed) in February 2017
Further construction, August 2018

Phase 1, the eastern phase, contains two office towers on Tenth Avenue, plus a retail podium between them. It is projected that all of the Phase 1 buildings would receive a LEED Gold designation.[64]

Vessel

Vessel is a planned permanent art installation designed by Thomas Heatherwick. Heatherwick took inspiration from Indian step wells in the design.[70] Stephen M. Ross has compared the structure to the Eiffel Tower.[71]

10 Hudson Yards

The 52-story, 895-foot (273 m) 10 Hudson Yards is located at Tenth Avenue and 30th Street, along the southeastern corner of Phase 1. It opened in 2016 and is anchored by Coach Inc.[72] Ground was broken for the building on December 4, 2012.[1] It was the first of the Hudson Yards buildings to begin construction, because it was not built over railroad tracks. However, 10 Hudson Yards does straddle the High Line spur to Tenth Avenue.[73] 10 Hudson Yards opened on May 31, 2016,[45] becoming the first Hudson Yards structure to open to tenants.[74] Tenants include L'Oreal, Sidewalk Labs, and Coach. Early on during construction, Coach purchased a stake in the building, which was sold back to Related as construction neared finish.[75] Kohn Pederson Fox designed the building, which is one of the tallest in New York City.

15 Hudson Yards

15 Hudson Yards, originally proposed as Tower D, is located on Tenth Avenue and 30th Street, near Phase 1's southwestern corner. will be connected to a semi-permanent structure, a performance and arts space known as the Hudson Yards Cultural Shed.[76] 15 Hudson Yards started construction in December 2014,[77] and was topped out in February 2018 with scheduled opening in spring 2019. When complete, 15 Hudson Yards will include 285 residential units.[47] Its original design, with a pronounced "corset" at the middle of the tower's height, attracted attention.[78][79]

The Shed

The Shed is a flexible structure focused on providing cultural programming attached to 15 Hudson Yards.[80][81] It is maintained by an organization of the same name.[82] The Shed is scheduled to open in 2019.[83]

30 Hudson Yards

The 80-story, 1,337-foot (408 m) 30 Hudson Yards is located at Tenth Avenue and 33rd Street. It the city's third-tallest building.[84] It is designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox with an observation deck that juts into the air.[85] Construction began after caissons are sunk to support the platform over the tracks, the latter of which will be raised 12 to 27 feet (4 to 8 m) above ground level and be level with the High Line.[58] 30 Hudson Yards is expected to be completed in early 2019.[86]

35 Hudson Yards

35 Hudson Yards is located at Eleventh Avenue and 33rd Street. Construction on 35 Hudson Yards's foundation was started in January 2015,[43] and 35 Hudson Yards topped out in June 2018.[48] The mixed-use 35 Hudson Yards contains 137 condominiums, an Equinox brand hotel, medical offices, and retail space.[48][87] David Childs, the chairman of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, contributed the designs.

50 Hudson Yards

Work on the foundation of 50 Hudson Yards, located at Tenth Avenue between 33rd and 34th Streets, began in May 2018.[49] BlackRock signed on as an anchor tenant, and is to occupy 850,000 square feet in the building. When finished, will rank as the fourth largest office tower in New York City in terms of available square feet, with 2.9 million available to lease. Foster + Partners designed the building. It is one of two structures in the first phase not located above the rail yard, and was not part of the original Hudson Yards plan.

Mistui Fudosan owns a 90 percent stake in the building.[88] Bank of China, Deutsche Bank and Wells Fargo contributed financing for the tower.[88]

55 Hudson Yards

The 780-foot-tall (240 m) 55 Hudson Yards, located at Eleventh Avenue between 33rd and 34th Streets, started construction on January 22, 2015,[44] and topped out in August 2017.[46] Mistui Fudosan owns a 92.09 percent stake in the building. Like 50 Hudson Yards, 55 is not located over the rail yard, and was not included in the original master plan as created by KPF. Cooley, a law firm, signed a lease to occupy 130,000 square feet across five stories.[89] Another law firm, Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, will occupy 250,000 square feet.[90]

To lower costs and allow flexibility during the build, construction emphasized the use of concrete over steel.[91] Two architectural firms, Kohn Pederson Fox and Roche Dinkeloo, were involved in the design of the building, which is the first collaborative effort between the two firms.[92]

