List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll

This is a list of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll. It covers the name of the event, the location, and the start and end of each event. Some events may belong in more than one category. In addition, some of the listed events overlap each other, and in some cases the death toll from a smaller event is included in the one for the larger event or time period of which it was part.

Wars and armed conflicts whose highest estimated casualties are 1,000,000 or more

These figures of one million or more deaths include the deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, etc., as well as deaths of soldiers in battle and massacres and genocide. Where only one estimate is available, it appears in both the low and high estimates.

Event Lowest estimateHighest estimate Geometric mean estimate[1]LocationFromUntilDura­tion (years)Notes, see also
World War II 15,843,000[2]118,357,000[3] 36,696,798Worldwide193919456 years and 1 day
Mongol conquests 30,000,000[4]40,000,000 34,641,016Eurasia12061368163Mongol Empire, Destruction under the Mongol Empire
European colonization of the Americas 8,400,000[5]138,000,000[6] 34,047,026 Americas 1492 1691 199 Death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which might never be accurately determined.[lower-alpha 1]
Spanish colonization of the Americas 15,000,000[9] 70,000,000[10] 32,403,703 Americas 1492 1542 50 Most of the population decline was caused by infectious disease. Violence was also a significant cause of the death toll. Part of European colonization of the Americas.
Manchu conquest of China 25,000,000[11]25,000,000 25,000,000China1618168365Qing dynasty
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 24,300,000 24,300,000 24,300,000 Mexico 1519 1532 13 Part of Spanish colonization of the Americas
Taiping Rebellion 5,000,000[12] 100,000,000[13][14][15] 22,360,680 China 1851 1864 14 Qing dynasty
Second Sino-Japanese War 20,000,000 25,000,000 22,360,680 China 1937 1945 8 Part of World War II: China
World War I 8,545,800[2]21,000,000 13,396,335 Worldwide 191419184 years, 3 months, 1 week
Conquests of Timur 8,000,000[16][17] 17,000,000[18][19] 12,649,111 Central, East and South Asia 1400s 1500s 35 Up to 5% of the world's population at the time.
Dungan Revolt 8,000,000 12,000,000 9,797,959 Qing dynasty 1862 1877 15 Qing dynasty
Chinese Civil War 8,000,000[20]11,692,000[21] 9,671,401China1927194922List of civil wars
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 8,400,000 8,400,000 8,400,000 Peru 1533 1620 87 Part of Spanish colonization of the Americas
Russian Civil War 5,000,0009,000,000[22] 6,708,204Russia191719215Russian Revolution, List of civil wars
Thirty Years' War 3,000,000[23]11,500,000[24] 5,673,870Holy Roman Empire, Europe1618164830Initially a religious war between Catholics and Protestants, it became a general European political war. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history.
Napoleonic Wars 3,500,000
7,000,000[25] 4,949,747Europe, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean1803181513Napoleonic Wars casualties
Mughal–Maratha Wars 5,600,000 5,600,000 5,600,000 India 1658 1707 49
Yellow Turban Rebellion 3,000,000[26]7,000,000[26] 4,582,576China18420522Part of Three Kingdoms War
Second Congo War 2,500,000[27]5,400,000[28] 3,674,235Democratic Republic of the Congo199820036First Congo War
French Wars of Religion 2,000,0004,000,000[29] 2,828,427France1562159837Largely a religious war between Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants)
Indian Rebellion of 1857 800,000 10,000,000 2,828,427 India 1857 1858 1
Hundred Years' War 2,300,000[30]3,300,000[31] 2,754,995Western Europe13371453116Edwardian War (1337–1360), Caroline War (1369–1389), Lancastrian War (1415–1453)
Vietnam War 800,000[32]3,800,000[33] 1,743,560Southeast Asia1955197521Cold War and First Indochina War
Crusades 1,000,000[34]3,000,000[35] 1,732,051Holy Land, Europe10951291196Christian military excursions in the Middle East.
Mfecane 1,500,000[36]2,000,000[37] 1,732,051Southern Africa1816182813Ndwandwe–Zulu War
Nigerian Civil War 1,000,0003,000,000 1,732,051Nigeria196619704Ethnic cleansings of the Igbo people followed by Civil War.
War in Afghanistan 1,240,000[38]2,000,000[38] 1,620,000Afghanistan1978present40Soviet–Afghan War, Taliban era. Death toll estimates through 1999 (2 million) and 2000 (1.5 million and 2 million).
Punic Wars 1,250,000[39]1,850,000 1,520,691Medi­terranean264BC146BC118Carthage, Roman Republic
Spanish conquest of Yucatán 1,460,000 1,460,000 1,460,000 Central America 1519 1595 76 Part of Spanish colonization of the Americas
Second Sudanese Civil War 1,000,000[40]2,000,000 1,414,214Sudan1983200523First Sudanese Civil War
Warring States period 1,200,000 1,500,000 1,341,641 China 475BC 221BC 255 Ancient China[41][42]
Korean War 1,200,000[43] 1,200,000[43] 1,200,000Korean Peninsula195019534Categorized as part of the Cold War.
Seven Years' War 868,000 1,400,000 1,102,361 Worldwide 1756 1763 7
Soviet–Afghan War 600,000[38] 2,000,000[38] 1,095,445Afghanistan198019889Sometimes categorized as a proxy war during the Cold War. Part of War in Afghanistan
Japanese invasions of Korea 1,000,000[44] 1,000,000 Korea 1592 1598 7
French Revolutionary Wars 1,000,000 1,000,000 Worldwide 1792 1802 10
Mexican Revolution 500,000[45] 2,000,000[45] 1,000,000Mexico, United States1911192010Includes Pancho Villa's raids and the Columbus Raid.
Italian conquest of the Horn of Africa 1,000,000 1,000,000 Horn of Africa 1924 1940 16
Panthay Rebellion 890,0001,000,000 943,398China1856187318
Ethiopian Civil War 500,000 1,500,000 866,025 Ethiopia 1974 1991 17
Jewish–Roman wars 350,000 2,000,000 836,660 Roman Empire 66AD 136AD 70 Roman Empire
American Civil War 650,000 1,000,000 800,000 South­eastern United States and southern Pennsylvania 1861 1865 4 United States
Algerian War 350,000 1,500,000 724,569 Algeria 1954 1962 7 years, 4 months, 2 weeks, and 4 days [46]
War of the Spanish Succession 400,000 1,251,000 707,389 Europe, North America, South America 1702 1714 12
Spanish Civil War 500,0001,000,000 707,107Spain193619394
Eighty Years' War 230,000 2,000,000 678,233 The Low Countries, South America, Caribbean Sea, East and Southeast Asia 1568 1648 80
Gallic Wars 400,0001,000,000 632,445France58BC50BC9Roman Empire
Paraguayan War 300,000[47] 1,200,000[48] 600,000Southern Cone186418707Military history of South America, Francisco Solano López and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
War on Terror 272,000[49] 1,260,000[49][50][51] 585,423Worldwide2001201312Includes Iraq War, War in Afghanistan (2001–present), and War in North-West Pakistan.
Iran–Iraq War 289,220 1,100,000 564,041 Iran–Iraq border 1980 1988 8 Iran claims: 123,220 KIA + 11,000 civilians

Iraq claims: 105,000 KIA + 50,000 in Kurdish Genocide

Others claim 600,000 Iranians killed and 500,000 Iraqis

Albigensian Crusade 200,000 1,000,000 447,214 Southern France 1208 1229 21
Iraq War 176,913 1,100,000 445,132 Iraq 2003 2011 8 See Casualties of the Iraq War. Part of the "War on Terror".
Bangladesh Liberation War 26,000 3,000,000 279,285 East Pakistan 1971 1971 1 See Bangladeshi Genocide casualties
Kalinga War 150,000 200,000 173,205 India 262 BC 261 BC 2 Maurya Empire vs. State of Kalinga

Genocide, ethnic cleansing, and mass ethnic/religious persecution

These are events that entail the intentional mass murder of individuals on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or race, or death caused by the forced eviction of individuals on the basis of race, religion or ethnicity.

Event Lowest estimateHighest estimate Geometric mean estimate[1]LocationFromUntilNotes
World War II casualties of the Soviet Union 13,684,700 40,000,000 23,396,324 German-occupied Europe and Russia 1939 1945 Germany's extermination of Slavic peoples and citizens of the Soviet Union. Figure given is both as intentional genocide and overall civilian war casualties.
Japanese war crimes 3,000,000 14,000,000 6,480,741[52] East Asia 1937 1945 The systematic mass murders directed towards Korean and Chinese civilians by Japan and its puppet states. Most people killed by forced labor (enslavement), Guns, Bajonets,[52] and biological weapons [53]

a small number of people also killed by human experiments inside unit 731 [54] Japan's reasons for this was an enslavement policy towards the subjugated peoples and a belief in the superior Japanese race and a strong belief in superior Japanese values and in State Shinto. Not genocide but nonetheless extreme religious persecution of Chinese and Korean civilians in aggressive wars. Not organized in the same effective way as the holocaust. But more people inside the army took part in the atrocities committed like two Japanese soldiers that had a competition about who could murder the most Chinese civilians and described as heroes inside Japanese pappers.[55] Also, the intention was not to kill the Chinese people but rather enslave it. While Imperial Japan killed more people in an aggressive war 17,000,000– 22,000,000. Most dead were by bombings and indirect consequences by Japanese warfare.[56] However this note only count massacres against civilians by the Japanese military and crimes against humanity.

Holocaust4,200,000[57] 6,300,000[58][59] 5,143,928 German-occupied Europe 1941 1945 The main systematic and bureaucratic genocide against European Jews by Germany and its puppet states.
Holodomor 2,711,000 7,811,000 4,601,698 Ukraine 1932 1933 The term "Ukrainian Genocide" usually refers to the man-made famine of 1932 through 1933, called the Holodomor, in which the grain of Ukrainians was confiscated to the point where they could not survive off the amount of grain they had, and were also restricted from fleeing their villages to find food under threat of execution or deportation into a Gulag camp. The term also includes the killing of Ukrainian intelligentsia during the Great Purge, especially the Orthodox Church. The main advocate for this view was Raphael Lemkin, creator of the word genocide. The first death toll is famine and second death toll is combined body count of famine and executions of Ukrainians, using data from after the opening of the Soviet archives. (2.4 to 7.5 million in famine, 300,00 during the purge and 1,100 from the Law of Spikelets.)

Part of the Soviet famine of 1932–33[60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]

Some scholars dispute that the famine was deliberately engineered by the Soviet government or that it was a genocide.[68][69][70]

Soviet famine of 1932–33 2,400,000 10,000,000 4,242,641 Soviet Union 1932 1933 [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation 2,770,000 2,770,000 2,770,000 German-occupied Poland 1941 1945 Genocide of Christian Poles during the invasion of Poland by Germany.
Khmer Rouge Killing Fields 1,386,734[71] 3,400,000[72] 2,171,381 Democratic Kampuchea 1975 1979 Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.
Rwandan genocide and other massacres between Hutus and Tutsis 905,000 1,595,000 1,234,190 Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire 1959 1997 Combined death toll of all genocides and other massacres between the Hutus and the Tutsis.

Includes the Burundian genocides.

Regarded as the most efficient genocide of the 20th century, the Rwandan genocide was the disorganized communal mass murder of Tutsis, by their rival tribe the Hutu through the Rwandan government and Hutu Power militias such as the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi.

Violence peaked in the hundred days between April 7, 1994 and July 15, 1994, during which time between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people were killed.

