EDSA (road)



Epifanio de los Santos Avenue
EDSA
Highway 54
The route of EDSA in Metro Manila. EDSA is highlighted in red.
EDSA from Boni MRT Station, looking south toward Guadalupe
Route information
Maintained by Metro Manila Development Authority and Department of Public Works and Highways
Length 23.8 km (14.8 mi)
includes extension in Bay City, Pasay
Existed 1940 (1940) – present
Component
highways
Restrictions
  • Heavy trucks
Major junctions
Beltway around Manila
North end Monumento in Grace Park, Caloocan,
 
South end SM Mall of Asia Rotunda in Bay City, Pasay
Location
Major cities Caloocan, Quezon City, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, Pasay
Highway system

Roads in the Philippines

Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (Filipino: Abenida Epifanio de los Santos), commonly referred to by its acronym EDSA, is a limited-access circumferential highway around Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It is the main thoroughfare in Metro Manila passing through 6 of the capital region's 17 local government units, namely, from north to south, Caloocan, Quezon City, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati and Pasay.[1] Named after academician Epifanio de los Santos, the road links the North Luzon Expressway at the Balintawak Interchange in the north to the South Luzon Expressway at the Magallanes Interchange in the south, as well as the major financial districts of Makati Central Business District, Ortigas Center and Araneta Center. It is the longest and the most congested highway in the metropolis, stretching some 23.8 kilometres (14.8 mi).

Structure

The entire road itself is a part of the Circumferential Road 4 (C-4) system, a network of roads and bridges that acts as the fourth beltway for the City of Manila. It is also a component of N1 (AH26) of the Philippine highway network. The locations around the avenue were marked with great economic and industrial growth, proven by the fact that all but 2 industrial centers in the Metropolis are directly accessible from the thoroughfare. The decent economic growth of the areas around the avenue adds a significant volume of traffic on the avenue, and in recent estimates,[2] and an average of 2.34 million vehicles go through it every day.[3] EDSA is a divided carriageway, often consisting of 12 lanes, 6 in either direction, with the elevated railroad Manila Metro Rail Transit System often serving as its median. EDSA is not an expressway, but traffic rules and speed limits are strictly implemented to the vehicles that pass along it. It is operated by the Metro Manila Development Authority and is maintained and constantly being repaired by the Department of Public Works and Highways.

Route description

The northern terminus of EDSA at the Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan.
The intersection of EDSA and Taft Avenue.

EDSA starts from the Bonifacio Monument (Monumento) Roundabout in Gracepark, Caloocan, adjacent to the Apolonio Samson Road, the western side of the C-4 Road. The roundabout is also the marker of the 1896 Revolution by Andres Bonifacio. The 1.7 kilometers of the road are in Caloocan. The Avenue will then enter Quezon City through the Balintawak District, after an intersection with the North Luzon Expressway in the Balintawak Interchange.

EDSA crosses much of the northern part of Quezon City, passing through the Project 6 and Muñoz districts. It sharply curves southwards after crossing the North Avenue-West Avenue Intersection in the Triangle Business Park. On the north side of EDSA is the SM City North EDSA. In front of it is the TriNoma mall and the Eton Centris or Centris Walk. ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center and its transmitter can be easily seen from EDSA and continues southwards, slightly turning westwards slowly until it leaves the Triangle Park after crossing the East Avenue-Timog Avenue Intersection, where the GMA Network Center is located. It continues through the district of Cubao, entering the Araneta Center after crossing the Aurora Boulevard Tunnel. In Cubao, several malls, infrastructure and offices are located, most notably the Smart Araneta Coliseum, the biggest coliseum in Southeast Asia. The Avenue curves southwards and enters the Santolan and Socorro districts, where the twin military bases of Camp Rafael Crame and Camp Aguinaldo, are located. The Greenhills Shopping Center and the Eastwood City are also located nearby. EDSA then continues on its route and serves as the boundary of the cities of San Juan and Quezon City. The People Power Monument can be seen on the north side of EDSA in the White Plains Avenue junction. After the 11 kilometers of EDSA in Quezon City, the Avenue will eventually leave the city and enter the City of Mandaluyong. EDSA enters Mandaluyong after crossing the borders of the Ortigas Center. In the Ortigas Center, some notable buildings around the area are the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration building, Robinsons Galleria, SM Megamall, Forum Robinsons (Robinsons Pioneer), and the bronze EDSA Shrine, a memorial church to the 1986 Revolution. It then curves smoothly westwards after it crosses the Pioneer Street, and crosses the Pasig River via the Guadalupe Bridge and leaving the City of Mandaluyong.