Shopping center

Phase 1 also includes a seven-story mall with 100 shops and 20 restaurants, called Shops & Restaurants of Hudson Yards.[58] It will have 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of space, including 750,000 square feet (70,000 m2) in retail, possibly including department stores and a movie theater. The retail space, designed by Elkus Manfredi Architects[93] with a connection to the bases of 10 and 30 Hudson Yards, started construction in June 2015,[43][94] with a 100,000 short tons (91,000,000 kg) order of steel, one of the largest such orders in the history of the United States.[95]

In September 2014, Neiman Marcus was signed to become the anchor tenant of the Hudson Yards Retail Space, which will open in 2018. The Neiman Marcus store will occupy the top 3 levels and ​1⁄4 of the mall, or 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2).[96][97] Fairway, a locally based grocer, is expected to build a store in the lower floors of the building, occupying 45,875 square feet (4,262 m2).[98][99] Chef and restaurateur Thomas Keller will open a restaurant in the complex, in addition to selecting 11 other restaurants in the retail space; all 12 restaurants are expected to open in 2018.[43][100] The mall may be anchored by Dior and Chanel on the topmost floors, with "a 'Fifth Avenue' mix of shops", such as H&M, Zara, and Sephora below them.[43]

Public plaza

There will be a 6-acre (2 ha) public square, with 28,000 plants and 225 trees,[101] on the platform.[58] In the middle of the square would be a 16-story structure of connected staircases between the buildings; the structure, titled Vessel, is designed by Thomas Heatherwick and will cost US$150 million.[102][103] The public square will be a ventilation area for the West Side Yards, as well as a storm water runoff site. Storm water that runs off into the square will be reused.[64] Since it is going to be on top of an active rail yard, the public square would be located over a 6-foot (1.8 m) deep plenum above a huge cooling slab with 15 fans blowing 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) air and a 60,000-US-gallon (230,000 l; 50,000 imp gal) rainwater storage tank. The whole platform would then be supported by 234 caissons. The plantings themselves would be rooted with "smart soil".[43][101]Th

Phase 2

When the West Side Yard was built in the mid-1980s, space was left between the tracks to allow for columns supporting an overbuild. The area pictured will be where Phase 2 of the project will be built.

The western portion of the yard is bordered by 30th Street and 33rd Street in the north and south, and Eleventh and Twelfth avenues in the east and west. The western phase of the project is to contain up to seven residential towers, an office building at 33rd Street and Eleventh Avenue tentatively known as "West Tower", and a school serving Pre-K to eighth grade students.[64] The third phase of the High Line will traverse Phase 2 of the project.[76] Work on the platform to cover the second half of the tracks is scheduled to begin in 2018.[104] The entire project, including Phase 2, could be complete by 2024.[105]

According to Architectural Digest magazine, Santiago Calatrava, Robert A.M. Stern Architects, Thomas Heatherwick, and Frank Gehry are supposedly involved in the design of the second phase's residential towers.[106][107] Related has previously commissioned works from Stern[108] and Heatherwick.[109][110]

Neighboring projects

The Hudson Yards development is directly west of the second largest project in the area, Manhattan West, also built above previously exposed rail yards, and comprising 7 acres.[111] Manhattan West is also a multi-building, mixed-use complex providing residences, a hotel, and offices.[112]

Two large-scale, single-building office developments border the eastern portion of Hudson Yards. The larger, known as The Spiral, is owned by Tishman Speyer and features a design by Bjarke Ingels Group.[113] The smaller development is known as 3 Hudson Boulevard, and although it lacks an anchor tenant, it is under construction.[114]

Several existing or planned residential buildings abut Phase 1. Two are owned by Related, One Hudson Yards and Abington House, and are unrelated to the Hudson Yards project.[115] 601 West 29th Street and 606 West 30th Street are under construction south of the two Related developments, and despite the involvement of two separate real estate companies, are being developed together due to their proximity. Another Related development also on the West Side dubbed "Hudson Residences" is under construction at the same time as Hudson Yards.[116] The company co-owns a site with Spitzer Enterprises with plans to develop both residential and office space.[117]

