List of known large volcanic eruptions

This is a sortable summary of the pages Timeline of volcanism on Earth, List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions, and Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references. They are given as VEI-equivalent, as orientation of the erupted tephra volume.

Overview

As of 2015

VEI Volcano name Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot
Historical Date Geological Date in Ma Tephra or eruption name
5 Puyehue-Cordon CaulleAndean Volcanic Belt2011-06-04 AD0.000004
5 Mount HudsonAndean Volcanic Belt1991-08-08 AD0.000024
6 Mount PinatuboLuzon Volcanic Arc1991-06-15 AD0.000024
5 El Chichón.1982-04-04 AD0.000034
5 Mount St. HelensCascade Volcanic Arc1980-05-18 AD0.000035
5 Mount Agung.1963-03-17 AD0.000053
5 BezymiannyKamchatka Peninsula1955 AD0.000061
5 KharimkotanKuril Islands1933 AD0.000083
6 Quizapú VolcanoAndean Volcanic Belt1932-04-10 AD0.000084
6 NovaruptaAleutian Range1912-06-06 AD0.000103
5 KsudachKamchatka Peninsula1907-03-28 AD0.000109
6 Santa MaríaCentral America Volcanic Arc1902-10-24 AD0.000113
5 Mount TaraweraTaupo Volcanic Zone1886-06-10 AD0.000129
6 KrakatoaSunda Arc1883-08-26 AD0.000132
5 CosigüinaCentral America Volcanic Arc1835-01-20 AD0.000181
7 Mount TamboraLesser Sunda Islands1815-04-10 AD0.000201
6? Source unknownSource unknown1808/1809 AD0.000207Undocumented 1808/1809 eruption[1]
6 GrímsvötnIceland1783-85 AD0.000231Skaftáreldar at Laki
6 Long Island (Papua New Guinea)Bismarck Volcanic Arc1660 AD0.000356
6 Kolumbo, SantoriniSouth Aegean Volcanic Arc1650-09-270.000365
6 HuaynaputinaAndes, Central Volcanic Zone1600-02-19 AD0.000416
6 Billy MitchellBougainville & Solomon Is.1580 AD0.000436
6 BárðarbungaIceland1477 AD0.000539
6 KuwaeVanuatu1452-53 AD0.000563
6 QuilotoaAndes, Northern Volcanic Zone1280 AD0.000736
7 Mt. RinjaniLombok Island12570.0007591257 Samalas eruption; may have triggered the Little Ice Age [2]
7 Baekdu MountainBalhae (China – North Korea border)~946 AD0.001047Tianchi eruption
6 KatlaIceland934-940 AD0.001076Eldgjá eruption
6 CeborucoTrans-Mexican Volcanic Belt930 AD0.001086
6 DakatauaBismarck Volcanic Arc800 AD0.001216
6 PagoBismarck Volcanic Arc710 AD0.001306W-G tephra layer (Witori-Galilo)
6 Mount Churchilleastern Alaska, USA700 AD0.001316Formed the Pumice Terrace
6 Rabaul calderaBismarck Volcanic Arc540 AD0.001476
6 Lake IlopangoCentral America Volcanic Arc450 AD0.001566
6 KsudachKamchatka Peninsula240 AD0.001776
7 Taupo VolcanoTaupo Volcanic Zone230 AD0.001786Hatepe eruption
5 Mount VesuviusCampanian volcanic arc79 AD0.001937Pompeii eruption
6 Mount Churchilleastern Alaska, USA60 AD0.001956
6 AmbrymVanuatu50 AD0.001966
6 ApoyequeCentral America Volcanic Arc50 BC0.002065
6 Mount OkmokAleutian Islands100 BC0.002115
6 Raoul IslandKermadec Islands250 BC0.002265
5 Mount Meager massifGaribaldi Volcanic Belt400 BC0.002415Bridge River Ash
5 Mount TongariroTaupo Volcanic Zone550 BC0.002565
6 Mount PinatuboLuzon Volcanic Arc1050 BC0.003065
