List of subsea tunnels in Norway

Norway's geography is dominated by fjords and islands. As of 2011, the country has thirty-three undersea tunnels, most of which are fixed links. Tunnels are chosen to replace ferries to allow residents of islands and remote peninsulas access to regional centers, where water-crossings are too long for bridges. The Bømlafjord Tunnel is the country's longest, at 7,888 meters (25,879 ft), although it is scheduled to be surpassed by the 8,999-meter (29,524 ft) Karmøy Tunnel from 2013. The Eiksund Tunnel is the world's deepest, reaching 287 meters (942 ft) below mean sea level. In 1982, the Vardø Tunnel was the first underwater tunnel to open. Most of the tunnels are built as fixed links, allowing ferry services to be abandoned. In 2010, the first three tunnel in cities, the Bjørvika Tunnel, the Skansen Tunnel and the Knappe Tunnel, were opened, all of which were built as motorways to bypass the city center. Suspended tunnels have been proposed, which could be installed in places too deep for conventional tunnels, such as the Sognefjord.[1]

Current

The following lists all subsea tunnels in use as of 2011. It includes the name, length in meters and feet, depth below mean sea level in meters and feet, the year the tunnel was taken into use with ordinary traffic (which may differ from the year it was officially opened), the road the tunnel carries, the county or counties the tunnel is in, and the municipalities, including any the tunnel passes through. Roads starting with E indicates a European route, while FV indicates a county road without signposted road number; only numbers indicates roadside-numbered county roads which are former national roads.[2]

NameLength
(m)		Length
(ft)		Depth
(m)		Depth
(ft)		OpenedRoadProjectFixed link forCounty(s)Municipality(s)Ref(s)
Karmøy8,900 29,200139 456201347T-Link—RogalandKarmøy, Tysvær
Bømlafjord7,888 25,879263 8632000E39Triangle LinkBømlo, StordHordalandStord, Sveio[2]
Eiksund7,765 25,476287 9422008653Eiksund Fixed LinkHareidlandetMøre og RomsdalUlstein, Volda, Ørsta
Oslofjord7,280 23,880134 440200023——Akershus, BuskerudFrogn, Hurum[2]
North Cape6,875 22,556212 6961999E69—MagerøyaFinnmarkNordkapp[2]
Byfjord5,875 19,275223 7321992E39Rennesøy Fixed LinkMosterøy, SoknRogalandRandaberg, Rennesøy[2]
Atlantic Ocean5,779 18,960250 820200964—GjemnesMøre og RomsdalAverøy, Kristiansund
Finnøy[3]5,685 18,652200 6602009519Finnøy Fixed LinkFinnøy, TalgjeRogalandFinnøy, Rennesøy
Hitra5,645 18,520264 8661994714Hitra–Frøya Fixed LinkHitraSør-TrøndelagHitra, Snillfjord[2]
Knappe*5,400 17,70029 952010557Ring Road West—HordalandBergen
Frøya5,305 17,405164 5382000714Hitra–Frøya Fixed LinkFrøyaSør-TrøndelagFrøya, Hitra[2]
Freifjord5,086 16,686130 430199270Kristiansund Fixed LinkKristiansundMøre og RomsdalGjemnes, Kristiansund[2]
Mastrafjord4,424 14,514133 4361992E39Rennesøy Fixed LinkRennesøyRogalandRennesøy[2]
Valderøy4,222 13,852133 4361992658Vigra Fixed LinkValderøy, VigraMøre og RomsdalGiske, Ålesund[2]
Halsnøy4,120 13,520136 4462008544—HalsnøyHordalandKvinnherad
Godøy3,844 12,612153 5021989658Vigra Fixed LinkGodøyMøre og RomsdalGiske[2]
Hvaler3,751 12,306120 3901989108—HvalerØstfoldHvaler[2]
Ellingsøy3,520 11,550144 4721987658Vigra Fixed LinkEllingsøyMøre og RomsdalGiske[2]
Tromsøysund*3,500 11,500102 3351994E8—TromsøyaTromsTromsø[2]
Ibestad3,396 11,142112 3672000848—IbestadTromsIbestad[2]
Sløverfjord3,337 10,948112 3671997E10Lofoten Fixed LinkLofotenNordlandHadsel[2]
Vardø2,892 9,48888 2891983E75—VardøyaFinnmarkVardø[2]
Fannefjord2,743 8,999101 331199164Skåla Fixed LinkSkålahalvøyaMøre og RomsdalMolde[2]
Rya2,675 8,77687 2852011858—MalangshalvøyaTromsTromsø
Flekkerøy2,327 7,635101 3311989457—FlekkerøyVest-AgderKristiansand[2]
Melkøysund2,316 7,59862 2032003Private—MelkøyaFinnmarkHammerfest
Maursund2,122 6,96293 3051991866—KågenTromsNordreisa, Skjervøy[2]
Bjorøy2,012 6,60188 2891996FV 207—BjorøyHordalandBergen, Fjell
Skatestraum1,902 6,24091 2992002616Bremanger Fixed LinkBremangerlandetSogn og FjordaneBremanger[2]
Kvalsund1,650 5,41056 1841988863—RinvassøyaTromsTromsø[2]
Bjørvika*1,100 3,60020 662010E18Oslo Package 1—OsloOslo
Skansen715 2,34614 462010706Nordre avlastningsvei—Sør-TrøndelagTrondheim

Under construction

The following tunnels are under construction, but are not yet completed or taken into use.