Financing and ownership

Related is unique among developers in that it retains ownership of the rental buildings it constructs and has a robust portfolio of affordable rental properties that provide consistent income.[118] Initial funding came exclusively from Related and partner Goldman Sachs. After Goldman exited this arrangement, Related and its new partner, Oxford, secured a number of capital sources.[119][120] These include conventional lenders, such as Wells Fargo, foreign investors through the EB-5 program, and a debt raise on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange.[119] $600 million of the project's financing has come from EB-5, making it the project to receive the most funding from the program. Other lenders include The Children's Investment Fund Foundation, Deutsche Bank, and Allianz. As of September 2017, Related had raised approximately $18 billion in funds.[121]

Under the terms of their agreement with Oxford, Related retains a sixty percent stake in the complex.[122]

Tenants

A number of companies have moved their headquarters or New York City office to Hudson Yards or rival developments. These include financial firms, law firms, and miscellaneous technology, fashion, and media companies.[123] 10 Hudson Yards, which is the only open tower in the Hudson Yards complex as of June 2018, is occupied by Coach,[72] the Boston Consulting Group,[124] and Alphabet subsidiary Sidewalk Labs.[125] 30 Hudson Yards would be occupied by Time Warner,[126] DNB Bank,[127] and Wells Fargo once it opens.[128] 50 Hudson Yards would be occupied by at least three law firms (Boies, Schiller & Flexner;[129] Cooley LLP;[130] and Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy[131]), as well as by electronic trading platform MarketAxess[132] and pharmaceutical company Intercept Pharmaceuticals.[133]

Joe Patrice, writing for Above the Law, noted that with the move of Cooley LLP to 55 Hudson Yards from the Grace Building there was an "official trend" of law firms moving to the new office buildings on the far West Side.[134] This move westward follows a trend from earlier in the 21st century, when firms began moving from parts of Midtown such as the Plaza District to Times Square and other areas with new office towers.[135]

A number of financial firms have left offices in Midtown or the Financial District for the development.[136] As a result of speculation that private equity company KKR might move to Hudson Yards, other finance-focused companies became more interested in the possibility of relocating there. KKR's long-time occupancy at the Solow Building in Midtown produced a similar effect, as Apollo Global Management, Och-Ziff Capital Management, and Silver Lake Partners had also taken space in the Midtown building.[137] KKR ultimately decided to move to 30 Hudson Yards; Silver Lake announced it would leave the Solow Building for 55 Hudson Yards in 2017 after speculation it would do so.[137][138] BlackRock, another major financial company, signed on as an anchor tenant at 50 Hudson Yards, where it is to occupy 850,000 square feet (79,000 m2).[139]

The largest Equinox gym in the world will be located in 35 Hudson Yards.[136] The building will also contain an Equinox-branded hotel. Related owns a majority stake in the fitness brand, purchased in 2005.[140]

Design

Architecture

Kohn Pedersen Fox designed the site's master plan, and designed individual buildings 10 and 30 Hudson Yards. Firms and individual architects working on distinct buildings did not meet to produce a uniform aesthetic or review the plans for individual buildings together.[141] Two architects involved in the project, Thomas Woltz and Bill Pedersen, have respectively compared the relationship between the buildings to "mastodons, pineapples, sheds, swizzlesticks and bubble mats" and "elephants dancing".[141]

Justin Davidson, writing for New York, referred to 10 Hudson Yards (then known as the "Coach Tower") as "taller, fatter, and greener" than historical New York City skyscrapers, despite more staid interiors with typical open floor plans and corresponding curtain wall.[142]

Resilience

Hudson Yards sits within Manhattan's 100-year floodplain, and the rail lines have previously been flooded despite preventative measures.[143] Given that the bulk of the new structures will rise from an already elevated platform, the development is above the floodplain, and most mechanical systems are similarly raised. In addition, new elevator pits have been made waterproof.

Klaus Jacob, a professor at Columbia University, has stated approval of the project stems from the "shortsightedness of decision-making" by its developers and the city in the face of impending climate change.[144] In his 2017 novel New York 2140, author Kim Stanley Robinson mentions the inundation of the neighborhood by rising waters.[145]

Technology implementation

The rail yard development will be technologically advanced, in that all sorts of data will be collected within the buildings using sensors and other data-collecting instruments.[105][146] Among the innovations will be:

New York University's Center for Urban Science and Progress is designing the infrastructure with the developers of Hudson Yards. Fiber loops connected to satellite dishes on rooftops, to transponders, and to two-way radios will create a network covering the 14 acres (6 ha) of open space as well as 17,000,000 square feet (1,600,000 m2) of commercial space.[146] The technology is designed to be adaptable — updates to infrastructure will be performed as new technological advances are made.[105]