5 AvachinskyKamchatka Peninsula1350 BC0.003365tephra layer IIAV3
6 PagoBismarck Volcanic Arc1370 BC0.003385W-K2 tephra (Witori-Kimbe)
6 Taupo VolcanoTaupo Volcanic Zone1460 BC0.003475
5 AvachinskyKamchatka Peninsula1500 BC0.003515
7 Youngest Caldera, SantoriniSouth Aegean Volcanic Arc1610 BC0.003625Minoan eruption
6 Mount AniakchakAleutian Range1645 BC0.003660
6 Mount VeniaminofAleutian Range1750 BC0.003765
6 Mount St. HelensCascade Volcanic Arc1860 BC0.003875
6 Mount HudsonAndes, Southern Volcanic Zone1890 BC0.003925
6 Black PeakAleutian Range1900 BC0.003915
6 Long Island (Papua New Guinea)Bismarck Volcanic Arc2040 BC0.004075
7 Cerro Blanco (Argentina)Andes, Central Volcanic Zone2300 BC0.004315
6 Mount VesuviusCampanian volcanic arc2420 BC0.004435Avellino eruption
5 AvachinskyKamchatka Peninsula3200 BC0.005215tephra layer IAv20; AV3
6 Mount PinatuboLuzon Volcanic Arc3550 BC0.005565
6 Taal VolcanoLuzon Volcanic Arc3580 BC0.005595
5 Haroharo CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone3580 BC0.005595
6 PagoBismarck Volcanic Arc4000 BC0.006015
6 Masaya VolcanoCentral America Volcanic Arc4050 BC0.006065
5 AvachinskyKamchatka Peninsula4340 BC0.006355tephra layer IAv12; AV4
6 Macauley IslandKermadec Islands4360 BC0.006375
6 Mount HudsonAndes, Southern Volcanic Zone4750 BC0.006765
6 Mount AniakchakAleutian Range5250 BC0.007265
7 Kikai CalderaRyukyu Islands5284 BC0.007299Akahoya eruption
6 Lake MashūHokkaidō5550 BC0.007565Ma-f, g, h, i, j eruption
6 Tao-Rusyr CalderaKuril Islands5550 BC0.007565
5 Mayor Island/TuhuaTaupo Volcanic Zone5560 BC0.007575
7 Crater Lake
(as Mount Mazama)
Cascade Volcanic Arc5677 BC0.007692
6 KhangarKamchatka Peninsula5700 BC0.007715
6 Crater LakeCascade Volcanic Arc5900 BC0.007915
5 AvachinskyKamchatka Peninsula5980 BC0.007995tephra layer IAv1
6 MenengaiEast African Rift6050 BC0.008065
5 Haroharo CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone6060 BC0.008075
7 Kurile LakeKamchatka Peninsula6440 BC0.008455Ilinsky eruption
6 Karymsky (volcano)Kamchatka Peninsula6600 BC0.008615
6 Mount VesuviusCampanian volcanic arc6940 BC0.008955Mercato eruption
6 Fisher CalderaAleutian Islands7420 BC0.009435
6 Mount PinatuboLuzon Volcanic Arc7460 BC0.009475
6 Lvinaya PastKuril Islands7480 BC0.009495
5 Rotoma CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone7560 BC0.009575
5 Ko'olau RangeHonolulu Volcanic Series8000 BC0.010015
7 Semisopochnoi IslandAleutian Islands8000 BC0.010015
5 Taupo VolcanoTaupo Volcanic Zone8130 BC0.010145
6 GrímsvötnIceland8230 BC0.010245
6 Nevado de TolucaTrans-Mexican Volcanic Belt0.0105 MaUpper Toluca Pumice
6 UlleungdoSouth Korea8750 BC0.010765
5 Mount TongariroTaupo Volcanic Zone9450 BC0.011465
5 Taupo VolcanoTaupo Volcanic Zone9460 BC0.011475
5 Mount TongariroTaupo Volcanic Zone9650 BC0.011665
6 SakurajimaKyūshū0.0128 MaSatsuma Tuff
6 Laacher SeeEifel hotspot0.0129 Ma
5 Phlegrean FieldsCampanian volcanic arc0.015 MaCampanian Tuff
5 Mount VesuviusCampanian volcanic arc0.016 MaGreen Pumice