It enters the city of Makati after crossing the Pasig River, passing through the districts of Guadalupe, Comembo and Magallanes. In Guadalupe, EDSA provides access to the Rockwell Center, a major mixed-use business park in Makati. The highway also provides quick access to the city of Taguig and the Bonifacio Global City nearby. After crossing Buendia Avenue, the highway enters the Ayala Center, an important commercial district in the Philippines, where the Greenbelt and Glorietta shopping centers are located. The road then curves eastwards, continues on a straight route to the city of Pasay, and passing the South Luzon Expressway through Magallanes Interchange.

EDSA enters Pasay shortly after crossing SLEX in Makati. In Pasay, the highway provides access to the Ninoy Aquino International Airport via a flyover. EDSA will pass to Pasay Rotonda and continues on a straight route until it crosses to Roxas Boulevard. After crossing Roxas Boulevard, it enters to Bay City reclamation area, where the large SM Mall of Asia is located. EDSA's terminus is at a rotunda in front of the Globe of the SM Mall of Asia.

Traffic management

The lead agency that manages the flow of traffic along EDSA is the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), a government agency under the Office of the President of the Philippines and is advised by the Metro Manila Mayors League. One of the MMDA's traffic management schemes that is in effect on EDSA, among other major thoroughfares in the metropolis, is the Uniform Vehicular Volume Reduction Program.

Many have observed that the cause of many traffic jams on EDSA are erring buses and jeepneys. Subsequently, buses have been the target of other traffic management programs, like the MMDA's Organized Bus Route Program.[4] The MMDA is strictly implementing also the Motorcycle and Bus laning in EDSA, making it the second highway in the Philippines ever to have such traffic rule to be enforced, after Commonwealth Avenue.[3][5] The average speed of vehicles in EDSA is 15 kilometers per hour (9.3 mph).

From January 18, 2016, strict implementation on bus lanes started on the Shaw-Guadalupe segment, where plastic barriers are placed and prohibited entry of private vehicles and taxis on the bus lanes except when turning to EDSA's side streets.[6] Despite the plastic barrier, many private vehicles still enter the lanes.[6]

History

Epifanio de los Santos y Cristóbal, the Filipino historian and jurist after whom EDSA was named.

Construction of what was then called the North-South Circumferential Road began in the 1930s under President Manuel L. Quezon. The construction team was led by engineers Florencio Moreno and Osmundo Monsod.[1]

The road, starting from the North Diversion Road (today the North Luzon Expressway) and ending at the current Magallanes Interchange with the South Luzon Expressway, was finished in 1940 shortly before the outbreak of World War II and the subsequent Japanese Occupation. After the independence of the Philippines from the United States in 1946, the road was renamed Avenida 19 de Junio (June 19 Avenue), after the birth date of national hero José Rizal.[1]

In the 1950s, the avenue was renamed Highway 54, because of the common misconception on that time that the avenue is 54 km long.[1] Rizalists wanted the avenue's name to remain 19 de Junio, while President Ramon Magsaysay wanted the avenue named after Rizal. Residents of Rizal Province (to which most parts of Metro Manila belonged until the 1970s) wanted the avenue to be named after a Rizaleño: the historian, jurist and scholar named Epifanio de los Santos y Cristóbal. The Philippine Historical Committee (now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines), the Philippine Historical Association, the Philippine Library Association, Association of University and College Professors, the Philippine China Cultural Association, and the Philippine National Historical Society, led by fellow Rizaleños Eulogio Rodríguez, Sr. and Juan Sumulong, supported the renaming of Highway 54 to Epifanio de los Santos Avenue.