Population transfer in the Soviet Union 1,000,000 1,500,000 1,224,745 Soviet Union 1920 1951 May include casualties of decossackization.
Flight and expulsion of Germans after World War II 500,000 3,000,000 1,224,745 Eastern Europe 1945 1950 Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II.
Kazakh famine of 1932–1933 1,500,000 2,300,000 1,857,418 Kazakhstan 1932 1933 Part of the Soviet famine of 1932–33.
Armenian Genocide 800,000 1,500,000 1,095,445 Ottoman Empire 1914 1918 The first genocide of the 20th century to kill over 1,000,000 people, this event was conducted by the Young Turks government of the Ottoman Empire under the administration of Talaat Pasha, Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha.
Hakka genocide by Qing Empire 1,000,000 1,000,000 China Unclear but a single month between 1850 and 1867 Unclear but a single month between 1850 and 1867 After the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom the Qing government cracked down on the Hakka ethnic group for allying with the kingdom slaughtering 30,000 per day. The death toll of the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars is estimated to be 1,000,000 and there was also a mass execution during the Taiping Rebellion that killed 1,000,000. It is unclear whether these events refer to the Qing crackdown. If this death toll is applied to the estimated death rate, the massacre likely took place over the course of a month.[73][74][75]
Genocide of Amerindians 518,993
Thousands to millions more in forced labor and unnumbered wars and massacres in Latin America. Covers both North and South America.

39,193
Siege of Fort Pitt victims.
(U.S. only)

3,201
Canadian residential school victims[76][77][78][79][80]

1,299,393
Thousands to millions more in forced labor and unnumbered wars and massacres in Latin America. Covers both North and South America.

74,193
Siege of Fort Pitt victims.
(U.S. only)

32,010
Canadian residential school victims[76][80][81][82][83][84][85]

821,204
Thousands to millions more in forced labor and unnumbered wars and massacres in Latin America. Covers both North and South America.

53,924
Siege of Fort Pitt victims.
(U.S. only)

17,605.5
Canadian residential schools[76]

 North and South America 1492 1996[80][83][84][76] While the overall death toll of man made deaths of Amerindians is unknown, there have been a few events in which many Amerindians perished. The combined death toll is the one used in this table.
Massacres of Algerians during the French conquest of Algeria 500,000 1,000,000 707,107 Algeria 1827 1875 Within the first three decades, the French military massacred between half a million to one million from approximately three million Algerian people.[95]
Partition of India 200,000 2,000,000 632,456 India 1947 1957 In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide between Hindus and Muslims.[96][97][98]
Dzungar genocide 480,000 600,000 536,656 Dzungar Khanate 1755 1758 The mass extermination of Dzungar Mongols by the Qing dynasty under the order of the Qianlong Emperor.
Greek genocide 289,000 750,000 465,564 Ottoman Empire 1913 1922 Violent ethnic cleansing of Greeks from their historical homeland of Anatolia.
Circassian genocide 400,000 500,000 447,214 Circassia 1864 1867 Deaths from mass expulsion of Circassians after Russian conquest.
Albigensian Crusade 200,000[99] 1,000,000[99] 447,214 Languedoc, France 1209 1229 Raphael Lemkin, well known as the coiner of the term "genocide", referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".[100]
1971 Bangladesh genocide
3,000,000[112] 446,774
(Geometric mean of all numbers listed to the left)		 East Pakistan March 21, 1971 December 16, 1971 See also:
Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946) 260,000 750,000 441,588 Soviet Union and Poland 1937 1946 [113] Includes deaths from the Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38).
Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil 235,000 800,000 433,590 Brazil 1900 1985 [87]
Occupation of Tibet 144,000[114] 1,200,000[115] 415,692 Tibet 1950 ongoing In 1960, the western-based nongovernmental International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) gave a report titled Tibet and the Chinese People's Republic to the United Nations. The report was prepared by the ICJ's Legal Inquiry Committee, composed of eleven international lawyers from around the world. This report accused the Chinese of the crime of genocide in Tibet, after nine years of full occupation, six years before the devastation of the cultural revolution began. The ICJ also documented accounts of massacres, tortures and killings, bombardment of monasteries, and extermination of whole nomad camps. Declassified Soviet archives provides data that Chinese communists, who received a great assistance in military equipment from the Soviets, broadly used Soviet aircraft for bombing monasteries and other punitive operations in Tibet.[116]
Massacre and displacement of Hazaras ? ? 400,000
rough estimate[117]		 Afghanistan 1888 1893 Over 60% of the Hazara population were either massacred or displaced in Abdur Rahman Khan's crackdown of the Hazaras.
The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia 379,000 397,000 387,896 Independent State of Croatia 1941 1945 Genocide of Serbs, Jews, and Romani by the Ustaše including between 322,000 and 340,000 Serbs, 25,000 Roma and 32,000 Jews; a relatively small but unspecified number of political dissidents (mostly ethnic Croats) were also murdered.[118]
Decossackization 300,000 500,000 346,410 Former Russian Empire 1917 1933 Violent class purge, ethnic cleansing, and mass murder of Cossacks, especially Kuban and Don Cossacks, by the Bolsheviks.
Porajmos 220,000 500,000 331,662 Nazi occupied Europe 1941 1945 The genocide of Romani by Nazi Germany and its puppet states.
Chinese genocide under Khmer Rouge 215,000[119] 225,000 219,943 Democratic Kampuchea 1975 1979 More than half of the Chinese population of Cambodia were slaughtered by the Khmer Rouge.[120]
Assyrian genocide 150,000 300,000 212,132 Ottoman Empire 1914 1920 One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks.
Cham genocide under Khmer Rouge 90,000[119] 500,000[121] 212,132 Democratic Kampuchea 1975 1979 The genocide slaughtered over 70% of the Cham Muslim population in Cambodia according to themselves. According to Ben Kiernan, Cham were subjected to the most brutal treatment of those persecuted by the Khmer Rouge and subjected to the slaughter of 36% of their population according to Samuel Totten.
Hutu refugee massacres during the First Congo War 200,000 220,000[122] 209,762 Zaire 1996 1997 During the First Congo War, Rwanda was able to destroy refugee camps, which the génocidaires had been using as their safe-bases, and forcibly repatriate Tutsi to Rwanda. During this process, Rwandan and aligned forces committed multiple atrocities, mainly against Hutu refugees. The true extent of the abuses is unknown because the AFDL and RPF carefully managed NGO and press access to areas where atrocities were thought to have occurred;[123] however, Amnesty International claimed as many as 200,000 Rwandese Hutu refugees were massacred by them and the Rwandan Defence Forces and aligned forces.[124] The United Nations similarly documented mass killings of civilians by Rwandan, Ugandan and the ADFL soldiers in the DRC Mapping Exercise Report.
Wu Hu and Jie genocide 200,000 200,000 200,000 Northern China 350 351 Ancient Chinese texts record that General Ran Min ordered the extermination of the Wu Hu, especially the Jie people, during the Wei–Jie war in the fourth century AD. People with racial characteristics such as high-bridged noses and bushy beards were killed; in total, 200,000 were reportedly massacred.[125]
Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 200,000 200,000 200,000 Ireland 1649 1653 The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland.[126] The extent to which Cromwell, who was in direct command for the first year of the campaign, was responsible for the atrocities is debated to this day. Some historians[127] argue that the actions of Cromwell were within the then-accepted rules of war, or were exaggerated or distorted by later propagandists. These arguments, in turn, have been challenged by others.[128]
Caste War of Yucatán 200,000 200,000 200,000 Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico 1847 1901 The Caste War of Yucatán (approx. 1847–1901) against the population of European descent, called Yucatecos, who held political and economic control of the region. Adam Jones wrote, "Genocidal atrocities on both sides cost up to 200,000 killed."[94]
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 200,000 200,000 200,000 Mount Lebanon 1915 1918 One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks.
Destruction of the Carthaginians 150,000[129] 250,000[130] 193,649 Tunisia 149 BC 146 BC This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on Tunisia, mainly on the Siege of Carthage, which resulted in the complete destruction of the city, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population. The Third Punic War ended Carthage's independent existence.
Darfurian genocide
  • 63,000[131]
  • 10,000 (Sudan)[132]
  • 450,000[133]
  • 300,000 (U.N.)[134]
  • 168,375 (non-government estimates)
  • 54,772 (government estimates)
 Darfur, Sudan 2003 Ongoing The War in Darfur is a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population.[135][136] The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court.[137]
Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38) 110,000 250,000 165,831 Soviet Union 1937 1938 The operation from 1937 to 1938 to eliminate the Polish minority in the Soviet Union.
Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush 123,000[138] 200,000[139] 156,843 Soviet Union February 1944 March 1944 Expulsion of the whole of the Vainakh (Chechen and Ingush) populations of the North Caucasus to Central Asia.
Hamidian Massacres 80,000 300,000 154,919 Ottoman Empire 1894 1896 Mass murder of Armenian (and other Christian) civilians under Sultan Abdul Hamid II that foreshadowed the Armenian Genocide.
East Timorese genocide 60,000[140] 308,000[141] 135,941 East Timor 1974 1999 The civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness,[142] resulted in an enormous proportional loss of life upon the island some estimating as high as 13% up to almost a third to almost 44% of the population.[141][143][144]
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 60,000[145][146][147] 300,000[148] 134,164 Volhyn and Eastern Galicia 1943 1944 Genocide[149][150] of Polish civilian population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).[151][152][153][154][155]
Burundian genocide of Hutus in 1972 80,000 210,000 129,615 Burundi 1972 1972 Communal mass murder of Hutus by their rival tribe the Tutsi in Burundi.
Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire 52,000 254,500 115,039 Russian Empire 1903–1906 1917–1922 The massacres of Jews in the Russian Empire reached their peak in the early 20th century, through the killing of thousands from 1903 to 1906[156] and tens to hundreds of thousands from 1917 to 1922.[157]
Ethnic conflict against and with Kurds in Turkey 33,835 357,000 109,905 Turkey 1921 ongoing
Deportation of the Crimean Tatars 100,000 100,000 100,000 Soviet Union 1944 1945 Often considered an ethnic cleansing, and Ukraine considers the event genocide.
Rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari 100,000 100,000 100,000 Present day Peru 1780 1782 The indigenous rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari against the Spanish between 1780 and 1782, cost over 100,000 colonists' lives in Peru and Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia).[170]
Spanish repressions of Dutch Protestants 100,000 100,000 100,000 The Low Countries 1566 1609 100,000 massacred under Charles V and Philip II.[171] Part of the Eighty Years' War.
Al-Anfal campaign 50,000[172] 182,000[173] 95,394 Baathist Iraq 1986 1989 The Kurdish genocide led by Ali Hassan al-Majid under the order of Saddam Hussein
Atrocities against Harkis after the Algerian War 50,000[174] 150,000[174] 86,603 Algeria 1962 1962 The Harkis were seen as traitors by many Algerians, and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence. French historians estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 Harkis and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture.
Aktion T4 70,273 93,521 81,068 Nazi Germany 1939 1941 A euthanasia program in Nazi Germany used to purge those deemed genetically deficient.
Ethnic cleansing of Cyrenaicans 80,000 80,000 80,000 Libya 1923 1932 [175]
Guatemalan genocide 35,000 166,000 76,223 Guatemala 1960 1996 According to the Historical Clarification Commission, 140,000 to 200,000 were killed or disappeared, and at least 42,275 were killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War, of which 93% were from officially sanctioned government terror and 83% of the victims were Maya.
Rwandan Revolution 50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis 50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis 50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis Burundi and Rwanda 1959 1962 [176]
1948 massacre in Hyderabad 27,000 200,000 73,485 Hyderabad State, India 1948 1948 [177][178]
Effacer le tableau 60,000 70,000 64,807 Democratic Republic of Congo 1998 2003 Pygmy peoples were murdered en masse as they were regarded as subhumans.
Ethnic cleansing and genocide from all sides of the Yugoslav Wars 52,856 64,917 58,577 Yugoslavia 1991 2001 All civilians killed in the Yugoslav Wars including events such as the Srebrenica Massacre, Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, Žepa Massacre, and other atrocities. 69.8% to 82% of civilian victims of the Bosnian War were Bosniak.
American Indian Wars of the United States 49,000 64,000 56,000 Now the United States 1511 1890 From the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894): "The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ..."
Massacres of Polish civilians during the Warsaw Uprising 50,000 60,000[185][186] 54,772 Occupied Poland 5 August 194412 August 1944Polish fatalities in districts of Wola and Ochota committed during Warsaw Uprising
Burundian genocide of Tutsis in 1993 50,000 50,000 50,000 Burundi 1993 1993 Communal mass murder of Tutsis by their rival tribe the Hutu in Burundi.
Herero genocide 24,000 100,000 48,990 German South-West Africa 1904 1907 Part of the Herero and Namaqua genocide during the Herero Wars.
Witch trials in the early modern period 20,000 100,000 44,721 Europe 1400 1800 [187]
Great Fire of Smyrna 10,000[188][189] 100,000[190][191] 31,623 Smyrna, Ottoman Empire September 9, 1922 September 24, 1922 Fires set during attacks on Greeks and Armenians by Turkish mobs and military forces in Smyrna at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). The violence and fires resulted in the destruction of the Greek and Armenian portions of the city and the massacre of their populations. After the attacks, 30,000 Greek and Armenian men left behind were deported by Turkish forces, many of whom were subsequently killed.
Urkun 3,000 270,000 28,460 Russian Empire, Krygyzstan 1916 1916 In 1916, there was an uprising and crackdown of Krygyzstanis against and by Tsarist Russia in what is now known as the Urkun. A public commission in Kyrgyzstan called the crackdown of 1916 that killed 100,000 to 270,000 Kyrgyzstanis a genocide, though Russia rejected this characterization.[192] Russian sources put the death toll at 3,000.[193]
Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam 10,000 65,000 25,495 Canara 1784 1799 A 15-year imprisonment of Mangalorean Catholics and other Christians at Seringapatam in the Indian region of Canara by Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore.
1988 Burundian Hutu massacre 25,000 25,000 25,000 Burundi 1988 1988 [176]
Parsley massacre 17,000[194][195] 35,000[194][195] 24,393 Dominican Republic October 2, 1937 October 8, 1937 Genocidal massacre of people who say perejil (Spanish: "parsley") in a French accent in order to determine if they are Afro-Haitian or Afro-Dominican.
Australian frontier wars 22,000 22,500; see List of massacres of Indigenous Australians 22,249 Australia 1788 1934 Wars between Indigenous Australians and settlers in which about 20,000 aboriginal were massacred, along with two to 2,500 settlers dying in combat.
Ethnic cleansing of Georgians 17,000 28,000 21,817 Abkhazia and Georgia 1992 1993 The ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia,[196][197][198][199][200][201][202][203][204][205][206][207] also known as the "massacres of Georgians in Abkhazia",[208][209] and "genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia"[210] — refers to ethnic cleansing,[211] massacres[212] and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians.
Dersim Massacre 7,594 40,000 17,429 Dersim, Turkey 1937 1937 The Dersim massacre was a massacre of Kurdish people (Alevi Kurmanj and Zaza) by the Turkish government in the Dersim region of eastern Turkey, which includes parts of Tunceli Province, Elazığ Province, and Bingöl Province.[213][214][215][216][217][218][219] The massacre occurred after a rebellion led by Seyid Riza against the Turkification policies of the Turkish government.[220] As a result of the Turkish military campaign against the rebellion, thousands of Alevi Zazas[221] died and many others were internally displaced due to the conflict.
1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 10,000 30,000 17,321 Nigeria May 29, 1966 October 1966 [222]
Indian massacres 16,349 16,349+ 16,349 Now the United States 1511 1890 It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of Indian massacres. However, one book, The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee, presents an estimate by counting every recorded atrocity in the area that would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact (1511) to the closing of the frontier (1890). The parameters were limited to the intentional and indiscriminate murder, torture, or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. The results revealed that 7,193 people died from atrocities perpetrated by those of European descent, and 9,156 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans.[223]
Massacres of Biharis by Bengali mobs 1,000 150,000[224][225] 12,247 Bangladesh 1971 1971 Most extreme episode of the persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh
Gukurahundi 3,750[226] 30,000[227] 10,607 Zimbabwe 1983 1987 Ethnic cleansing and executions of members of the Ndebele by the Robert Mugabe's Fifth Brigade.
Vietnamese genocide by Khmer Rouge 10,000[119] 10,000 10,000 Democratic Kampuchea 1975 1979 100% of the Vietnamese in Cambodia were slaughtered during the genocide, according to Samuel Totten.
Namaqua genocide 10,000 10,000 10,000 German South-West Africa 1904 1907 Part of the Herero and Namaqua genocide during the Herero Wars.
Thai Genocide by Khmer Rouge[119] 8,000 8,000 8,000 Democratic Kampuchea 1975 1979 40% of Thai in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian Genocide according to Samuel Totten.
1946 Bihar riots 2,000 30,000 7,746 Bihar, British India October 30, 1946 November 7, 1946 [228][229]
Noakhali riots 5,000 10,000 7,071 Noakhali Region, Bengal, British India October 1946 November 1946 A series of massacres and forced conversions of Hindus, and looting and arson of Hindu properties, perpetrated by the Muslim community in the districts of Noakhali in the Chittagong Division of Bengal in October–November 1946, a year before India's independence from British rule.
Algerian massacres by the French 1,020 45,000 6,775 Algeria 1945 1945 [230]
Canadian residential schools[76][89] 3,201[77][78][79][80] 32,010[80][81][82][83][84][85][88] 17,605.5 Canada 1876 1996
Tasmanian extinction/Black War 3,000