6 Emmons Lake calderaAleutian Range0.017 Ma
6 Mount VesuviusCampanian volcanic arc0.0183 MaBasal Pumice
? Cape Riva Caldera, SantoriniSouth Aegean Volcanic Arc0.021 Ma
8 Taupo VolcanoTaupo Volcanic Zone0.0245 MaOruanui eruption
? Laguna CalderaLuzon Volcanic Arc0.027-29 Ma
? MenengaiEast African Rift0.029 Ma
7? Mount BaturSunda Arc0.0293 MaUbud Ignimbrite
7 Aira CalderaKyūshū0.03 MaIrito Ignimbrite
6 Morne DiablotinsLesser Antilles island arc0.03 MaGrand Savanne Ignimbrite
7 GorelyKamchatka Peninsula0.38 Ma
7 Phlegrean FieldsCampanian volcanic arc0.03928 MaCampanian Ignimbrite Eruption
7 Lake KussharoHokkaidō0.03931 MaKutcharo Shoro Ash
7 Uzon-Geyzernaya calderasKamchatka Peninsula0.396 Ma
5 GalerasAndes, Northern Volcanic Zone0.04 Ma
6 Irosin CalderaLuzon0.041 Ma
7 Kurile LakeKamchatka Peninsula0.0415 MaGolygin eruption
7 Lake ShikotsuHokkaidō, Japan0.04396 Ma
7 Okataina Volcanic ComplexTaupo Volcanic Zone0.05 MaRotoiti Ignimbrite
7 Maninjau CalderaSunda Arc0.052 Ma
? Skaros Caldera, SantoriniSouth Aegean Volcanic Arc0.07 Ma
8 Lake Toba CalderaSunda Arc0.073 MaYoungest Toba Tuff
7? Mount PinatuboLuzon Volcanic Arc0.081 MaInararo Tuff
7 Lago de AtitlánCentral America Volcanic Arc0.084 MaLos Chocoyos eruption
7 Mount AsoKyūshū0.09 MaAso-4 Ignimbrite
7 Kikai CalderaRyukyu Islands0.095 MaTozurahara eruption
6 Sierra La PrimaveraTrans-Mexican Volcanic Belt0.095 MaTala Tuff
7 Ata CalderaKyūshū0.105 MaAta eruption
7 Akademia NaukKamchatka0.11 MaStena-Soboliny Ignimbrite
7 Lake TōyaHokkaidō0.1135 Ma
7 Lake KussharoHokkaidō0.1175 MaKutcharo Haboro Ash
7 Mount AsoKyūshū0.13 MaAso-3 Ignimbrite
? Yellowstone CalderaYellowstone hotspot0.070-150 Mamagmatic
6 Mount AsoKyūshū0.141 MaAso-2 Ignimbrite
7 CalabozosAndes, Southern Volcanic Zone0.15 MaLoma Seca Tuff-Unit S
5 GalerasAndes, Northern Volcanic Zone0.15 Ma
7 Kos-Nisyros CalderaSouth Aegean Volcanic Arc0.161 MaKos Plateau Tuff
7 Yellowstone CalderaYellowstone hotspot0.17 MaBluff Point Tuff
7 Lake AkanHokkaidō0.175 Ma
7 Southern Caldera, SantoriniSouth Aegean Volcanic Arc0.18 Ma
7 Rotorua CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone0.23 MaMamaku Ignimbrite
7 Maroa CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone0.23 MaOhakuri Ignimbrite
7 Reporoa CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone0.23 MaKaingaroa Ignimbrite
6 Emmons Lake calderaAleutian Range0.233 Ma
7 Ata CalderaKyūshū0.24 MaTorihama eruption
7 Kapenga CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone0.24 MaOhakui Ignimbrite
7 O'a CalderaEthiopia0.24 MaQi3 Pumice
8 Whakamaru CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone0.254 MaWhakamaru Ignimbrite
6 Mount AsoKyūshū0.266 MaAso-1 Ignimbrite
7 Haroharo CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone0.28 MaMatahina Ignimbrite
7 Kapenga CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone0.28 MaPakai Ignimbrite
7 Lake ManinjauSunda Arc0.28 Ma
6 Uzon-Geyzernaya calderasKamchatka Peninsula0.28 Ma