On April 7, 1959, De los Santos' birthday, Republic Act No. 2140 was passed, renaming the avenue to honor him.[7] Rapid urbanization in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly after the annexation of several Rizal towns to the newly established National Capital Region, marked the growth of the industrial centers along the road, and several other roads connected to the avenue, such as Ayala Avenue and McKinley Road in Makati.

During the rule of President Ferdinand Marcos, traffic jams along the avenue started to build up. Several interchanges were constructed to relieve congestion, including the Balintawak and Magallanes Interchanges at opposite ends of the avenue. Later, with the implementation of the Metro Manila Arterial Road System in 1965, in order to complete the Circumferential Road 4 system, EDSA was extended to Taft Avenue from the South Luzon Expressway (the extension was called F. Rein Avenue), and further to Roxas Boulevard (the extension was called P. Lovina Avenue). EDSA was also extended from its original Balintawak terminus to Apolonio Samson Road at the roundabout containing the Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan, completing the Circumferential Road 4 system. Until the mid-1980s, many parts of the highway still overlooked vast grassland and open fields.

The EDSA Revolution

By 1986, political opposition to the 20-year dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos mounted. In late February, high-ranking military officers including Defence Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and General Fidel Ramos, defected from the Marcos government and seized Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo, two military bases located across each other midway along EDSA. This triggered three days of peaceful demonstrations that became the People Power Revolution.

The majority of protesters were gathered at the gates of the two bases, along a stretch of EDSA between the commercial districts of Cubao in Quezon City and Ortigas Center in Mandaluyong. Over two million Filipino civilians, along with political, military, and religious groups led by Archbishop of Manila Cardinal Jaime Sin, succeeded in toppling President Marcos. Corazon Aquino, the widow of assassinated opposition senator Benigno Aquino Jr., was installed as President on the morning of February 25; by midnight, Marcos had escaped Malacañang Palace with his family, and was flying to exile in Hawaii.

Monuments

Seevral landmarks commemorate historical events that occurred along the avenue. At the intersection of EDSA and Ortigas Avenue is EDSA Shrine, a Catholic church capped by a bronze statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Peace. The shrine is dedicated to this Marian title in memory of the pious folk belief that in the 1986 Revolution, the Virgin Mary personally shielded the protesters – many of whom were peacefully praying and singing – as they faced government troops, tanks, and aircraft.

The People Power Monument (Tagalog: Monumento ng Lakás ng Bayan), consisting of a giant statue and esplanade, sits at the corner of EDSA and White Plains Avenue. Sculpted by Eduardo Castrillo and unveiled in 1993, the central sculpture depicts protesters standing upon a circular podium, all surrounding a woman (representing Ináng Bayan or the Motherland), reaching up to the heavens with her outstretched hands and broken shackles. A Philippine flag rises behind her, while a statue of Ninoy Aquino and an eternal flame stand on either side at its base. A huge, limestone-faced wall with grooves for ribbons in the national colours forms a backdrop to the scene. The surrounding pavement contains a row of flagstaffs, and is the center for protests and ceremonies held on the Revolution’s anniversary of February 25.

Recent history

EDSA-Roosevelt (Muñoz) in 2007, before the completion of the LRT-1 extension.

After the People Power Revolution, the highway was commonly referred to as EDSA, and it was connected to its southern extensions.