878		 15,000

878		 6,708

878		 Australia 1803

Mid 1820s		 1905

1832		 After the death of Fanny Cochrane Smith there were no non-mixed raced Tasmanians left in the world.
Zanzibar Revolution 2,000 20,000 6,325 Zanzibar 1964 1964 Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution
1964 East Pakistan riots 5,590 5,690+ 5,640 East Pakistan January 1964 January 1964
Simele massacre 5,000[235] 6,000[236][237] 5,477 Simele, Kingdom of Iraq August 7, 1933 August 11, 1933 The Simele massacre inspired Raphael Lemkin to create the concept of genocide.[238]
1950 Barisal Riots 4,803 + 3? 4,833 + 3? 4,818 + 3? East Bengal February 1950 March 1950
  • 70–100 Nachole
  • 215 Dhaka
  • 2,500 Barisal
  • 17 Rajshahi
  • 2,000 Mymensingh
  • 1 Jessore
1984 Sikh Massacre 2,800 8,000 4,733 India October 31, 1984 November 3, 1984 A series of pogroms against Sikhs primarily done by members of the Indian National Congress party due to the assassination of the prime minister.
Nellie massacre 2,191 10,000 4,681 Assam, India Six hours on February 18, 1983 Six hours on February 18, 1983 [239]
Laotian genocide by Khmer Rouge[119] 4,000 4,000 4,000 Democratic Kampuchea 1975 1979 40% of Laotians in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian genocide according to Samuel Totten.
Direct Action Day 4,000 4,000 4,000 India August 16, 1946 August 18, 1946 Also known as the Great Calcutta Killings, a day of widespread riot and manslaughter between Hindus and Muslims in the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) in the Bengal province of British India.
1804 Haiti massacre 3,000 5,000 3,873 Haiti Early February 1804 April 22, 1804 Genocide of French people in Haiti.[240]
Trail of Tears 2,000 6,000 3,464 United States 1830 1850 The forced relocation of various Native American tribes under the order of Andrew Jackson.
Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL 2,000[241][242] 5,000+ 3,162 Sinjar, Iraq and Syria 2014 ongoing Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Yazidis by ISIL
Selknam genocide 2,500[90] 3,900[91] 3,122 Tierra del Fuego, Chile Late 1800s Early 1900s Genocide of Selknam Native Chilean tribe.
2002 Gujarat riots 1,044 2,977[243] 1,763 Gujarat, India February 2002 March 2002 Minimum death toll includes 790 Muslim death toll. Both death tolls include 254 Hindu deaths. Maximum death toll includes 223 presumed mixing as dead, and a higher 2,500 Muslim death toll.
Genocide of Shias by ISIL 1,566[244] 1,566+ 1,566 Iraq, Syria 2014 ongoing Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Shiass by ISIL
Conquest of the Desert 1,300 1,300 1,300 Argentina Mid 1870s 1884 Military campaign, directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca, which established Argentine dominance over Patagonia, then inhabited by indigenous peoples.[86]
Genocide of Christians by ISIL 1,000[245] 1,000+ 1,000 Iraq, Syria, and Libya 2014 Ongoing Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Christians by ISIL
Biological warfare at the siege of Fort Pitt ? ? ? Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1763 1763 The death toll resulting from the event is unknown but here are some statistics that may allow for some extrapolations: The Fort Pit outbreak hit the Lenni Lenape and Shawnee.[246] The population of these two groups in 2008 were 16,000 and 14,000 respectively.[247][248] The US's population in 2008 was likely about 305 million as it was 281,421,906 in 2000 and grew by 1.9 million each year afterwards, meaning the two tribes were likely about one ten thousandth of the population. The population of the aforementioned tribes is unknown but the non-native population of the United States in 1760 was 1,593,625 and in 1770 was 2,148,076,.[249] Note that the census numbers do not include Native Americans until 1860, but in 2010 Native Americans made up about 0.7% of the U.S. population.[250][251] The native populations grow at slower rates then non-native and sometimes even decreased. The mortality rates of disease on indigenous people can be as high as 90%.[252]

Political purges and repressions (politicides)

This section includes events that entail the mass killings of political opposition (such as those of certain ideology, class or just someone protesting the government) in what are sometimes called "Red" or "White" Terrors depending on who is committing them and the type of opposition they target (Red = Communist, White = Anti-Communist/Nationalist). Another term used to refer to these types of killing is politicide. This list is incomplete; please help by adding to it. See also Red Terror (disambiguation), White Terror, and Politicide.

Event Lowest estimateHighest estimate Geometric mean estimate[1]LocationFromUntilNotes
Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong800,00028,000,000 4,732,864People's Republic of China19471951[253]
Millions of landlords were killed during land reforms before the formation of the People's Republic of China because they were seen as class enemies.


See: Struggle session

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution400,000[254]10,000,000[255] 2,000,000People's Republic of China19661976The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society.