7 CalabozosAndes, Southern Volcanic Zone0.3 MaLoma Seca Tuff-Unit V
7 Kapenga CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone0.3 MaChimpanzee Ignimbrite
7 Mount KirishimaKyūshū0.325 MaKakutō Ignimbrite
7 Lake BraccianoLazio, Italy0.37 MaMophi Tephra
7? SuiendaniHonshū0.37 Ma
6 Roccamonfina CalderaCampania, Italy0.385 Ma
7 MedvezhiaKuril Islands0.41 MaMedvezhia Ignimbrite
7 Pauzhetka CalderaKamchatka Peninsula0.44 MaGolygin Ignimbrite
7 Aira CalderaKyūshū0.45 MaOda Ignimbrite
7 Diamante CalderaAndes, Southern Volcanic Zone0.45 Ma
7 Los HumerosMéxico0.46 MaXaltipan Ignimbrite
7 Aira CalderaKyūshū0.5 MaYoshino Ignimbrite
? Toba CalderaSunda Arc0.501 MaMiddle Toba Tuff
7 Mount KirishimaKyūshū0.52 MaKobayashi Ignimbrite
6 GalerasAndes, Northern Volcanic Zone0.56Ma
7 Mount KirishimaKyūshū0.58 MaHiwaki Ignimbrite
7 Hōhi Volcanic ZoneKyūshū0.6 MaYufugawa Ignimbrite
8 Yellowstone CalderaYellowstone hotspot0.64 MaLava Creek Tuff
7 Acatlán Volcanic FieldMéxico0.65 MaAcatlán Ignimbrite
7 Hōhi Volcanic ZoneKyūshū0.65 MaSeiganji-Toga Tephra
7 KamitakaraHonshū0.65 Ma
7 Kapenga CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone0.68 MaMatahana A
7 Kapenga CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone0.71 MaWaiotapu Ignimbrite
7 Long Valley Calderaeastern California, USA0.76 MaBishop Tuff
7 Kapenga CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone0.83 MaMatahana B
7 CalabozosAndes, Southern Volcanic Zone0.84 MaLoma Seca Tuff-Unit L
7 Lake Toba CalderaSunda Arc0.84 MaOldest Toba Tuff
7 Shishimuta CalderaKyūshū0.87 MaImaichi Ignimbrite
7 Mangakino CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone0.95 MaMarshall Ignimbrite
7 Mangakino CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone0.97 MaUnit E
7 North VateVanuatu1 MaEfaté Pumice Formation
7 Mangakino CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone1 MaRocky Hill Ignimbrite
7 Shishimuta CalderaKyūshū1 MaYabakei Ignimbrite
7 Tamagawa CalderaHonshū1 Ma
7 Tōnohetsuri CalderasHonshū1 MaSaigō Ignimbrite
7 Tokachi-Mitsumata CalderaHokkaidō1 Ma
8 Mangakino CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone1.01 MaKidnappers Ignimbrite
7 KulshanCascade Volcanic Arc1.12 MaLake Tapps Tephra
7 Mangakino CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone1.18 MaAhuroa Ignimbrite
7 Mangakino CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone1.2 MaUnit D
7 Shishimuta CalderaKyūshū1.2 MaShikido Ignimbrite
6 Toba CalderaSunda Arc1.2 MaHaranggoal Dacite Tuff
7 Tōnohetsuri CalderasHonshū1.2 MaAshino Ignimbrite
8 Mangakino CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone1.21 MaOngatiti Ignimbrite
7 Valles CalderaNew Mexico, USA
(Raton hotspot)
1.22 MaUpper Bandelier eruption
7 Henry's Fork CalderaYellowstone hotspot1.3 MaMesa Falls Tuff
7 Puricó ComplexAndes, Central Volcanic Zone1.3 MaPuricó Ignimbrite
7 Mangakino CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone1.4 MaUnit C
7 Tōnohetsuri CalderasHonshū1.4 MaKumado Ignimbrite