In 1997, construction began on the Manila Metro Rail Transit System, which runs the length of EDSA from North Avenue to Taft Avenue. It was opened under Joseph Estrada, the thirteenth President of the Philippines.[8][9]

The Second EDSA Revolution, which also took place along the avenue, resulted in the peaceful ouster of President Estrada following his impeachment trial. He was succeeded by his Vice-President, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. She was sworn in on the terrace of EDSA Shrine by then-Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. at noon on January 20, 2001, several hours before Estrada and his family fled Malacañang Palace.

In 2006, the avenue was further extended from Roxas Boulevard to the SM Mall of Asia, where it now ends at the Mall of Asia Globe and roundabout. That same year the avenue was badly damaged in September, when Typhoon Milenyo hit Manila.

In 2010, the Manila LRT Line 1 (LRT-1) of the Manila Light Rail Transit System was extended from Monumento to Roosevelt, ultimately transversing EDSA to end at the site of the current North Avenue MRT Station.

In August 2012, prior to the Congressional hearing of the controversial Reproductive Health Bill, the Catholic Church assembled a mass rally on EDSA to oppose the proposition.[10]

On February 25, 2015, thousands of people from various socio-civic, political and religious groups held a demonstration along EDSA, demanding that President Benigno Aquino III stand down. The protests were confined to an area near the Santolan intersection because of police prevented crowds from reaching the People Power Monument.[11][12]

On August 27–31 of the same year, Iglesia ni Cristo adherents staged demonstrations along EDSA near SM Megamall. They called on former Justice Secretary Leila De Lima to focus on issues such as the SAF 44 Incident instead of a case filed by a former INC minister against Church leaders. This, they claimed, was intervention that violated the constitutional provision separating church and state.[13]

On September 9, 2015, the Philippine National Police (PNP) deployed the Highway Patrol Group to support MMDA traffic constables easing traffic on congested segments of EDSA.[14]

Intersections

Intersections are numbered by kilometre post from kilometre 9, with Rizal Park in Manila designated as kilometre 0. The west section of Roxas Boulevard towards SM Mall of Asia is unnumbered, since it is not an original part of EDSA. 