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 Sheftell, Jason. "New York City officials, developers to break ground on $15 billion mini-city Hudson Yards" New York Daily News (December 4, 2012)
  2. ↑ Crowell, Paul (January 6, 1956). "'Palace' Plan Out; Bigger One Urged" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  3. ↑ Tully, Shawn (September 4, 2014). "NYC's Hudson Yards project will be an entire city — on stilts". Fortune. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  4. ↑ Gregor, Alison (November 4, 2007). "Zeckendorf: Revisiting the legacy of a master builder". The Real Deal. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  5. ↑ George Horne, "670-Million, 40-Year Waterfront Plan To Alter West Side Is Urged by Mayor; Convention Center, Docks and Housing Would Be Built," New York Times, April 26, 1963.
  6. ↑ Brennan, Morgan (March 7, 2012). "Stephen Ross: The Billionaire Who Is Rebuilding New York". Forbes. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  7. ↑ V. Bagli, Charles (March 22, 2005). "Jets and Rivals Increase Bids for Railyards". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
  8. ↑ "City Set to Create West Side Development Unit". The New York Times. February 9, 2004. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  9. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (June 22, 2004). "City Unveils Gigantic Plan To Transform Far West Side". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  10. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (August 28, 2008). "Dreaming of Stadiums and Souvenirs". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  11. ↑ Purnick, Joyce (January 2, 2005). "What Rises in the West? Uncertainty". The New York Times. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  12. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (January 11, 2005). "Mayor and Council Reach Deal on West Side Development". Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  13. ↑ Hope, Bradley (November 19, 2007). "Proposals for Hudson Yards Reach High, Green". The New York Sun. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
  14. ↑ Mitchell L. Moss (November 2011). "HOW NEW YORK CITY WON THE OLYMPICS" (PDF). Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management, Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service. New York University. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  15. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (June 12, 2005). "No Stadium, No Problem: West Side Is Getting Hot". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  16. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (April 19, 2005). "Transit and Labor Groups Sue M.T.A. Over Railyards". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  17. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (June 7, 2005). "Olympic Bid Hurt as New York Fails in West Side Stadium Quest". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  18. ↑ Bagli, Charles (June 12, 2005). "No Stadium, No Problem: West Side Is Getting Hot". Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  19. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (November 27, 2011). "From Ashes of Olympic Bid, a Future Rises for the Far West Side". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  20. ↑ "Hudson Yards Infrastructure Corporation". Nyc.gov. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  21. ↑ MTA Contract Presentation, October 10, 2006.
  22. ↑ "Top New York Projects" (PDF). New York Construction. June 2008. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
  23. ↑ "Mayor Bloomberg and Governor Spitzer Announce Start of Construction on #7 Subway Extension" (Press release). New York City Mayor's Office. December 3, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
  24. ↑ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (September 10, 2015). "Subway Station for 7 Line Opens on Far West Side". The New York Times. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
  25. ↑ Tangel, Andrew (September 13, 2015). "New Subway Station Opens on NYC's Far West Side". WSJ. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
  26. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (September 27, 2006). "Pact Reached to Redevelop Far West Side". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  27. ↑ Brenzel, Kathryn (October 10, 2016). "Biggest Real Estate Projects NYC | 66 Hudson Boulevard". Therealdeal.com. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  28. ↑ Lisberg, Adam (November 19, 2007). "Plans For The Old West, Five major developers lay out visions for Hudson Yards". Daily News. New York.
  29. 1 2 Kates, Brian (March 27, 2008). "$1B Bid That Won West. Developer Nets Hudson Yards' Building Rights". Daily News. New York.
  30. ↑ Editorial Desk (March 28, 2008). "Finally, a Vision for the West Side". New York Times. New York.
  31. ↑ Appelbaum, Alec (June 2, 2008). "How Related won Hudson Yards bid". The Real Deal. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