7 Mount TokachiHokkaidō1.4 MaTokachi Ignimbrite
7 Mangakino CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone1.53 MaUnit B
7 Mangakino CalderaTaupo Volcanic Zone1.55 MaUnit A
7 Mount JiigatakeHonshū1.6 MaŌmine Ignimbrite
7 Valles CalderaNew Mexico, USA1.61 MaLower Bandelier eruption
7 Mount JiigatakeHonshū1.65 Ma
6 Cerro GuachaAltiplano-Puna volcanic complex1.7 MaPuripica Chico ignimbrite
7 Mount HotakadakeHonshū1.75 MaEbisutōge-Fukuda tephras
7 Mount HotakadakeHonshū1.76 MaNyūkawa Ignimbrite
7 KarymshinaKamchatka1.78 Ma
7 Valles CalderaNew Mexico, USA1.78 MaSan Diego Canyon Ignimbrite
7 Lake AtitlánCentral America Volcanic Arc1.8 Ma
7 Mount JiigatakeHonshū1.88 MaKitazawa Ignimbrite
7 Mount TokachiHokkaidō1.9 MaBiei Ignimbrite
7 Tamagawa CalderaHonshū2 Ma
7 Mount HotakadakeHonshū2 MaSonehara Ignimbrite
7 Mount JiigatakeHonshū2 MaNyūnomi Ignimbrite
7 Mount JiigatakeHonshū2 MaIchiuda Ignimbrite
7 Mount JiigatakeHonshū2 MaReishōji Ignimbrite
7 Mount JiigatakeHonshū2 MaHt-3 Ignimbrite
8 Island Park CalderaYellowstone hotspot2.1 MaHuckleberry Ridge Tuff
7 Mount JiigatakeHonshū2.18 MaTaniguchi Ignimbrite
8 Cerro GalánAndes, Central Volcanic Zone2.2 MaCerro Galán Ignimbrite
7 Hiwada CalderaHonshū2.8 MaHotokezawa Ignimbrite
7 Pastos Grandes CalderaAndes, Central Volcanic Zone2.9 MaPastos Grandes Ignimbrite
7 Cerro GuachaAltiplano-Puna volcanic complex3.5 MaTara Ignimbrite
7 Yunosawa CalderaHonshū3.5 MaObirakiyama Tuff
8 Pacana CalderaAndes, Central Volcanic Zone4 MaAtana Ignimbrite
8 Heise volcanic fieldYellowstone hotspot4.45 MaKilgore Tuff
? Heise volcanic fieldYellowstone hotspot5.51 MaConant Creek Tuff
8 Cerro GuachaAltiplano-Puna volcanic complex5.7 MaGuacha ignimbrite
7 Cerro PanizosAndes, Central Volcanic Zone6.1 MaPanizos Ignimbrite
? Heise volcanic fieldYellowstone hotspot6.27 MaWalcott Tuff
8 Heise volcanic fieldYellowstone hotspot6.62 MaBlacktail Tuff
7 Black Mountain CalderaSouthwest Nevada volcanic field7 MaThirsty Canyon Tuff
7 Pastos Grandes Caldera or Vilama CalderaAndes, Central Volcanic Zone8.3 MaSifon Ignimbrite
? Twin Falls volcanic fieldYellowstone hotspot8.6 to 10 Ma
? Picabo volcanic fieldYellowstone hotspot10.09 and 10.21 MaArbon Valley Tuffs
8 Bruneau-Jarbidge calderaYellowstone hotspot10.0 to 12.5 MaAshfall Fossil Beds eruption
7 Timber Mountain caldera complexSouthwest Nevada volcanic field11.45 MaTimber Mountain Tuff - Ammonia Tanks member
8 Timber Mountain caldera complexSouthwest Nevada volcanic field11.6 MaTimber Mountain Tuff - Rainer Mesa member
8 Paintbrush CalderaSouthwest Nevada volcanic field12.7 MaPaintbrush Tuff - Topopah Spring member
8 Paintbrush CalderaSouthwest Nevada volcanic field12.8 MaPaintbrush Tuff - Tiva Canyon member
7 Mount SoboKyūshū12.8 Ma
7 Mount KatamukiKyūshū13 Ma
7 Silent Canyon caldera complexSouthwest Nevada volcanic field13 MaBelted Range Tuff
7 Crater Flat GroupSouthwest Nevada volcanic field13.25 MaCrater Flat Tuff, Bullfrog member
? Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic fieldYellowstone hotspot12.8 to 13.9 Ma
8 Ōdai CalderaHonshū13.7 MaMurō Ignimbrite
8 Mount ŌkueKyūshū13.7 MaOkueyama volcano-plutonic complex
7 Mount IshizuchiShikoku14 Ma
7 Shitara CalderaHonshū13.1 to 15.1 Ma
8 Kumano CalderaHonshū14.4 MaKumano Acidic rock
6 Campi FlegreiCampanian volcanic arc14.9 MaNeapolitan Yellow Tuff
8 Source unknownAndes, Central Volcanic Zone15 MaHuaylillas Ignimbrite
7 McDermitt volcanic field, NorthYellowstone hotspot15 MaWhitehorse Creek Tuff
8 Mount OsuzuKyūshū15.1 MaOsuzuyama volcano-plutonic complex
? Lake Owyhee volcanic fieldYellowstone hotspot?15 to 15.5 Ma
7 McDermitt volcanic field, SouthYellowstone hotspot15.6 MaLongridge Tuff member 2-3
7 McDermitt volcanic field, SouthYellowstone hotspot15.6 MaLongridge Tuff member 5
7 McDermitt volcanic field, SouthYellowstone hotspot15.7 MaDouble H Tuff
7 McDermitt volcanic field, NorthYellowstone hotspot15.8 MaTrout Creek Mountains Tuff
? McDermitt volcanic field, SouthYellowstone hotspot16 MaHoppin Peaks Tuff
7 McDermitt volcanic field, SouthYellowstone hotspot16.548 MaOregon Canyon Tuff
? Northwest Nevada volcanic fieldYellowstone hotspot?15.5 to 16.5 Ma
? Columbia River Basalt GroupYellowstone hotspot17 Ma
? Source unknownAndes, Central Volcanic Zone19 MaOxaya Ignimbrites
7 Mount Belknap CalderaMarysvale volcanic field19 MaJoe Lott member
7 Monroe Peak CalderaMarysvale volcanic field23 MaOsiris Tuff
8 La Garita CalderaSan Juan volcanic field27.8 MaFish Canyon Tuff
7 Bennett Lake Volcanic ComplexSkukum Group50 Ma

Further reading

  • Scott E. Bryan; Ingrid Ukstins Peate; David W. Peate; Stephen Self; Dougal A. Jerram; Michael R. Mawby; J.S. Marsh; Jodie A. Miller (2010). "The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth". Earth-Science Reviews. 102 (3–4): 207–229. Bibcode:2010ESRv..102..207B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001.
  • "VOGRIPA".
  • Lee Siebert; Tom Simkin; Paul Kimberly (2011). Volcanoes of the World. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520268777.

References

  1. "Undocumented volcano contributed to extremely cold decade from 1810-1819". Sciencedaily.com. 2009-12-07. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
  2. Space (2013-09-30). "Samalas in Indonesia Identified as Source of the 1257 A.D. 'Missing' Eruption". WIRED. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
  • Ward, Peter L. (2 April 2009). "Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways" (PDF). Thin Solid Films. 517 (11): 3188–3203. Bibcode:2009TSF...517.3188W. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
    • Supplementary Table I: "Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
    • Supplementary Table II: "Supplementary References to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009)" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  • "Large Holocene Eruptions". Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
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