See: Struggle session
Cambodian Autogenocide 1,325,000 1,325,000 Democratic Kampuchea 1975 1979 [119]
Some have referred to the mass killing of ethnic Khmer people under the Khmer Rouge as a genocide despite the fact the mass killings were committed by fellow Khmer and the Khmer were killed less in proportion to their population, according to Samuel Totten, then other victims of the Khmer Rouge making it more of a politicide. These killings have been described as autogenocide or civil genocide. The death toll used here is the combined death of rural and urban Khmer according to Samuel Totten. Note this is not the total number of people killed in the Cambodian genocide just the number of ethnic Khmers killed.
Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in China712,000[256]2,000,000[257] 1,193,315People's Republic of China19501951The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (Chinese: 镇压反革命; pinyin: zhènyā fǎn gémìng; literally: "suppressing counterrevolutionaries" or abbreviated as Chinese: 鎮反; pinyin: zhènfǎn) was the first political campaign launched by the People's Republic of China designed to eradicate opposition elements, especially former Kuomintang (KMT) functionaries accused of trying undermine the new Communist government.[256]
Great Purge in the Soviet Union681,692[258]1,704,230[259] 1,077,850Soviet Union19361938The Great Purge or Great Terror was a period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union including execution (especially through open air shootings) and forced labor through the Gulag system.
Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66500,000[260]3,000,000[261] 1,224,745Indonesia19651966Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965-66 by the Indonesian Army and associated death squads with support from Western powers such as the United States.[262] Death tolls are difficult to estimate,[263] but it is widely accepted by scholars that roughly 1 million people were killed.[264]
White Terror (Russia) 300,000 300,000[265] 300,000 Former Russian Empire 1917 1923 White movement equivalent to the Red Terror.
White Terror (Spain) 150,000[266]400,000[267] 244,949Spain during and after the Spanish Civil War19361945In Spain, the White Terror (also known as "la Represión Franquista" or the "Francoist Repression") was the series of acts of politically motivated violence, rape, and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War (17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939) and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship (1 October 1936 – 20 November 1975)[268]
Qey Shibir30,000750,000[269] 150,000People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia19771978Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in Ethiopia.

Death Toll Sources:[270][271][272][273][274]

Bodo League Massacre 100,000[275] 200,000[276] 141,421 Korea Summer 1950 Summer 1950 Massacre of communists and suspected communists during the Korean War.
Holocaust of the Freemasons80,000[277]200,000[277] 126,491Nazi occupied territory19331945The Nazis targeted Freemasons as they saw them as collaborators in a Jewish conspiracy.

See Suppression of Freemasonry.

Red Terror during the Russian Civil War10,000[278]1,500,000[279] 122,474Former Russian Empire during Russian Civil War19181922Political repression by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War.
1991 uprising in Iraq 25,000 180,000 67,082 Iraq March the 1st, 1991 April the 5th, 1991 The death toll of the uprising against Saddam Hussein's government during 1991 was high throughout the country. The rebels killed many Ba'athist officials and officers. In response, thousands of unarmed civilians were killed by indiscriminate fire from loyalist tanks, artillery and helicopters, and many historical and religious structures in the south were deliberately targeted under orders from Saddam Hussein. Saddam's security forces entered the cities, often using women and children as human shields, where they detained and summarily executed or "disappeared" thousands of people at random in a policy of collective responsibility. Many suspects were tortured, raped, or burned alive.[280]
Operation Condor50,00080,000[281] 63,246South America19751983A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States.[282][283]
Red Terror (Spain)38,000[284]72,344[285] 52,432Spain during the Spanish Civil War19361939The Red Terror in Spain (Spanish: Terror Rojo)[286] is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the Spanish Civil War "by sections of nearly all the leftist groups".[287]
North Vietnamese Land Reform13,500[288]200,000[289] 51,962North Vietnam19541956
The Reign of Terror16,00042,000 25,923France during the French Revolution17931794The Reign of Terror was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and The Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".
1982 Hama Massacre 10,000 40,000 20,000 Hama, Syria February 2, 1982 February 28, 1982 The Hama massacre (Arabic: مجزرة حماة) occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against al-Assad's government.
1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre 10,000 40,000[290] 20,000 El Salvador January 22, 1932 July 11, 1932 Many of the victims were indigenous people.
February 28 Incident 10,000 30,000 17,320 Taiwan 1947 1947 Crackdown by the Kuomintang government that ushered in the White Terror (Taiwan) era.
Dirty War9,000[291]30,000[292] 16,432Argentina19761983At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor).
Red and White Terrors of the Finnish Civil War11,65011,650 11,650Finland19181918Both sides of the Finnish Civil War used Terrors where 10,000 were killed in the White Terror and 1,650 were killed in the Red Terror.[293]
1988 Iranian P.O.C. Massacre 4,482 30,000 11,596 Iran 1988 1988
(5 months after starting of executions.)		 [294][295][296]
Massacre of political prisoners in Iran.
White Terror (Taiwan)3,0004,000 3,464Taiwan19491987An era of martial law in Taiwan in which 140,000 where imprisoned, and 3,000 to 4,000 were executed for real or perceived opposition to the Kuomintang.
Massacre of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 241 10,000[297] 3,000 Tiananmen Square, People's Republic of China 1989 1989 Crackdown of anti-government protest in the People's Republic of China.
Chilean Politicide 1,200 3,200 1,960 Chile 1974 1990 1,200 to 3,200 alleged communists were executed, 80,000 were forcibly interned and 30,000 were tortured under the reign of Augusto Pinochet.[298][299]

Forced labor, slavery, internment/extermination camps, and slave trades

This table includes deaths caused by the poor labor conditions of the systems, executions for not performing the labor satisfactorily, and killing from trying to accumulate the work force.

Event Lowest estimateHighest estimate Geometric mean estimate[1]LocationFromUntilNotes
Laogai
"reform through labor" system		 15,000,000[300] 27,000,000 20,124,610 People's Republic of China 1945 1976 Laogai (勞改/劳改), the abbreviation for Láodòng Gǎizào (勞動改造/劳动改造), which means "reform through labor", is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC), which once took up more than half of the world's slaves. Laogai is different from laojiao, or re-education through labor, which was an administrative detention for a person who was not a criminal but had committed minor offenses, and was intended to reform offenders into law-abiding citizens.[301] Persons detained under laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system of laogai. Both systems, however, involved penal labor.
Atlantic Slave Trade 11,400,000 11,600,000 11,499,565 Africa, the Americas, and the Atlantic 1500s 1700s [302]
European enslavement under the Ottoman Turks 10,500,000[303][304] 11,250,000 10,868,533 Southern Europe, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Grand Duchy of Moscow 1450 1800 Slave raids carried out by Muslims from Ottoman Empire on European nations. There is no concrete number for the number of people killed due to the Barbary Slave Trade. The method many people use is to estimate the mortality rate of slave raids and multiply them by the number people took as slaves. White estimates 3 people were killed for every 1 slave abducted. Includes Barbary Slave Trade.
Congo Horrors 3,000,000[lower-alpha 2] 13,000,000[306] 6,244,998 Congo Free State18851908Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[307] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[308]
Muslim slave trade of Africans 4,300,000 4,600,000 4,447,471 Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa 1500s 1700s [302]
Gulag labor system 1,053,829[309][310] 6,000,000[311] 2,514,552 Soviet Union 1930s 1950s Gulag is an acronym for the organization that administered the forced labor system in the Soviet Union that became a colloquialism in the west for the camps themselves. The system was used to punish criminals, political dissidents, and prisoners of war. There is a growing consensus among scholars that, based on archival data, the number of deaths in the gulag system fall within the range 1.5 to 1.7 million.[312][313][314]
Forced labor in North Korea[315][316] 400,000 1,500,000 774,597 North Korea[316] 1972 ongoing
Auschwitz-Birkenau 800,000 1,500,000 1,095,445 Oświęcim, Poland 1940 1945 [317][318]
Treblinka 700,000 1,000,000 836,660 Treblinka, Poland 1942 1943 [319][320]
Peonage and chattel slavery In Mexico 173,000 2,015,000 590,419 Mexico 1900 1920 R.J. Rummel, coiner of the word "Democide," estimated the mortality rate for Mexican Peonage, a form of debt labor, by comparing it to similar forced labor systems such as the Soviet Gulag, and then applying and reducing it accordingly to the population of Mexico at the time, coming up with an annual death rate of 69,000.
Bełżec 480,000 600,000 536,656 Bełżec, Poland 1942 1943 [321][322][323]
Forced labor of Koreans by Imperial Japan 270,000 810,000 467,654 Korea and Manchuria 1939 1945 [324]
Slavery in French colonial Africa 200,000 13,000,000 1,612,452 African section of French colonial empire 1900 1940 [325]
Portuguese Forced Labor 325,000 325,000 325,000 Portuguese Empire 1900 1925 [326]
Barbary slave trade 245,000 380,000 305,123 Italy, Spain, and Portugal 1500s 1600s [302]
Jasenovac 100,000 700,000 264,575 Croatia 1941 1945 [327][328][329]
Kolyma Gulag 130,000 500,000 254,951 Kolyma, Soviet Union 1932 1954 [330]
Amazonian Rubber Slavery 250,000+ 250,000+ Amazon, Brazil 1900 1912 [331]
Construction of Burma Railway 102,621[332] 102,621 Burma 1943 1947

Forced labour was used in the construction of the Burma Railway. More than 180,000 Southeast Asian civilian labourers (Romusha) and 60,000 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) worked on the railway. Of these, estimates of Romusha deaths are little more than guesses, but probably about 90,000 died. 12,621 Allied POWs died during the construction. The dead POWs included 6,904 British personnel, 2,802 Australians, 2,782 Dutch, and 133 Americans.[332]

Stutthof 85,000 85,000 85,000 Stutthof, Third Reich 1939 1945 Second World War
Construction of the Suez Canal 30,000 120,000 67,082 Egypt, and Sudan 1859 1868 French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan in 1854–56 to build the Suez Canal. Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000,[333] but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition, fatigue, and disease, especially cholera.[334]
Forced labor of Allied POWs 35,000 35,000 In and around the Pacific 1939 1945 According to the Japanese military's own record, nearly 25% of 140,000 Allied POWs died while interned in Japanese prison camps, where they were forced to work (U.S. POWs died at a rate of 27%).[335][336]
Boer concentration camps during the Second Boer War 26,000 40,000 32,249 Transvaal 1900 1902 Lord Kitchener led the British army against the Boer Republics in the Second Boer War in Southern Africa. In an attempt to pacify Boer guerrillas, he targeted their families, and 116,000 Boer women and children were captured and jailed by the British, Within 2 years, 22,074 children died and 4,177 women died due to deliberate neglect by the British. 115,000 black people were separately jailed, of whom 15,000 died in prison camps.[337]
Stara Gradiška 12,790 75,000 30,972 Croatia 1941 1945 Primarily for women and children.[338][339]
Tuol Sleng 17,000 17,000 Phnom Penh, Cambodia 1975 1979 [340]
Camp Sumter 13,171 13,171 Andersonville, Georgia, U.S. 1864 1865 [341]
Crveni Krst 12,000 12,000 Niš, Serbia 1941 1941 [342]
Tammisaari Prison Camp 2,963 2,963 Tammisaari, Finland 1918 1918
Elmira Prison 2,963 2,963 Elmira, New York, U.S. 1864 1865 [343]
Shark Island Concentration Camp 1,032 4,000[344] 2,032 Luderitz, German South-West Africa 1905 1907 The minimum death toll is out of a camp population of 1,795 people, and the maximum total includes those who died in the Luderitz area.
World Cup migrant labor deaths 1,200 1,800 1,342 Qatar 2013 ongoing Out of 100,000 laborers.[345]

War crimes and ancient war atrocities

Massacres and unnatural deaths that occurred during wars and were committed or caused by military or quasi-military forces (including terrorism, insurgent forces, and inter-communal violence). They may not particularly target ethnic, religious, or political groups but are usually part of a military strategy that disregards civilian lives, or they may be arbitrary acts of cruelty. Please try to only include events in which the majority of victims were civilians or which are often referred to as atrocities by significant mainstream scholarship.