  32. ↑ Bagli, Charles (May 9, 2008). "Deal to Build At Railyards On West Side Collapses". New York Times. New York.
  33. ↑ Kates, Brian (May 23, 2008). "MTA Seals 1B Deal, Gets Yards On Track". Daily News. New York.
  34. 1 2 Mitchell L. Moss (November 2011). "HOW NEW YORK CITY WON THE OLYMPICS" (PDF). Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management, Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service. New York University. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  35. ↑ "MTA Finalizes Hudson Yards Deal". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 26, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  36. ↑ Samtani, Hiten (August 13, 2013). "Anatomy of a deal: Inside Related/Oxford's unusual financing of Hudson Yards". The Real Deal. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
  37. ↑ Brown, Eliot. "Future of Immigrant Visa Program Has High-End Builders At Odds". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  38. ↑ "Hudson Yards Set to Alter Skyline, Transform Neighborhood". Chelsea Now. February 6, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
  39. ↑ Chung, Jen (January 15, 2013). "Photos: Brookfield Properties Breaks Ground On $4.5 Billion Far West Side Project". Gothamist. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  40. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (April 10, 2013). "First Hudson Yards Tower Signs Three Major Tenants". The New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  41. ↑ Taylor-Foster, James (March 22, 2014). "Construction Begins on the Vast Platform for New York's Hudson Yards". arch daily. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  42. ↑ Clarke, Katherine (December 4, 2014). "Real estate giant the Related Companies breaks ground on first residential tower at Hudson Yards". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Hudson Yards, From the Pits to the Heights". chelseanow.com. August 20, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
  44. 1 2 "Construction starts on 55 Hudson Yards | Real Estate Weekly". rew-online.com. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  45. 1 2 Kirby, Jen (May 31, 2016). "Take a Peek Into 10 Hudson Yards, the New Neighborhood's First Shiny Skyscraper to Open for Business". Daily Intelligencer. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  46. 1 2 "55 Hudson Yards Tops Out 51 Floors and 780 Feet Above Street Level, Midtown West". New York YIMBY. August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
  47. 1 2 Plitt, Amy (February 27, 2018). "15 Hudson Yards tops out as megaproject preps for spring 2019 debut". Curbed NY. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  48. 1 2 3 Nelson, Andrew (June 19, 2018). "Related's 35 Hudson Yards Tops Out As Neighborhood's First Residential Supertall". New York YIMBY. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  49. 1 2 Nelson, Andrew (May 11, 2018). "Excavation Wraps For Foster + Partners' 50 Hudson Yards As Foundation Work Begins". YIMBY. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  50. 1 2 Bagli, Charles V. (April 13, 2018). "With Pickets and Lawsuits, Unions and Developers Go to War". The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  51. ↑ DiMaggio, Dan (December 15, 2017). "NYC Building Trades Make a Stand at Biggest Project since Rockefeller Center". Labor Notes. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  52. ↑ "Mayor Bloomberg, MTA Officials, and local leaders take first ride on 7 Subway Train Extension". MTA.info. December 20, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2014. Hudson Yards is defined as the area bounded by Seventh and Eighth Avenues (East), West 28th/30th Streets (South), West 43rd Street (North) and Hudson River Park (West).
  53. ↑ "The Master Plan - 17 Million Square Foot Mixed Use Development | Hudson Yards". Hudsonyardsnewyork.com. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  54. ↑ "New York's New $20 Billion Neighborhood Of Skyscrapers Is Designed With Millennials In Mind". Fast Company. July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
  55. ↑ Adamczyk, Alicia (December 16, 2014). "Hudson Yards Takes Shape: New York's Newest Neighborhood Is Moving Full-Speed Ahead". Forbes. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
  56. ↑ Taylor-Foster, James (March 22, 2014). "Construction Begins on the Vast Platform for New York's Hudson Yards". arch daily. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  57. ↑ Sarah Mulholland (June 4, 2015). "Related Hires Goldman's Galen for Hudson Yards Project". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
  58. 1 2 3 4 "Hudson Yards developers give update on project". AM New York. August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  59. ↑ "Time-Lapse Video of the Hudson Yards Real Estate Development After Two Years. Incredible". Huffington Post. August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  60. ↑ Nick Stockton (March 24, 2014). "A Plan to Build Skyscrapers That Barely Touch the Ground". Wired. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  61. ↑ "10 Hudson Yards fact sheet" (PDF). Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  62. ↑ "Manitowoc 18000 builds foundation for $20 billion Hudson Yards". Cranesy. April 8, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  63. ↑ "Hudson Yards Set to Alter Skyline, Transform Neighborhood". Chelsea Now. February 6, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