NameLength
(m)		Length
(ft)		Depth
(m)		Depth
(ft)		OpeningRoadProjectFixed link forCounty(s)Municipality(s)Ref(s)
Solbakk*14,000 46,000290 950201813Ryfylke Fixed LinkRyfylkeRogalandStavanger, Strand[4]
Hundvåg*5,600 18,400201813Ryfylke Fixed LinkHundvåg, RyfylkeRogalandStavanger[5]
Bjarkøy3,250 10,660129 423867Bjarkøy Fixed LinkBjarkøyaTromsHarstad

Proposed

The following includes tunnels which have been proposed and which are either being planned by the Norwegian Public Road Administration, or are in National Transport Plan 2010–2019. Project which have been abandoned or have not been subject to public investigations are not included. Several of the most trafficked ferry sections are not currently proposed, as the fjords are too deep to have a tunnel with current technology. As of 2011, there are 160 ferry crossings in the country, the majority of which could potentially be replaced by fixed links. For the authorities, decision for new tunnels depends on the length, possibility to build a bridge, depth of the sound or fjord and population in the affected areas. While the first tunnels were mostly part of fixed links to connect island and sealocked communities to the mainland, focus has recently shifted more towards replacing ferries on main roads connecting regions, in particular European Route E39, which runs along the West Coast. The largest proposal is for E39 Rogfast, which would replace four ferry services, and would become the world's longest road tunnel and the world's deepest tunnel.

NameLength
(m)		Length
(ft)		Depth
(m)		Depth
(ft)		RoadProjectFixed link forCounty(s)Municipality(s)Ref(s)
Rogfast*25,000 82,000380 1,250E39Rogaland Fixed LinkKvitsøy, HaugalandRogalandBokn, Kvitsøy, Randaberg[6]
Langfjord10,000 33,00064—Romsdal, SekkenMøre og RomsdalMolde, Rauma[7]
Sotra*6,000 20,000555—Sotra, ØygardenHordalandBergen, Sund[8]
Tautra*13,000 43,000E39Møre Fixed LinkOtrøyaMøre og RomsdalMidsund, Vestnes[9]
Storfjord————60—Sykkylven, StrandaMøre og RomsdalÅlesund, Sykkylven[10]
Trondheimsfjord15—36 km—540—715—FosenSør-TrøndelagLeksvik, Trondheim[11][12]
Trondheimsfjord6—16 km—400—710/718Road/ElectricityFosenSør-TrøndelagAgdenes/Rissa[13]
Moss–Horten17,000 56,000300 98082——Vestfold, ØstfoldHorten, Moss[14]

References

  1. ↑ Kjærvik, Atle (1998). "Building the world's first underwater suspension tunnel". Gemini. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Norwegian Public Roads Administration (2004). "Beregning av gjenanskaffelsesverdien av riksvegnettet" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  3. ↑ Length is for the main tunnel from Hanasand to Ladstein. The branch to Talgje is 1,467 m (4,813 ft) long.
  4. ↑ Norwegian Public Roads Administration. "Rv. 13 Solbakktunnelen" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  5. ↑ Norwegian Public Roads Administration. "Rv. 13 Hundvågtunnelen" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  6. ↑ Norwegian Public Roads Administration. "E39 Rogfast sub-sea road-tunnel" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  7. ↑ Norwegian Public Roads Administration (17 June 2008). "Planprogram rv 64 Årfarnes – Sølsnes Langfjordtunnelen" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  8. ↑ Norwegian Public Roads Administration (12 June 2008). "Konseptvalutgreiing (KVU) for Sotrasambandet" (in Norwegian). p. 60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  9. ↑ Reite, Terje; Vestre, Trond (11 August 2009). "– Møreaksen står for tur". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  10. ↑ Sørås, Odd (27 September 2006). "Bru eller tunnel over Storfjorden". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  11. ↑ Bruland, Amund; Grøv, Einar; Nilsen, Bjørn (July 2010). "Trondheimsfjorden Kryssing med fjelltunnel eller rørbru/flytebru" (PDF) (in Norwegian). SINTEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  12. ↑ Kothe-Næss, Thomas (8 March 2007). "Fosen- tunnel i 2015?". Adresseavisen (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 8 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  13. ↑ "Vil bygge undersjøisk vei- og kabeltunnel". Adresseavisen (in Norwegian). 23 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  14. ↑ "Jubler ikke over tunnelforslag". Tønsbergs Blad (in Norwegian). 18 March 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.

See also

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