Event Lowest estimateHighest estimate Geometric mean estimate[1]LocationFromUntilNotes
All atrocities against civilians during World War II

(Holocaust, Japanese war crimes, Soviet Oppression such as Gulags and Population transfer in the Soviet Union, and Terror bombing)

 29,000,000 30,500,000 29,074,054 Worldwide 1939 1945 See World War II casualties.
Japanese war crimes 3,000,000[346] 14,000,000[347] 6,480,741 In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific 1937 1945 Japanese war crimes occurred in many Asian and Pacific countries during the period of Japanese imperialism, primarily during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. These incidents have also been described as an Asian Holocaust[348] and Japanese war atrocities.[349][350][351] Some war crimes were committed by military personnel from the Empire of Japan in the late 19th century, although most took place during the first part of the Shōwa Era, the name given to the reign of Emperor Hirohito, until the surrender of the Empire of Japan, in 1945.
Three Alls Policy 2,700,000 2,700,000 2,700,000 China during World War II 1940 1942 In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy, a scorched earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China, sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.
Chinese Civil War atrocities against civilians from forced conscription and massacres 1,800,000 3,500,000[352] 2,509,980 China 1927–1936 1946–1950 During the war, both Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides.[353]
First and Second Sudanese War atrocities against civilians. 2,000,000 2,000,000 Sudan 1956–1972 1983–2005 [354]
Afghan Politicide 500,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 Afghanistan 1979 1989 Some refer to the mass murder of civilians during the Soviet Invasion as a genocide, however those killed were on the basis of political alignment making it a politicide.

[355][356]

Yellow Tiger Massacre 1,000,000 1,000,000[357] 1,000,000 Sichuan, China 1644 1646 Bloody peasant revolt that massacred a large portion of Sichuan's population.
Warlord Era China 910,000 910,000 China 1900 1927 [358]
Second Italo-Ethiopian War Atrocities against civilians 62,000[359] 485,000[359] 173,407 Ethiopia 1935 1941 Angelo Del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935–1941 (1965), cites a 1945 memorandum from Ethiopia to the Conference of Prime Ministers, which tallies 760,300 natives dead; of them: battle deaths: 275,000, hunger among refugees: 300,000, patriots killed during occupation: 78,500, concentration camps: 35,000, Feb. 1937 massacre: 30,000, executions: 24,000, civilians killed by air force: 17,800.
Mongol Destruction of Baghdad 200,000[360] 2,000,000[361] 632,456 Baghdad January 29, 1258 February 10, 1258 Mass slaughter of civilians by the Mongols in Baghdad. Considered to be the end of the "Islamic Golden Age."
Angolan Civil War Atrocities against civilians 500,000 500,000 Angola 1975 2002 The 27-year war can be divided roughly into three periods of major fighting – 1975-91, 1992–94, and 1998 to 2002 – broken up by fragile periods of peace. By the time the MPLA achieved victory in 2002, more than 500,000 people had died and over one million had been internally displaced. The war devastated Angola's infrastructure, and severely damaged the nation's public administration, economic enterprises, and religious institutions.
Biological Warfare and Human Experimentation by the Imperial Japanese Army 400,000[362] 580,000[363] 481,664 Parts of Russia and China especially Manchuria1931 1945 See Unit 731 and the Asian Holocaust.
Maratha invasions of Bengal 400,000[364][365] 400,000 Bengal and Bihar regions of Indian subcontinent 1741 1751 Maratha Empire invaded Bengal Subah, occupied the western Bengal and Bihar regions, and perpetrated atrocities against the local population.[364][365]
La Violencia 200,000[366] 300,000[366] 244,949 Colombia 1948 1958

La Violencia was a ten-year period of civil war and violence in Colombia from 1948–58, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the rural countryside.
Death toll may include non-civilian victims.

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 109,000 200,000[367] 147,648 Japan during World War II 1945 1945
Philippine-American War atrocities against civilians 200,000 250,000 223,607 Philippines 1899 1902 (1913 Moro Rebellion) [368][369][370][lower-alpha 3]
Manila Massacre100,000500,000 223,607Manila, Philippines19451945[371][372][373][374]
Iran–Iraq War atrocities against civilians. 61,000 282,000 131,156 Iran and Iraq 1980 1988 11,000 to100,000[375] civilians killed on both sides, plus 50 to 182 killed in Kurdish Genocide.
Colombian conflict atrocities against civilians 177,307 177,307 Colombia 1964 ongoing [376]
Iraq War atrocities against civilians 155,923 186,355 170,461 Iraq 2003 2011 Numbers come from Iraq Body Count Project[377][378]
War in the Vendée100,000[379][380]250,000[381][382] 158,114France during the French Revolution17931796Described as genocide by some historians,[380] but this claim has been widely discounted.[383] See also: French Revolution.
Viet Cong atrocities 36,725[384] 227,000[385] 131,863 Vietnam 1955 1975
Islamic terrorism since 11 September 2001 125,000[386] 203,865+[387] 164,433 worldwide 2001 ongoing Death toll depends on how terrorist attack is defined.
First and Second Chechen Wars Atrocities against civilians 55,000 330,000 134,722 Chechnya 1994–1996 1999–2009 [388][389][390][391]

[392][393]

Atrocities caused by South Vietnam during Diem era and Vietnam War 57,000 284,000 127,232 Vietnam 1954 1975 [394]
Second Italo-Senussi War Atrocities against civilians 80,000 125,000 100,000+ Libya 1923 1932 Specific war crimes alleged to have been committed by the Italian armed forces against civilians include deliberate bombing of civilians, killing unarmed children, women, and the elderly; rape and disembowelment of women; throwing prisoners out of aircraft to their death, running over others with tanks, regular daily executions of civilians in some areas, and bombing tribal villages with mustard gas bombs, beginning in 1930.
Crimes of the Lord's Resistance Army 100,000 100,000 Uganda, Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo 1986 2009 The Guardian reported in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 people and the kidnapping of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves.
Crimes of the National Islamic Front 100,000 100,000 Sudan 1964 1999 Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda, Kenya, Eritrea, Egypt, Europe and North America.[395]
West Papua atrocities 100,000+[396] 100,000+[397] 100,000+ West Papua 1963 Ongoing Since Indonesia has taken control of West Papua in 1963, the population of West Papua has recorded more than 100,000 unnatural deaths. The administration of West Papua has been called a police state.
Ongoing Syrian Civil War atrocities against civilians 106,390 over 110,218+ 108,287 Syria 2011 ongoing See List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War
Kashmir Conflict 47,000[398] 100,000+[399] 68,556+ Jammu and Kashmir, India 1947 ongoing See Human Rights Abuses in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir
Death toll may include non-civilian victims
The Rape of Nanking 13,000[400]
(all victims)

5,000[400]
(Civilian massacre victims)		 400,000[401]
(all victims)

100,000[402]
(Civilian massacre victims)		 72,111
(all victims)

22,361
(Civilian massacre victims)		 Nanking, China 1937 1938 The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937.
See: Death toll of the Nanking Massacre.
1937 The Rapes of Nanjing Nanking, China 400,000[401]
(All victims)
----------------

100,000[402]
(Civilians massacre victims)		 1938 The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937.

See: Death toll of the Nanking Massacre.

Peruvian war against terrorism61,007[403]77,552 68,784Peru19802000In the late 20th century, the Peruvian government (armed forces and civil rondas) fought against communist terrorists in Peru. The principal actors in the war were the Communist Party of Peru or "Shining Path" and the government of Peru; the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was also involved and other paramilitary entities. Terrorists deliberately targeted and killed civilians, kidnap and torture civil people and even force indigenous people to live in slavery, on the other side, some military forces, due to bad strategies, attacked civilian people in the highlands making the conflict more bloody than any other war in Peruvian history since the European colonization of the country.
Death toll may include non-civilian victims.
Sheikh Said rebellion 15,000 to 20,000[160] 40,000 to 250,000[161] 24,495 to 70,711 Turkey 1925 1925 The Sheikh Said Rebellion was a rebellion to revive the Islamic Caliphate System, and used elements of Kurdish nationalism for recruiting.[404] It was led by Sheikh Said and a group of former Ottoman soldiers, known as Hamidiye soldiers. The rebellion was of two Kurdish groups, the Zaza people and the speakers of the related Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish: it "was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji-dominated regions".[405]
Atrocities against civilians during the War in Afghanistan 26,270 26,270 26,270 Afghanistan 2001 2014 [406]
Crimes of ISIL 18,800 18,800+ 18,800 Iraq, Syria, sporadic terrorism worldwide 2011 ongoing The death toll may be higher, considering that these figures are only taken over the course of two years and only account occurrences in Iraq.[407]
War Crimes during the Sri Lankan Civil War 7,000[408] 40,000[409] 16,733 Sri Lanka 2009 2009 There are allegations that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers) during the Sri Lankan Civil War, particularly during the final months of the Eelam War IV phase in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers.[410][411]

See Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War

First Sack of Thessalonica15,00015,000[412] 15,000Byzantine Empire904904The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed, the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves.
Use of child soldiers in Iran 6,000 18,000 10,392 Iran 1980 1988 3% of two to six hundred thousand casualties.[413][414][415][416][417][418][419][420][421][422]
Algerian Civil War Massacres 10,000 10,000 10,000 Algeria 1991 2002 [423][424]
Balochistan conflict atrocities against civilians 7,628 7,628+ 7,628 Balochistan, Pakistan 1937–1977,
2004–2009		 ongoing [425][426][427]
Civilians killed by South Korea in the Vietnam War 5,000[428][429][430] 9,000[431][432][433] 7,000 Vietnam 1964 1973
Civilians killed by U.S. soldiers in the Vietnam War 5,000 6,000 5,477 Vietnam 1955 1975 [394][434]
Civilians killed in Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War 5,013 5,013+ 5,013 Syria September 2015 ongoing See Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War.

[435]

9/11 terrorist attacks 2,977 2,977 2,977 United States 11 September 2001 11 September 2001 [436]
Civilians killed in the War in Donbass 2,000 2,000 2,000 Donbass, Ukraine 2014 ongoing [437]
Sabra and Shatila massacre 460[438] 3,500[439] 1,269 West Beirut, Lebanon September 16, 1982 September 18, 1982 Massacre of a Palestinian refugee camp by Lebanese Christians.
Civilian casualties from U.S. drone strikes 138[440] 965[441] +/- hundreds more[442] 365+ Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen 2006 ongoing
Fort Pillow massacre 235 235 235 Lauderdale County, Tennessee April 12, 1864 April 12, 1864 Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. U.S. dead includes those both killed in combat and murdered by the Confederates afterwards.
Lawrence massacre 204 204 204 Douglas County, Kansas August 21, 1863 August 21, 1863 Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. Deadliest terrorist attack in U.S. history until the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995.

List of dictatorships by death toll

This chart includes regimes, empires, etc.