ProvinceCity/Municipalitykm[15][16][17][18][19][20]miDestinationsNotes
Caloocan9.014–
9.209		5.601–
5.722		 N1 (MacArthur Highway) / N150 (Rizal Avenue Extension)Bonifacio Monument (Monumento). Road continues west as Samson Road.
5th Street (B. Serrano)Westbound access via U-turn slot.
8th Street (A. De Jesus)Unsignaled intersection. Access to 5th Avenue
Biglang Awa StreetWestbound access via U-turn slot. Access to 10th Avenue
Caloocan – Quezon City boundary10.942–
11.270		6.799–
7.003		 N160 (Bonifacio Avenue) / E1 / AH26 (North Luzon Expressway) – Manila, BaguioBalintawak Cloverleaf.
Quezon CityKaingin Road, Howmart RoadEastbound/westbound access only. Access from opposite direction via U-turn slot.
N129 (Congressional Avenue), Roosevelt AvenueAccess from opposite directions via U-turn slot. Former traffic light intersection.
Corregidor Street, Bansalangin StreetAccess from opposite directions via U-turn slot.
N171 (West Avenue) / N173 (North Avenue)No access to North Avenue from southbound. Access to SM City North EDSA and TriNoma
Trinoma Access RoadNorthbound access only. Access to TriNoma
Vertis North Access RoadNorthbound access only. Access to Vertis North Complex
North end of Quezon Avenue Flyover
15.432–
16.536		9.589–
10.275		 N170 (Quezon Avenue) – Manila, Quezon Memorial CircleTraffic light intersection.
Panay AvenueSouthbound access only.
Mother Ignacia AvenueSouthbound access only. Access to ABS-CBN Broadcasting Complex and St. Mary's College of Quezon City
South end of Quezon Avenue Flyover
Eugenio Lopez DriveSouthbound access only. Access to ABS-CBN Broadcasting Complex
GMA Network DriveSouthbound access only. Access to GMA Network Center
North end of Kamuning Flyover
N172 (Timog Avenue) / N174 (East Avenue)Traffic light intersection. Access to GMA Network Center and Land Transportation Office head office
Kamias Road, Kamuning RoadTraffic light intersection. No left turn from northbound
South end of Kamuning Flyover
Ermin Garcia StreetNorthbound/southbound access only. Access from opposite directions via U-turn slots (northbound via Kamuning U-turn slot and southbound via Aurora Avenue U-turn slot. Access to Ramon Magsaysay High School from southbound
New York StreetNorthbound/southbound access only. Access from opposite direction via U-turn slots (northbound via Kamuning U-turn slot and southbound via Aurora Avenue U-turn slot.
North end of Aurora Boulevard Underpass
N180 / N59 (Aurora Boulevard)Traffic light intersection. Access to Araneta Center
Arayat Street, General Roxas StreetNorthbound/southbound access only. Access from opposite directions via U-turn slots (northbound via Aurora Boulevard U-turn slot and southbound via P. Tuazon U-turn slot. Access to Araneta Center from northbound
South end of Aurora Boulevard Underpass
North end of P. Tuazon Underpass
Mayor Ignacio Santos Diaz Street, General MacArthur StreetNorthbound/southbound access only. Access from opposite directions via U-turn slots (northbound via Aurora Boulevard U-turn slot and southbound via P. Tuazon U-turn slot. Access to Araneta Center from northbound
P. Tuazon BoulevardTraffic light intersection. Access to Araneta Center
South end of P. Tuazon Underpass
North end of Santolan Flyover
N185 (Bonny Serrano Avenue), Santolan RoadTraffic light intersection. Access to Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo
South end of Santolan Flyover
San Juan – Quezon City boundaryAnnapolis StreetSouthbound access only.
San Juan – Mandaluyong – Quezon City boundaryConnecticut StreetSouthbound access only.
Mandaluyong – Quezon City boundary20.778–
21.659		12.911–
13.458		White Plains AvenueNorthbound access only.
North end of Ortigas Flyover
N60 (Ortigas Avenue) – PasigSouthbound ramp of EDSA–Ortigas Interchange. Access to Ortigas Center, Meralco Complex and The Medical City
N60 / N184 (Ortigas Avenue) – Pasig, San JuanTraffic light intersection under EDSA–Ortigas Interchange. Access to Robinsons Galleria and EDSA Shrine
N184 (Ortigas Avenue) – Greenhills, San JuanNorthbound ramp of EDSA–Ortigas Interchange. Access to La Salle Greenhills and Greenhills Shopping Center
South end of Ortigas Flyover
MandaluyongGuadix DriveNorthbound access only. Access to Asian Development Bank
Julia Vargas AvenueNorthbound access only. No right turn from Shaw Underpass. Access to SM Megamall
North end of Shaw Underpass
N141 (Shaw Boulevard)Traffic light intersection. Access to Shangri-la Plaza and Starmall EDSA-Shaw
South end of Shaw Underpass
Reliance StreetNorthbound access only. Access to TV5 Media Center and United Laboratories (Unilab) head office
Boni Avenue, Pioneer StreetNorthbound and southbound access only.
Pasig River25.000–
25.163		15.534–
15.636		Guadalupe Bridge
Makati25.163–
26.854		15.636–
16.686		J.P. Rizal Avenue – Makati City HallGuadalupe Cloverleaf
Bernardino Street, P. Burgos StreetNorthbound and southbound access only. No access from opposite directions.
Orense StreetNorthbound access only. Access to MMDA Metrobase
Estrella StreetExit from eastbound via flyover ramp. No northbound entrance. Access to Power Plant Mall. Connection with Estrella–Pantaleon Bridge
27.13216.859 N190 (Kalayaan Avenue) – Bonifacio Global CityWestbound access via U-turn slot. Access to EDSA westbound via flyover ramp.
Kalayaan FlyoverWestbound entrance only
Buendia FlyoverEastbound entrance only
N190 (Gil Puyat Avenue)No northbound access.
East end of Ayala Underpass
Ayala Avenue, McKinley RoadTraffic light intersection. Access from Ayala Avenue either through flyover ramp or traffic light traffic light intersection. Access to Makati Central Business District, Glorietta, Forbes Park, Bonifacio Global City
Arnaiz Avenue, Pasay Road ExtensionTraffic light intersection. Access to Dasmariñas Village
West end of Ayala Underpass
Chino Roces AvenueWestbound exit and eastbound entrance. Connects with U-turn to EDSA eastbound, also route for vehicles which exceeds the height of the Chino Roces Avenue underpass .
N145 / E2 / AH26 (South Luzon Expressway) – Manila, AlabangMagallanes Interchange. Access from eastbound via at-grade roads.
A. Evangelista StreetEastbound access via U-turn slot under Magallanes Interchange.
Malibay Creek–
31.839		–
19.784		Malibay Bridge
Pasay N171 (Aurora Boulevard) – NAIAWestbound ramp, and eastbound at-grade intersection. Access to EDSA westbound via U-turn slot under Magallanes Interchange.
N170 (Taft Avenue), Taft Avenue ExtensionPasay Rotunda. No access to EDSA eastbound from Taft Avenue and no left turns (eastbound access and left turns provided by U-turn slot before F.B. Harrison Avenue. Access to Metropoint Mall.
F.B. Harrison AvenueAccess to opposite direction provided by U-turn slots.
32.28520.061 N120 / AH26 / N61 (Roxas Boulevard)Traffic light intersection. Access to opposite direction formerly provided by U-turn slot. End of DPWH maintenance.
Diosdado Macapagal BoulevardTraffic light intersection.
Jose Diokno BoulevardGlobe Rotunda. Roundabout. Western terminus. Serves SM Mall of Asia and surrounding areas
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Future developments