  64. 1 2 3 4 "Progress Report: Hudson Yards". Chelsea Now. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  65. ↑ Sichert, Bill (March 5, 2013). "Amtrak to construct 'tunnel box' for Hudson River rail project to cross Manhattan development". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  66. ↑ Samtani, HIten (February 26, 2013). "Related, Amtrak to construct rail tunnel between Manhattan and NJ". The Real Deal. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  67. ↑ Cuozzo, Steve (February 26, 2013). "Fed money keeps rail tunnel alive". The New York Post. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  68. ↑ "West Side Construction Project May Bring New Rail Tunnel Pathways To Hudson River". NY1. September 23, 2013. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  69. ↑ Environmental Assessment for Construction of a Concrete Casing in the Hudson Yards, New York, New York, Federal Railroad Administration, March 2013
  70. ↑ Loos, Ted (September 14, 2016). "A $150 Million Stairway to Nowhere on the Far West Side". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  71. ↑ Russell, James (July 30, 2015). "The Price of Thomas Heatherwick's Imagination". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  72. 1 2 Kirby, Jen (May 31, 2016). "Take a Peek Into 10 Hudson Yards, the New Neighborhood's First Shiny Skyscraper to Open for Business". Daily Intelligencer. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  73. ↑ Fedak, Nikolai (December 13, 2013). "Construction Update: 10 Hudson Yards". New York YIMBY. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  74. ↑ Plitt, Amy (May 31, 2016). "Hudson Yards's First Building, a Decade In the Making, Welcomes Tenants". Curbed. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  75. ↑ Rosenberg, Zoe (November 16, 2015). "Coach Is Selling a Major Stake In 10 Hudson Yards". Curbed. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  76. 1 2 "The Master Plan – 17 Million Square Foot Mixed Use Development | Hudson Yards". Hudsonyardsnewyork.com. January 22, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
  77. ↑ Clarke, Katherine (December 4, 2014). "Real estate giant the Related Companies breaks ground on first residential tower at Hudson Yards". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  78. ↑ Budin, Jeremiah (August 6, 2014). "Hudson Yards Tower Saved from Having an Interesting Shape". Curbed. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  79. ↑ Hylton, Ondel (March 23, 2016). "Curvaceous 'Morph Tower' Begins Its Rise at 15 Hudson Yards, Abutting the Culture Shed". 6sqft. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  80. ↑ Rackard, Nicky (February 28, 2013), "Diller Scofidio + Renfro Designs Telescopic 'Culture Shed' for New York", ArchDaily, retrieved August 10, 2016
  81. ↑ Maloney, Jennifer (February 28, 2013). "Seeking to Turn Corner on Arts 'Shed'". Wall Street Journal. New York, NY. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
  82. ↑ Chaban, Matt (February 5, 2013). "Hudson Yard's Culture Shed detailed". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
  83. ↑ Chaban, Matt (February 5, 2013). "Hudson Yard's Culture Shed detailed". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
  84. ↑ Nelson, Andrew (May 7, 2018). "30 Hudson Yards' Observation Deck And Parapet Nearly Complete". New York YIMBY. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  85. ↑ "Hudson Yards Set to Alter Skyline, Transform Neighborhood". Chelsea Now. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  86. ↑ Walker, Ameena (April 4, 2018). "Tracking the biggest buildings taking shape at Hudson Yards". Curbed NY. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  87. ↑ Brenzel, Kathryn (June 19, 2018). "At Hudson Yards, another doctor is in". The Real Deal. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  88. 1 2 "Mitsui Fudosan takes 90% stake in NYC's most expensive office tower". The Real Deal. September 1, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  89. ↑ Bockmann, Rich (July 31, 2017). "Law firm Cooley finalizes deal for 130K sf at 55 Hudson Yards". The Real Deal. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  90. ↑ Stulberg, Ariel (April 29, 2016). "Milbank to take 250K sf at Related's 55 Hudson Yards". The Real Deal. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  91. ↑ Geiger, Daniel (May 2, 2017). "Concrete construction on the rise citywide". Crain's New York. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  92. ↑ Dailey, Jessica (June 4, 2014). "55 Hudson Yards Designed As 'A Basic, Fundamental Sculpture'". Curbed. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  93. ↑ Voien, Guelda (January 1, 2014). "Hudson Yards retail gets underway, with construction and marketing set to begin at Far West Side site this month". The Real Deal. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  94. ↑ Jessica Dailey (June 10, 2015). "Hudson Yards Construction Rolls On As Retail Center Rises". Curbed NY. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