Event Lowest estimateHighest estimate Geom. mean estimate[1]LocationFromUntilNotes
Mao Zedong catastrophes 16,997,000 70,000,000[443][444] 34,493,333 People's Republic of China 1946 1976 Critics of Mao Zedong have argued Mao's China saw unprecedented losses of human life through inhuman economic policies such as the Great Leap Forward, slave labor through the Laogai, violent political purges such as the Cultural Revolution the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, and class extermination through land reform. The estimate of the minimum death toll is the sum of the minimum estimate of famine dead (15 million),[445] land reform dead (800,000),[446] Counterrevolutionaries dead (712,000),[256] and Cultural Revolution dead (400,000)[254] plus the minimum killed in the 1959 Tibetan uprising (85,000 to 87,000).
German Holocaust 6,000,000 17,000,000[447] 11,500,000 German-occupied Europe 1939 1945 German Holocaust against Jews, Poles, Gypsies, Serbs, East Slavs, the disabled, homosexuals, Freemasons, POWs, and Jehovah's Witnesses, plus Soviet Famine.
Stalinist crimes against humanity and genocides 8,773,521 22,192,230 13,953,637 Soviet Union 1922 1953 The millions murdered by the regime of Joseph Stalin by famine, purges, labor camps, population transfer, deportations, and NKVD massacres. The minimum death toll (to the left) uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those not killed in famine which range from four to ten million,[448][449][450] plus the minimum of those killed in famine which range from 6 to 8 million. Robert Conquest, writer of the book The Great Terror, first stated an estimate of 30 million, then a few years later lowering it to 20 million,[451] and finally saying that no fewer than 15 million perished.[452] Estimates before the release of the archives put those killed by Stalin as low as three million and as high as 60 million.[452]

The low end is the sum of the low end of the following figures excluding the second post war famine as it's debated as to if the War or the Soviet government was more to blame, while the high end includes the high end of said famine along with the high end of the other events.

Famine: 1.8[453] to 4.8 million[454] Ukraine

0.6 to 2.3[455] million Kazakhstan

2 million[456] North Caucasus and elsewhere

1 to 1.5 million Soviet famine of 1946-47

Gulags: 1,053,829 to 6,000,000

Great Purge: 681,692 to 1,704,230

Population transfers: 1 to 1.5 million

War crimes:
Occupation of Poland: 150,000 to 500,000

German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union: 600,000 to 1 million

Rape during the occupation of Germany: 240,000

Siege of Budapest: 38,000

Forced labor of Hungarians in the Soviet Union: 200,000

Battle of Berlin: 125,000

NKVD prisoner massacres: 100,000

Shooting of deserters: 185,000

Mass killings under the Chinese Nationalist government 5,965,000[457] 18,522,000[457] 10,511,124 Republic of China 1928 1946 Primarily from conscription campaigns but also grain confiscations and other atrocities.
Japanese War Crimes 3,000,000[346] 14,000,000[347] 6,480,741 In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific 1895 1945
Congo Free State Horrors 3,000,000[lower-alpha 4] 13,000,000[306] 6,244,998 Congo Free State18851908Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[307] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably due to the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[308]
Atrocities under
Ranavalona I of Madagascar		 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 Madagascar 1829 1842 Putting an end to most foreign trade relationships, Ranavalona I pursued a policy of self-reliance, made possible through frequent use of the long-standing tradition of fanompoana—forced labor in lieu of tax payments in money or goods. Ranavalona continued the wars of expansion conducted by her predecessor, Radama I, in an effort to extend her realm over the entire island, and imposed strict punishments on those who were judged as having acted in opposition to her will. Due in large part to loss of life throughout the years of military campaigns, high death rates among fanompoana workers, and harsh traditions of justice under her rule, the population of Madagascar is estimated to have declined from around 5 million to 2.5 million between 1833–39, and from 750,000 to 130,000 between 1829-42 in Imerina.[458] These statistics have contributed to a strongly unfavorable view of Ranavalona's rule in historical accounts.[459]
Cambodian genocide 1,386,734[71] 3,400,000[72] 2,171,381 Cambodia 1975 1979 Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.
Young Turks Holocaust 1,439,000 2,750,000 1,989,284 Ottoman Empire 1913 1922 A collective term to refer to the various genocides and Ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks. The death toll is derived from the sum of the death tolls of the Armenian Genocide (800,000 to 1,500,000), Assyrian Genocide (150,000 to 300,000), Greek Genocide (289,000 to 750,000), and the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (200,000).
Atrocities under Omar al-Bashir 1,063,000 2,450,000 1,613,800 Sudan 1989 Ongoing 1 to 2 million Second Sudanese Civil War
63,000 to 450,000 Darfur genocide
North Korean Crimes against humanity 710,000 3,500,000 1,576,388 North Korea 1948 ongoing North Korea continues to be one of the most repressive governments in the world.[316] Over two-hundred thousand people are interned in concentrations camps for being political dissidents or being related to political dissidents. They are subject to slavery, torture, starvation, shootings, gassing, and human experimentation.[460]
Crimes against humanity and genocide under Suharto in Indonesia 240,500 3,418,000+ 906,658+ Indonesia 1965 1998 65/66 Politicide: 78,500 to 3,000,000 communists

East Timor Atrocities: 60,000 to 308,000 East Timorese

West Papua Atrocities: 100,000 papuans

Petrus Killings: 2,000 to 10,000 suspected criminals
Crimes against humanity of Mengistu Haile Mariam 430,000 1,750,000 867,468 Ethiopia 1977 1987 Manmade Famine: 400,000 to 1,000,000
Politicide: 30,000 to 750,000
Crimes of the FRELIMO 700,000[461] 700,000 700,000 Communist Mozambique 1975 1999 See also Mozambican Civil War
Crimes of Croatia in World War II 300,000[462] 700,000[462] 500,000 Croatia[462] 1941 1945
Crimes of Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong 145,225 1,082,000 396,401 Vietnam 1954 2000 95,000 reeducation camps[385]

13,500[288]–200,000[289] land reform

36,725[384] to 227,000[385] war crimes

200,000 to 560,00[385][463] boat people

The minimum death toll is the same of minimum estimates for war crimes, reeducation camps, and land reform. The maximum death toll is the combination of the maximum estimated death toll of land reform, war crimes, reeducation camps and boat people, which may or may not be attributable to the regime.
Saddam Hussein's Crimes against humanity and genocides 154,600 854,400 363,442 Baathist Iraq 1979 2003 1991 Repression Massacre: 25,000 to 180,000[464]

Al-Anfal Genocide of Kurds: 50,000 to 182,000[172][173]

Iran–Iraq War Atrocities: 11,000[465] to 100,00[375] civilians

The post-1991 Uprising Refugee crisis of March and early April killed 36,000 people.[466] According to some reports, up to hundreds of refugees died each day along the way to Iran as well during the same time frame.[467] Assuming hundreds the death toll of these refugees could be anywhere from 3,600 to 32,400.

It is estimated that around 25,000 Feyli Kurds died due to captivity and torture[468][469] during the Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein

In addition, 4,000 prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison were reportedly executed in a particularly large 1984 purge.[470]

Only 20,000 Marsh Arabs were left in the region after the draining, though it is unknown whether this was caused by famine or migration.[471][472]

The minimum estimate is the minimum estimate of civilians killed by Saddam during Iran-Iraq War, uprising and genocide of Kurds combined. The maximum estimate is the maximum total of the aforementioned, combined with the maximum demographic decline of Mesopotamian Marshes.

Francoist Spain 195,000 265,000 227,321 Spain, Austria, and Russia 1939 1975 Diseases and starvation
130,000 (1939–1943)
Repression
30,000–100,000 (1939–1948)
Prison camps
20,000 (1939–1943)
Spanish Maquis
5,548 (1939–1965)
World War II
5,000 died at Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria
Blue Division. Casualties in the Russo-German conflict totaled 22,700. In action against the Blue Division, the Red Army suffered 49,300 casualties.
Bashar al-Assad's repression in the Syrian Civil War 100,000[473] 100,000 100,000 Syria 2011 Ongoing
Personal dictatorship of Idi Amin 100,000[474] 500,000[475] 223,607 Uganda 1971 1979 Idi Amin's rule of Uganda saw excessive and egregious human rights abuses toward ethnic minorities and political opposition, earning him the nickname "The Butcher of Uganda."
Communist Repression in Romania 60,000[476] 435,000[461] 161,555 Romania 1945 1964 Total does not take into account the Romanian orphans who perished under Nicolae Ceaușescu's policies.
Tsardom of Ivan the Terrible 60,000[477] 200,000[477] 109,545 Russian Empire 1533 1584
Siad Barre (Isaaq genocide) 50,000 200,000 100,000 Somalia 1988 1991
Communist repression in Bulgaria 31,000[478][479] 220,000[461] 81,240 Bulgaria 1944 1989 Collecitization and political repression in Bulgaria.
Communist repression in Czechoslovakia 65,000[461] 65,000[461] 65,000 Czechoslovakia 1948 1968–
Personal dictatorship of Francisco Macías Nguema 50,000[480] 80,000[480] 63,246 Equatorial Guinea 1968 1979 Macías Nguema is regarded as one of the most kleptocratic, corrupt, and dictatorial leaders in post-colonial African history. Sources vary, but he was responsible for the deaths of anywhere from 50,000 to 80,000 of the 300,000 to 400,000 people living in the country at the time.
Dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo 50,000[481][482][483] 50,000[481][482][483] 50,000 Dominican Republic 1930 1938
Dictatorship of François Duvalier 30,000[484] 60,000[484] 42,426 Haiti 1957 1971 Duvalier's rule based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute, and the use of cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians, and the exile of many more.
Personal Dictatorship of Hissène Habré 40,000 40,000 40,000 Chad 1982 1990 In May 2016, Hissène Habré was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people. He was sentenced to life in prison. He is the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation.[485]
Communist Repression in Cuba 9,240[486] 92,400[486] 29,219 Cuba 1976 ongoing Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of Human Rights Watch, which accuses the Cuban government of systematic human rights abuses. This includes offenses such as arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial execution.[487][488]
Islamist Dictatorship of Iran 10,482 48,000 22,431 Iran 1979 ongoing 4,482 to 30,000 in P.O.C. massacre
6,000 to 18,000 child soldiers killed
(refer to earlier tables on page)
Communist Repression in Poland 22,000[461] 22,000 22,000 Communist Poland 1945 1989
Communist Repression in Hungary 7,000 27,000[461] 13,748 Hungary 1948 1956 Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in concentration camps, and only counts the 5,000 alleged spies and 2,000 party members executed, noting that 5,000 spies came from only 98,000 out of 700,000 alleged spies.[489][490]
Repression under Enver Hoxha 5,000 28,000 11,832 Albania 1941 1985
Regime of Ferdinand Marcos 3,257[491] 80,000[492] 41,629 Philippines 1965 1986 The conservative estimate is recorded from 1975 to 1985, while the maximum estimate is recorded from 1965 to 1976. Also Includes those from the Moro conflict.
South African Apartheid 18,997[493] 21,000 19,998.5 South Africa and Namibia 1948 1994
Imperial Rule of Tiberius 9,500[494] 9,500 9,500 Ancient Rome 14 37
Imperial Rule of Caligula 9,000[494] 9,000 9,000 Ancient Rome 37 41
Personal dictatorship of Johnny Paul Koroma 6,000[494] 6,000 6,000 Sierra Leone 1997 1998
Imperial Rule of Nero 5,750[494] 5,750 5,750 Ancient Rome 54 68
Personal dictatorship of Jean-Bedel Bokassa 100[495] 90,000[496] 3,000 Central African Republic 1966 1976 It was found that Bokassa personally oversaw the massacre of 100 school children.[495]
Imperial Rule of Claudius 2,935[494] 2,935 2,935 Ancient Rome 41 54
East German killings of Berlin Wall climbers 327[497] 1,500[497][498] 928.5 East Germany[497] 1949[497] 1989[497]

Anthropogenically exacerbated famine, mass starvation, and illness or disease

Note: Some of these famines diseases were partially caused by nature.
This section includes famines, and disease that were caused or exacerbated by human action.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Event Lowest estimateHighest estimate Geom. mean estimate[1]LocationFromUntilNotes
Disease caused by smoking 71,000,000 90,000,000 79,937,476 worldwide 1930 1999 [499][500]
Communist famines 20,800,000

26,800,000		 69,600,000

81,100,000		 38,048,390

46,620,596		 worldwide 1921 1998 Combined death toll of famines caused by Communist states as listed below:

The Russian Famine of 1921 as well as the Soviet famine of 1946–47 may have been exacerbated by War Communism policies, but it is debatable to which extent.