Proposed interchanges

An overpass over the North Avenue-West Avenue Intersection and Mindanao Avenue Junction in the Triangle Park and a Flyover over Congressional Avenue and Roosevelt Avenue Intersection in Munoz are already approved, and may start construction in 2013.[21]

Proposed renaming

In 2011, Bohol Representative Rene Lopez Relampagos filed House Bill (HB) No. 5422, proposing to rename Epifanio de los Santos Avenue as "Corazon Aquino Avenue." The proposal is currently pending in the Philippine House of Representatives before the House Committee on Public Works and Highways. According to Relampagos, the idea to rename EDSA after Aquino (who led the 1986 People Power) was conceptualized in the aftermath of her death.

Construction of Edsa-Taft flyover

On April 2, 2013, then President Noynoy Aquino gave the green light for the construction of a flyover at the perennially traffic-choked corner of Edsa and Taft Avenue in Metro Manila.[22]

The project is estimated to cost P2.8 billion, with the flyover extending to about 1.4 kilometers each side and it will take one and a half years to complete the project.[22]

Barrier-separated bus lanes

After stricter implementation of bus lanes and barrier separation through plastic barriers, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) will start to replace the orange barriers with a concrete permanent barrier used to separate the bus lanes from private vehicle lanes.[23]

Proposed road pricing scheme

With support from Singapore, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority proposed the implementation of road pricing, based on the Electronic Road Pricing scheme on Singapore, on EDSA to alleviate traffic congestion, along with providing alternate routes and opening some gated community roads. Implementation is set for 2018, but Rene Santiago, a transport engineer and planner, criticized the proposal because it may only worsen congestion, along with the numerous intersections and side streets along EDSA.[24]