  95. ↑ "Hudson Yards retail gets underway with one of biggest steel orders in US history". Real Estate Weekly. June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
  96. ↑ Morris, Keiko (September 3, 2014). "Hudson Yards Signs Neiman Marcus". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
  97. ↑ Fickenscher, Lisa (September 14, 2017). "Neiman Marcus is shrinking the store it's building in Manhattan". The New York Post. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  98. ↑ "10 Hudson Yards Fact Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  99. ↑ "HudsonYards | News and press :: Neiman Marcus Flagship to Anchor Hudson Yards". Hudsonyardsnewyork.com. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
  100. ↑ Marguerite Preston (May 4, 2015). "Thomas Keller to Open an American Restaurant in Hudson Yards Megaproject". New York Eater. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
  101. 1 2 Dunlap, David W. (July 22, 2015). "A Garden Will Grow With Fans, Concrete, Coolant and 28,000 Plants". New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  102. ↑ Hughes, C.J. (June 8, 2018). "New Parks Sprout Around New York". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  103. ↑ Bockmann, Rich (September 14, 2016). "Stairway to Hudson: Related unveils $150M sculpture". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  104. ↑ Plitt, Amy (February 19, 2018). "Could Frank Gehry and Santiago Calatrava be designing Hudson Yards towers?". Curbed. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  105. 1 2 3 4 5 Volpe, Joseph (May 7, 2014). "New York's next big neighborhood is its smartest". Engadget. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
  106. ↑ Nelson, Tim (February 22, 2018). "Frank Gehry, Santiago Calatrava, Robert A.M. Stern, and Heatherwick Studio Reported to Work on Phase Two of Hudson Yards". Architectural Digest. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  107. ↑ Parker, Ian (February 26, 2018). "Thomas Heatherwick, Architecture's Showman". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  108. ↑ Schulz, Dana (January 10, 2018). "Robert A.M. Stern will design fourth Hudson River-front residential tower for Related". 6sqft. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  109. ↑ Warerkar, Tanay (January 10, 2018). "Related taps Thomas Heatherwick to design High Line-straddling condo". Curbed. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  110. ↑ Kazakina, Katya (September 14, 2016). "Related Unveils Design for Towering $150 Million 'Vessel' in Hudson Yards". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  111. ↑ Hughes, C. J. (March 17, 2017). "Hudson Yards, Meet Your New Neighbor, Manhattan West". The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  112. ↑ Clark, Patrick (June 1, 2018). "Wall Street Firms Are Moving to the West Side. Here Come the Luxury Hotels". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
  113. ↑ Nelson, Andrew (June 18, 2018). "Tishman Speyer's BIG Supertall Spiral Officially Breaks Ground, Hudson Yards". New York YIMBY. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  114. ↑ Warerkar, Tanay (November 3, 2017). "New looks at Moinian's Hudson Yards office tower, 3 Hudson Boulevard". Curbed. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  115. ↑ Warerkar, Tanay (May 23, 2017). "Related's pricey Hudson Yards rental will debut this summer from $5,095". Curbed. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  116. ↑ Schulz, Dana (January 10, 2018). "Robert A.M. Stern will design fourth Hudson River-front residential tower for Related". 6sqft. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  117. ↑ Bockmann, Rich (September 19, 2018). "Related pays $96M for its piece of Hudson Yards development with Spitzer". The Real Deal. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  118. ↑ Tully, Shawn (August 29, 2013). [The man behind the largest real estate project in U.S. History "The man behind the largest real estate project in U.S. History"] Check |url= value (help). Fortune. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  119. 1 2 Solomont, E.B. (August 24, 2016). "Inside the Hudson Yards financing playbook". The Real Deal. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  120. ↑ Burke, Mack (September 5, 2017). "Related Closes $4B Financing for 50 Hudson Yards". Commercial Observer. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  121. ↑ Grant, Peter (September 4, 2017). "Banks Close $1.5 Billion Loan for Flagship Tower at Hudson Yards". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  122. ↑ Marino, Vivian (June 16, 2011). "Stephen M. Ross". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  123. ↑ Cuozzo, Steve (November 29, 2016). "Companies bolting East Midtown for the Hudson Yards district". New York Post. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  124. ↑ Jacobs, Sarah (January 18, 2017). "A look inside The Boston Consulting Group's stunning New York office, which has an in-house cafe and workout rooms". Business Insider. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