Great Chinese Famine15,000,000[445]55,000,000[501] 28,722,810People's Republic of China19581962During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death.[502] State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.[503]
Famine and disease during World War II 19,000,000 28,000,000 23,065,130 Worldwide 1939 1945 See World War II casualties
Famine in India under British Raj 12,000,000[504] 29,000,000[504] 20,500,000 India 1757 1947 Between 12 and 29 million Indians died of starvation while India under the British Raj. Millions of tonnes of wheat were exported to Britain as famine raged.[504]
Famine and disease under Japanese imperialism 8,136,000 14,936,000 11,023,579 Japanese Empire 1937 1945 See World War II casualties.
Combined death tolls from famine and disease from China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–799,000,00013,000,000 10,816,650China18761879ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts
Great Bengal famine of 1770 10,000,000[505] 10,000,000[505] 10,000,000 British Bengal 1769 1773 The famine killed a third of the Bengali population at the time.[506] It is attributed to the policies of the ruling British East India Company.[506]
Russian famine of 19215,000,000[507]10,000,000[507] 7,071,072Soviet Russia19211922See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union, and Russian Civil War, with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka.
Famine and Disease in China during Japanese Invasion 5,000,000 10,000,000 7,071,068 China 1937 1945 See World War I casualties.
Soviet famine of 1932–33 4,400,000 9,100,000 6,327,717 Soviet Union 1932 1933 The majority of famine victims were Ukrainian. Many nations, including Ukraine, regard the famine's effect in the Ukraine as a genocide against Ukraine, known as the Holodomor.

1.8 - 4.8 million Ukraine

600,000 - 2.3 million Kazakhstan

2 million Elsewhere

Famine and disease during World War I 5,411,000 6,100,000 5,745,181 Worldwide 1914 1918 See World War I casualties.
Great Famine of 1876–78 6,100,000[508] 10,320,000[509] 8,300,000[510] British India 18761878 ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts.
African World War Famine 3,800,000 5,400,000 4,529,901 Africa 1998 2004 Majority of those who died in war perished from famine and disease.
Decommunization 3,000,000[511] 6,000,000[512] 4,242,641 Former States of the Soviet Union and Eastern Block 1991 2000 Deaths caused by decrease in living conditions in Russia and other former Communist States after the fall of the Soviet Union.
Bengal famine of 19433,000,0004,000,000 3,464,100British India19431943The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice imports,[513] however, war-related administrative policies in British India ultimately helped to cause the massive death toll.[514][515]
Indian famine of 1896–97, Indian famine of 1899–1900 8,400,000[508] 19,000,000[516] 13,700,000 British India 1896 1900 ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts.
Biafran Blockade during Nigeria's Civil War2,000,000[517]3,000,000[518][519] 2,449,490Nigeria19671970More than two million Igbo died from the famine imposed deliberately through blockades during the war. Lack of medicine also contributed. Thousands starved to death daily as the war progressed.
Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies2,400,000[520]2,400,000 2,400,000Indonesia19441945An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but the main cause was the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population.[520]
Post-WWII Soviet Famine 1,000,000 1,500,000 1,224,745 Soviet Union 1946 1946 Debated as to whether it was caused by war or government policy.
Great Irish Famine750,000[521][522]1,500,000[523] 1,060,660Ireland18461849Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland, where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food, was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors, which continue to remain the subject of historical debate.[524][525]
Vietnamese Famine of 1945400,000[526]2,000,000[527] 894,427Vietnam19441945The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam.[527]
Cambodian Holocaust Famine800,000[528]950,000[529] 871,780Cambodia19751979An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor, and famine, perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, nearly half of which was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979.
1983–85 famine in Ethiopia400,000[530]1,000,000[531] 632,456Ethiopia19831985The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, especially the one of 1983–1985, were in large part created by government policies.[530]
Famine and disease under Japanese occupation of the Philippines 336,000 336,000 336,000 Philippines 1942 1945 See World War I casualties.
North Korean famine240,000[532]420,000[532] 330,000North Korea19941998The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the loss of Soviet support caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis, but were not its direct cause. The North Korean government and its centrally-planned system proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000.[532][533]
Cuban War of Independence Famine 300,000 300,000[534][535] 300,000 Cuba 1895 1898 Most of dead in this war perished from famine and disease.
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 200,000 200,000 200,000 Mount Lebanon, Ottoman Empire 1915 1918 Around 200,000 people starved to death at a time when the population of Mount Lebanon was estimated at 400,000.[536] The Mount Lebanon famine caused the highest fatality rate by population of World War I. Bodies were piled in the streets, and people were reported to be eating street animals, while some resorted to cannibalism.[105][537]
Sudanese famine70,000[538]70,000 70,000Sudan19981998The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan.[539]
Starvation caused by the UN's sanctions against Ba'athist-era Iraq0[540]576,000[541] 288,000Iraq19901998Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime claimed that the UN's sanctions, imposed by the United Nations Security Council, led to the deaths of young children.
2018 Canadian heatwave70[542]70[542]70[542]Canada20182018
Starvation from the draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes 0? 275,000? n/a Mesopotamian Marshes, Iraq and Iran 1950s 1990s Only 20,000 Marsh Arabs were left in the region after the draining, though it is unknown whether this was caused by famine or migration.[471][472]

Riot or political unrest

Only riots and incidents where at least four people died are listed here.

Event Victims Country Locale(s) Date
Partition of India and Pakistan 200,000–2,000,000British IndiaPunjab and Bengal1947
La Violencia 200,000–300,000ColombiaCountry-wide1948–1960
1959 Tibetan uprising 85,000–87,000Tibet, ChinaLhasa1959
Nika riots 30,000ByzantiumConstantinople532
La semaine sanglante 6,667–20,000FranceParis1871
February 28 Incident 10,000–30,000Taiwan (Republic of China)1947
Jeju Uprising 14,000–30,000Southern Korea, present-day South KoreaJeju island1948
August Uprising 13,000–15,500Georgia1924
1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising 10,000–40,000El Salvador1932
Romanian Peasants' Revolt 10,000–20,000Romania1907
Kronstadt rebellion 10,000RussiaKronstadt1921
1984 anti-Sikh riots 2,800–8,000IndiaNew Delhi1984
March 1st Movement 7,500Japanese Korea, present-day South KoreaSeoul1919
Second Intifada 4,179–4,354 Israel/Palestinian territories 2000–2005
Pitchfork Uprising 3,800Russia1920
Iranian Revolution[543] 2,781Iran1979
8888 Uprising 3,000–10,000Burma/Myanmar1987–1993
First Intifada 2,204 Israel/Palestinian territories 1987
Banana Massacre 47–2,000ColombiaCiénaga1928
Santa María School massacre 2,300ChileIquique1907
1994 South African transitional violence 1,652[544]South Africa1994
Romanian Revolution of 1989 1,104RomaniaBucharest and major cities1989
May 1998 riots of Indonesia 1,000–1,200IndonesiaJakarta, Medan, Surakarta1998
2008 Kenyan election protests 1,000[545][546]Kenya2008
2005 Togolese democracy protests 500–1,000[547][548]Togo2005
1905 Bloody Sunday 132–4,000RussiaSaint Petersburg1905
2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes 893 Kyrgyzstan 2010
Assam Movement 855+ India 1979–1985
Iranian pilgrim riot 400Saudi ArabiaMecca1987
Jallianwala Bagh (Amritsar) massacre 379–1,526British IndiaAmritsar1919
Telangana movement (Hyderabad) 360+IndiaHyderabad1969
Tunisian Revolution 338 Tunisia 2010–2011
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 300–10,454ChinaBeijing1989
Kengir uprising 700Soviet UnionKazakhstan1954
Gordon Riots 285Great Britain1780
1929 Palestine riots 249British Mandate for Palestine1929
Military Police of Espírito Santo strike 215BrazilEspírito Santo2017
13 May incident 196MalaysiaKuala Lumpur1969
Andijan massacre 187–1,500UzbekistanAndijan2005
Gwangju Uprising 144–2,000South KoreaGwangju1980
Durban riots 142South AfricaDurban1949
2017 Brazil prison riots 140+Brazil2017
Muhammad cartoon riots 139[549]Nigeria, Libya, Pakistan, and Afghanistan2006
Euromaidan 121–797UkraineKiev2014
Carandiru massacre 111 Brazil São Paulo 1992
New York City draft riots 119–120United StatesNew York City1863
Napoleon's "whiff of grapeshot" 100FranceParis1795
Jaffa riots 95British Mandate for PalestineJaffa1921
1947 Jerusalem riots 94British Mandate for PalestineJerusalem1947
July Revolt of 1927 94AustriaVienna1927
Bahraini uprising of 2011 93 Bahrain 2011
2012 Rakhine State riots 88 Myanmar 2012
Riot and crushing during mass arrests 84ThailandNarathiwat Province2004
Port Said Stadium riot 74 Egypt Port Said 2012
Sharpeville massacre 69South AfricaSharpeville1960
Vorkuta uprising 66Soviet UnionRussia1953
March 2008 South African anti-immigrant violence[550] 7[550]South Africa[550]Atteridgeville[550]2008[550]
May 2008 South African anti-immigrant pogroms[551][329] 62[552]South AfricaGauteng, Durban, Mpumalanga, Southern Cape, the North West, and Free State2008
1992 Los Angeles riots 53United StatesLos Angeles1992
2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots 50 Myanmar 2013
Champ de Mars Massacre 50FranceParis1791
Marikana killings 47South AfricaRustenburg2012
Boipatong massacre 46South AfricaBoipatong1992
Polish 1970 protests 45PolandGdynia, Szczecin, Gdańsk, and Elbląg1970[553]
Attica Prison riot 43United StatesAttica, New York1971
1967 Detroit riot 43United StatesDetroit1967
2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests 41 Afghanistan 2012
Paris massacre of 1961 40–200FranceParis1961
Midland Revolt 40–50EnglandNewton, Northamptonshire1607
Tulsa riot 39+United StatesTulsa, Oklahoma1921
1964 race riots in Singapore 36Singapore1964
Watts Riots 34United StatesLos Angeles1965
Tlatelolco massacre 30–300MexicoMexico City1968
August 2006 South African anti-Somali violence[554] 26[554]South Africa[554]Western Cape[554]2006[554]
Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo riot 25BrazilRoraima2016
Palingoproer 25NetherlandsAmsterdam1886
Corpus Christi massacre 25MexicoMexico City1971
Soweto uprising 23–600South AfricaSoweto1976
Eureka Rebellion 22AustraliaBallarat1854
July 2006 South African anti-Somali violence[554] 21[554]South Africa[554]Western Cape[554]2006[554]
Ludlow Massacre 20United StatesLudlow, Colorado1914
Maria Hertogh riots 18Singapore1950
6 February 1934 crisis 17FranceParis1934
Cadereyta state prison riot[555] 16[555]Mexico[555]Cadereyta[555]2017[555]
1921 Bloody Sunday 16 (+ 11 more killed or fatally wounded over the following week)United KingdomBelfast, Northern Ireland1921
1972 Bloody Sunday 14United KingdomDerry, Northern Ireland1972
Socialist riot of 1932 13SwitzerlandGeneva1932
Chinese middle schools riots 13Singapore1956
Mendiola Street massacre 13Philippines1987
2011 Nakba Day 12 Israel/Palestinian territories 2011
Peterloo Massacre 11United KingdomManchester1819
Colonia Agroindustrial prison riot[556] 9[556]Brazil[556]Goiania[556]2018[556]
1920 Nebi Musa riots 9British Mandate for PalestineJerusalem1920
Fusillade de Fourmies 9FranceFourmies1891
2000 South African anti-immigrant violence[557] 7[557]South Africa[557]Cape Flats[557]2000[557]
2015 South African anti-immigrant violence 7South AfricaDurban and Johannesburg2015
Ådalen shootings 5SwedenÅdalen1931
2011 England riots 5 United Kingdom England 2011
Boston Massacre 5British AmericaBoston1770
Greensboro massacre 5United StatesGreensboro, North Carolina1979
Tshwane riots 5South AfricaTshwane2016
Battle of Ventersdorp 4South AfricaVentersdorp1991
2013 protests in Brazil 4+Brazil2013
2005–2006 South African anti-immigrant violence[558] 4[558]South Africa[558]Olievenhoutbosch[558]2005–2006[558]
Kent State shootings 4United StatesKent, Ohio1970
Hock Lee bus riots 4Singapore1955