EDSA is featured in the film The Bourne Legacy. Portions of the road from Magallanes Interchange to Taft Avenue were featured in a car chase wherein Aaron Cross, played by Jeremy Renner, jumps from the Taft Avenue footbridge to a plying bus.[25][26] Also, every February 25, the day of the EDSA People Power Revolution, the statues in the People Power Monument in the White Plains junction were repainted and yellow flags were placed on their hands, in order to commemorate the successful revolution.[27]

EDSA is also continuously being used in political campaigns by several politicians, particularly those who had been involved in the EDSA Revolution such as Joseph Estrada and Benigno Aquino III.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Peter Uckung (February 22, 2012). "History in Asphalt (Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (Edsa) is the longest road in Metro Manila. Peter Uckung, senior researcher at the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP), explains how this thoroughfare came to be.)". Business world Online. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  2. ↑ Philippine Daily Inquirer (July 7, 2009). "Inquirer Headlines: EDSA". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
  3. 1 2 Jao-Grey, Margarte (December 27, 2007). "Too Many Buses, Too Many Agencies Clog Edsa". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  4. ↑ MMDA Resolution No. 03-28
  5. ↑ MMDA Resolution No. 04-01
  6. 1 2 Zarzuela, Maricar B. (January 12, 2016). "Private cars can't enter Edsa bus lanes starting Jan. 18". Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  7. ↑ Chan Robles Virtual Law Library - REPUBLIC ACT NO. 2140 - AN ACT CHANGING THE NAME OF HIGHWAY 54 IN THE PROVINCE OF RIZAL TO EPIFANIO DE LOS SANTOS AVENUE IN HONOR OF DON EPIFANIO DE LOS SANTOS, A FILIPINO SCHOLAR, JURIST AND HISTORIAN
  8. ↑ GMA Launches transit system, Philippine Star, July 15, 2003
  9. ↑ NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES REGISTERED: Comparative, JAN.- DEC. 2003, 2004, 2005, Land Transportation Office, January 23, 2006
  10. ↑ ABS-CBN (August 3, 2012). "Church eyes red revolution vs RH Bill". Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  11. ↑ "Thousands of people march along EDSA to call for the resignation of President Aquino on the 29th anniversary of the People Power Revolution". imgur. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  12. ↑ "FACE-OFF. Thousands of protesters face hundreds of cops blocking EDSA-Santolan". Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Why De Lima is target of Iglesia ni Cristo's anger". Rappler. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Can the police fix EDSA traffic?". Rappler. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Metro Manila 3rd". 2016 DPWH Atlas. Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
  16. ↑ "Quezon City 1st". 2016 DPWH Atlas. Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
  17. ↑ "Quezon City 2nd". 2016 DPWH Atlas. Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
  18. ↑ "Metro Manila 1st". 2016 DPWH Atlas. Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
  19. ↑ "Metro Manila 2nd". 2016 DPWH Atlas. Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
  20. ↑ "South Manila". 2016 DPWH Atlas. Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
  21. ↑ "DPWH Future PP Projects" (PDF). Department of Public Works and Highways (Philippines). Retrieved December 15, 2012.
  22. 1 2 http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/383789/aquino-approves-construction-of-edsa-taft-flyover
  23. ↑ Brizuela, Maricar B. (January 26, 2016). "Edsa lane rule: 130 fined: barriers to be 'permanent'". Motioncars at Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 5 February 2016. Meanwhile, MMDA Traffic Engineering chief Neomie Recio also announced that the plastic barriers currently used to separate lanes would soon be replaced with more permanent, concrete separators to be provided by the DPWH.
  24. ↑ "MMDA eyes congestion fee on EDSA to ease traffic". CNN Philippines. March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  25. ↑ "'Bourne Legacy' shoot at EDSA-Taft then Palawan". Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  26. ↑ GMA News Online (January 27, 2012). "'Bourne Legacy' to shoot on EDSA in Pasay, some roads closed". GMA News. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  27. ↑ "iReport EDSA 20th Anniversary Special Issue | Dr. William Castro". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, February 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
Coordinate list
    • Media related to EDSA at Wikimedia Commons
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.