  125. ↑ "Sidewalk Labs Moving Up, to 10 Hudson Yards". chelseanow.com. February 4, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
  126. ↑ Weiss, Lois (June 5, 2013). "TW is at Center of hot attention". New York Post.
  127. ↑ lexi (September 22, 2016). "Norway's biggest bank leaves MetLife for 30 Hudson Yards". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
  128. ↑ "Wells Fargo Buying Office Condo Space at 30 Hudson Yards". Commercial Observer. November 18, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
  129. ↑ "Law Firm Boies, Schiller & Flexner Signs Lease at Hudson Yards". Commercial Observer. June 9, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  130. ↑ Bockmann, Rich (July 31, 2017). "Law firm Cooley finalizes deal for 130K sf at 55 Hudson Yards". The Real Deal. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  131. ↑ Stulberg, Ariel (April 29, 2016). "Milbank to take 250K sf at Related's 55 Hudson Yards". The Real Deal. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  132. ↑ Cuozzo, Steve (August 23, 2016). "Swanky Hudson Yards tower secures another major tenant". New York Post. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  133. ↑ Mazzara, Benjamin (December 12, 2016). "Pharmaceutical Firm Takes 85k SF At 55 Hudson Yards". Bisnow. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  134. ↑ Patrice, Joe (July 31, 2017). "Another Biglaw Firm Moving To Hudson Yards". Above the Law. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  135. ↑ Sederstrom, Jotham (May 31, 2011). "East Side Law Firms Go West, as Far as Eighth Ave". The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  136. 1 2 Kelly, Jason (October 6, 2017). "Hudson Yards Wants to Be New York's New Money Hub". Bloomberg. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  137. 1 2 La Guerre, Liam (June 14, 2017). "Private Equity Firm Completes 56K-SF Deal at Hudson Yards". Commercial Observer. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  138. ↑ Shirayanagi, Kouichi (March 1, 2017). "Silver Lake In Talks To Follow KKR To 55 Hudson Yards". Bisnow. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  139. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (December 8, 2016). "BlackRock Reaches a Deal for a Move to Hudson Yards". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  140. ↑ Keil, Braden (December 6, 2005). "RELATED COS. LIFTS EQUINOX FOR $500M". New York Post. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  141. 1 2 Brenzel, Kathryn (June 22, 2018). "A "cocktail party of mastodons, pineapples and swizzlesticks": Hudson Yards architects talk about how projects interact". The Real Deal. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  142. ↑ Davidson, Justin (December 5, 2014). "Who Wants a Supertall Skyline? The Emerging Aesthetic of the 1,000-Foot Tower". New York Magazine. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  143. ↑ Dwyer, Jim (December 4, 2012). "Still Building at the Edges of the City, Even as Tides Rise". The New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  144. ↑ Rice, Andrew (September 7, 2016). "This is New York in the not-so-distant future". New York Magazine. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  145. ↑ Rothman, Joshua (April 27, 2017). "Kim Stanley Robinson's Latest Novel Imagines Life in an Underwater New York". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  146. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Clancy, Heather (June 11, 2014). "Hudson Yards: A connected neighborhood grows in Manhattan". GreenBiz. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  147. ↑ Clarke, Katherine (June 27, 2014). "TOO RICH FOR TRASH: Hudson Yards waste will exit by pneumatic tube". NY Daily News. Retrieved June 27, 2014.

Further reading

  • Arak, Joey. "Brookfield Properties Goes Splittsville" on Curbed.com (November 19, 2007)
  • Chaban, Matt. "Scaling the Towers of Hudson Yards" in New York Observer (July 12, 2011)
  • Davidson, Justin. "From 0 to 12 Million Square Feet" New York (October 7, 2012).
  • Dobkin, Jake. "Checking In At Hudson Yards, Manhattan's Enormous New Luxury Neighborhood" in Gothamist (July 16, 2015
  • Reimagining the Far West Side A 2004 proposal for the Hudson Yards area commissioned by magazine City Journal
  • Samtani, Hiten. "Anatomy of a deal: Inside Related/Oxford’s unusual financing of Hudson Yards" in The Real Deal (August 16, 2013))
  • "An Investment That's Paying Off: The Economic and Fiscal Impact of the Development of Hudson Yards" (PDF). hudsonyardsnewyork.com. Hudson Yards. May 2016.

Project websites

Descriptions:

Maps:

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.