Human sacrifice and ritual suicide

This section lists deaths from the systematic practice of human sacrifice or suicide. For notable individual episodes, see Human sacrifice and mass suicide.

Event Lowest estimateHighest estimate Geom. mean estimate[1]ByLocationFromUntilNotes
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture20,000[559]5,000,000[560] 316,228AztecsMexico14th century1521Skull racks: 60,000[561] to 136,000[562]
Human sacrifice13,000[563]13,000 13,000Shang dynastyChina1300 BC1050 BCLast 250 years of rule
Suicide bombings during the Iraq War 12,284 12,284[564] 12,284 Iraqi insurgency (2003–11) Iraq 2003 2011
Ritual suicides7,941[565]7,941 7,941SatiIndia18151828
Kamikaze suicide pilots, see note[566]3,9123,912 3,912Imperial Japan's navy and armyPacific theatre19441945
Mass suicide motivated religious and political.967967 967Judean rebelsMasada Spring 73 CE
Palestinian suicide attacks 804 804 804 Palestinian militants Israel and Palestine July 6, 1989 April 18, 2016 May only include victims

Anthropogenic floods, drownings, and landslides

These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.

Event Death toll Location Date
1931 China floods2,500,000–3,700,000[567]China1931
1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood900,000–2,000,000China1887
1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood500,000–700,000China1938
Flight of the Boat People 200,000–560,000[385][463] Gulf of Thailand and Pacific Ocean 1978–79
The failure of 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture, Henan, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, caused by Typhoon Nina.26,000[568]-230,000[569]ChinaAugust 1975
1935 Yangtze river flood145,000China1935
St. Felix's Flood, storm surgemore than 100,000Netherlands1530
Hanoi and Red River Delta flood100,000North Vietnam1971
1911 Yangtze river flood100,000China1911
St. Lucia's flood, storm surge50,000–80,000Netherlands, England1287
Vargas Tragedy, landslide10,000–50,000Venezuela1999
North Sea flood, storm surge2,400Netherlands, Scotland, England, Belgium31 January 1953
Johnstown Flood2,209Pennsylvania31 May 1889
Sinking of MV Sewol304South Korea16 April 2014

See also

Other lists organized by death toll

Other lists with similar topics

Topics dealing with similar themes

Notes

  1. ↑ Spanish Empire, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Native American disease and epidemics. These death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which some say might never be accurately determined. Modern scholarship tend to side with the higher estimates, but there is still variance based on calculation methods used. Even using conservative populations estimates, however, "one dreadful conclusion is inescapable: the 150 years after Columbus's arrival brought a toll on human life in this hemisphere comparable to all of the world's losses during World War II. ... Against the alien agents of disease, the indigenous people never had a chance. Their immune systems were unprepared to fight smallpox and measles, malaria and yellow fever. The epidemics that resulted have been well documented."[7] A small industry of researchers in recent years have focused their attention on Native American population size in 1492, and the subsequent decimation of the population after contact with Europeans.[8] They have stated that their findings in no way diminish the "dreadful impact Old World diseases had on the people of the New World. But it suggests that the New World was hardly a healthful Eden." For example, they note that as the previously thriving indigenous peoples became more urbanized and less mobile, they succumbed to the same declining sanitation and health conditions of other urban cultures, including tuberculosis. The researchers stress, however, that "their findings in no way mitigated the responsibility of Europeans as bearers of disease devastating to native societies."[7]
  2. ↑ The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated, although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate".[305]
  3. ↑ While there are many estimates for civilian deaths, with some even going well over a million for the war, modern historians generally place the death toll between 200,000 and 250,000; see "Casualties".
  4. ↑ The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated, although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate".[305]

References

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  6. ↑ American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present; Erin McKenna, Scott L. Pratt; Bloomsbury; 2015, pg. 375; "It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery, both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years. Indigenous people north and south were displaced, died of disease, and were killed by Europeans through slavery, rape and war. In 1491, about 145 million people lived in the western hemisphere. By 1691, the population of indigenous Americans had declined by 90–95 percent."
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  42. ↑ Chris Peers estimates that 1,500,000 were killed before the last campaign in 230–221 BC, Warlords of China, 700 BC to AD 1662, London: Arms and Armour, 1998, pg. 59.
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  47. ↑ Jurg Meister, Francisco Solano López Nationalheld oder Kriegsverbrecher?, Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1987. 345, 355, 454–55
  48. ↑ Another estimate is that from the pre-war population of 1,337,437, the population fell to 221,709 (28,746 men, 106,254 women, 86,079 children) by the end of the war (War and the Breed, David Starr Jordan, pg. 164. Boston, 1915; Applied Genetics, Paul Popenoe, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1918)
  49. 1 2 "Human costs of war: Direct war death in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan October 2001 – February 2013" (PDF). Costs of War. February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 30, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
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  67. 1 2 Alexander J.Motyl. "Deleting the Holodomor: Ukraine Unmakes Itself". World Affairs.
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  73. ↑ Purcell, Victor. China. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. pg. 167
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  77. 1 2 "Canada's Dark Secret". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 20 May 2018. 6,000 children died in these schools. Some evidence puts the casualties at three times that number.
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  90. 1 2 Chapman 2010, p. 544.
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  93. ↑ Applying the same proportion as for the fully identified victims to the estimated total number of persons killed or who had disappeared during the Guatemalan civil war (at least 200.000). See CEH 1999, p. 17.
  94. 1 2 Robins & Jones 2009, p. 50.
  95. ↑ Jalata, Asafa (2016). Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 92–3. ISBN 978-1-137-55234-1.
  96. ↑ D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia, Routledge. pg. 53; ISBN 9780415565660
  97. ↑ Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations, Routledge. pg. 5; ISBN 9781134378258
  98. ↑ Butalia, Urvashi (2000). The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India, Duke University Press.
  99. 1 2 White, Matthew. "Albigensian Crusade". necrometrics.
  100. ↑ Raphael Lemkin (2012). Steven Leonard Jacobs, ed. Lemkin on Genocide. Lexington Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7391-4526-5.
  101. ↑ "Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army (paragraph 33)". Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report. 23 October 1974. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  102. 1 2 Jack, Ian (20 May 2011). "It's not the arithmetic of genocide that's important. It's that we pay attention". The Guardian.
  103. ↑ Bass, Gary (2013-11-19). "Looking Away from Genocide". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
  104. ↑ The British Medical Journal in 2008, conducted a study by Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Emmanuela Gakidou estimated that up to 269,000 civilians died as a result of the conflict.
  105. 1 2 "Bangladesh war: The article that changed history". BBC. 25 March 2010.
  106. ↑ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
    • D.Smith says 500,000
    • S&S: 500,000 (Civil War, Mar.-Dec. 1971)
  107. ↑ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
    • 1984 World Almanac: up to 1,000,000 civilians were killed.
    • Hartman: 1,000,000 Bengalis
    • B&J: 1,000,000 Bengalis
    • Porter: 1M-2M
  108. ↑ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
    • Harff & Gurr: 1,250,000 to 3,000,000
    • Kuper cites a study by Chaudhuri which counted 1,247,000 dead, and mentions the possibility that it may be as many as 3,000,000.
  109. ↑ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
    • Eckhardt: 1,000,000 civ. + 500,000 mil. = 1,500,000 (Bangladesh)
    • Rummel: 1,500,000.
  110. ↑ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
    • Porter: 1M-2M
  111. ↑ "Bangladesh Genocide Archive". Bangladesh Genocide Archive. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  112. ↑ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
    • Harff & Gurr: 1,250,000 to 3,000,000
    • The official estimate in Bangladesh is 3 million dead. [AP 30 December 2000; Agence France Presse, 3 October 2000
    • Rounaq Johan: 3,000,000 (in Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views, Samuel Totten, ed. (1997))
    • Compton's Encyclopedia, "Genocide": 3,000,000
    • Encyclopedia Americana (2003), "Bangladesh": 3,000,000
  113. ↑ Tomasz Szarota & Wojciech Materski (2009), Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami, Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance; ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6 (Excerpt reproduced in digital form).
  114. ↑ Smith 1997, pp. 600–01 n. 8
  115. ↑ "Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts". Archived 2007-06-15 at the Wayback Machine., The Department of Information and International Relations: Central Tibetan Administration, 1996. pg. 53
  116. ↑ Kuzmin, S.L. Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation. Dharamsala, LTWA, 2011.
  117. ↑ 897,000 Circassians were deported and killed in an event similar in time period and method to this one and of those about 45% died. ("Caucasus Report: July 15, 2005". Radio Free Europe. ) If this is applied to the median of the following rough estimates and then rounded up (since this a very rough estimate anyway) we end up with a very rough estimate of 390,000 killed. Following estimates:
    • Low estimate: In 1893, the Hazaras of Afghanistan were massacred and displaced to a point in which they lost over 60% of their population. The number of living Hazaras at the time is unknown but their population in 2014 was 2,864,056. 2,864,056 population out of a 2014 world population of 7,200,000,000 making Hazaras in Afghanistan approximately 0.04% of the world's population.
      • دلجو, عباس (2014). تاریخ باستانی هزاره ها. کابل: انتشارات امیری. ISBN 9936801504.
      • "Afghanistan: 31,822,848 (July 2014 est.) @ 9% (2014)". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
    • High estimate: In 1893 the Hazaras of Afghanistan were massacred to a point in which they lost over 60% of their population. The number of living Hazaras at the time is unknown but their population in 2014 was 2,864,056, out of a 2014 world population of 7,200,000,000, making Hazara's in Afghanistan approximately 0.04% of the world's population.
      • دلجو, عباس (2014). تاریخ باستانی هزاره ها. کابل: انتشارات امیری. ISBN 9936801504.
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  566. ↑ This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific (see Kamikaze).
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