List of natural disasters by death toll
A natural disaster is a sudden event that causes widespread destruction, lots of collateral damage or loss of life, brought about by forces other than the acts of human beings. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes etc. In order to be classified as a disaster, it will have profound environmental effect and/or human loss and frequently incurs financial loss.
Ten deadliest natural disasters
Notes: The list does not include several volcanic eruptions with uncertain death tolls resulting from collateral effects (crop failures, etc.), though these may have numbered in the millions; see List of volcanic eruptions by death toll.
The list does not include the man-made 1938 Yellow River flood, caused entirely by a deliberate man-made act (an act of war, destroying dikes).
An alternative listing is given by Peter Hough in his 2008 book Global Security.[1]
Rank | Death toll (estimate) | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1,000,000–4,000,000[2][nb 1] | 1931 China floods | China | July 1931 |
2. | 900,000–2,000,000[3] | 1887 Yellow River flood | China | September 1887 |
3. | 830,000[4] | 1556 Shaanxi earthquake | China | January 23, 1556 |
4. | ≥500,000[2] | 1970 Bhola cyclone | East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | November 13, 1970 |
5. | 300,000 | 1839 India cyclone[5] | India | November 26, 1839 |
1737 Calcutta Cyclone[6] | India | October 7, 1737 | ||
7. | 273,400[7] | 1920 Haiyuan earthquake | China | December 16, 1920 |
8. | 250,000–300,000[8] | 526 Antioch earthquake | Byzantine Empire (now Turkey) | May 526 |
9. | 242,769–655,000 | 1976 Tangshan earthquake | China | July 28, 1976 |
10. | 227,898 | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami | Indian Ocean | December 26, 2004 |
Ten deadliest natural disasters since 1900
Note: This list does not include industrial or technological accidents, epidemics, or the 1938 Yellow River flood.
Rank | Death toll (estimate) | Event* | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1,000,000–4,000,000 | 1931 China floods | China | July 1931 |
2. | ≥500,000[2] | 1970 Bhola cyclone | East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | November 1970 |
3. | 273,400 | 1920 Haiyuan earthquake | China | December 16, 1920 |
4. | 242,769–655,000 | 1976 Tangshan earthquake | China | July 28, 1976 |
5. | 229,000 | Typhoon Nina—contributed to Banqiao Dam failure | China | August 7, 1975 |
6. | 227,898 | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami | Indian Ocean | December 26, 2004 |
7. | 160,000[9] | 2010 Haiti earthquake | Haiti | January 12, 2010 |
8. | 145,000 | 1935 Yangtze river flood | China | 1935 |
9. | 143,000 | 1923 Great Kantō earthquake | Japan | September 1, 1923 |
10. | 138,866 | 1991 Bangladesh cyclone | Bangladesh | April 1991 |
Lists of natural disasters by cause
Deadliest earthquakes
- Note that the 893 Ardabil earthquake is a 'phantom', considered a mis-recording of the 893 Dvin earthquake[10]
Rank | Death toll (estimate) | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 830,000 | 1556 Shaanxi earthquake | China | January 23, 1556 |
2. | 242,769–655,000[11] | 1976 Tangshan earthquake | China | July 28, 1976 |
3. | 273,400[7] | 1920 Haiyuan earthquake | Ningxia, China | December 16, 1920 |
4. | 250,000–300,000[8] | 526 Antioch earthquake | Byzantine Empire (now Turkey) | May 526 |
5. | 260,000[12] | 115 Antioch earthquake | Roman Empire (now Turkey) | December 13, 115 |
6. | 230,000 | 1138 Aleppo earthquake | Zengid dynasty (now Syria) | October 11, 1138 |
7. | 227,898 | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake | Indonesia | December 26, 2004 |
8. | 200,000 | 1303 Hongdong earthquake[13] | Mongol Empire (now China) | September 17, 1303 |
856 Damghan earthquake | Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran) | December 22, 856 | ||
1780 Tabriz earthquake[14] | Iran | January 8, 1780 | ||
11. | 160,000[9] | 2010 Haiti earthquake | Haiti | January 12, 2010 |
12. | 150,000 | 893 Ardabil earthquake | Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran) | March 23, 893 |
13. | 142,807[15][16] | 1923 Great Kantō earthquake | Japan | September 1, 1923 |
14. | 130,000[17] | 533 Aleppo earthquake | Byzantine Empire (now Syria) | November 29, 533 |
15. | 123,000[2] | 1908 Messina earthquake | Italy | December 28, 1908 |
16. | 110,000 | 1948 Ashgabat earthquake | Turkmen SSR, Soviet Union (now Turkmenistan) | October 5, 1948 |
17. | 100,000 | 1290 Chihli earthquake | Mongol Empire (now China) | September 27, 1290 |
2005 Kashmir earthquake | Pakistan (Azad Kashmir) | October 8, 2005 | ||
19. | 87,587[18][19] | 2008 Sichuan earthquake | China | May 12, 2008 |
20. | 80,000 | 1721 Tabriz earthquake[20] | Iran | April 26, 1721 |
458 Antioch earthquake[21] | Byzantine Empire (now Turkey) | September 458 | ||
1667 Shamakhi earthquake | Safavid dynasty (now Azerbaijan) | November 1667 | ||
1854 Great Nankaidō earthquake | Japan | November 1854 | ||
1169 Aleppo earthquake[22][23] | Zengid dynasty (now Syria) | 1169 | ||
25. | 77,000 | 1727 Tabriz earthquake | Iran | November 18, 1727 |
26. | 73,000[24] | 1718 Gansu earthquake | Qing Empire (now China) | June 19, 1718 |
27. | 70,000 | 1970 Ancash earthquake[25] | Peru | May 31, 1970 |
1033 Ramala earthquake[26] | Fatimid Caliphate (now West Bank) | December 10, 1033 | ||
847 Damascus earthquake[27] | Abbasid Caliphate (now Syria) | 847 | ||
1868 Ecuador earthquakes[28] | Ecuador | August 15, 1868 – August 16, 1868 | ||
31. | 60,000 | 587 Antioch earthquake[29] | Byzantine Empire (now Turkey) | September 30, 587 |
1101 Khorasan earthquake[30] | Great Seljuq Empire (now Iran) | 1101 | ||
1268 Cilicia earthquake | Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (now Turkey) | 1268 | ||
1693 Sicily earthquake | Kingdom of Sicily (now Italy) | January 11, 1693 | ||
1935 Quetta earthquake | India (now part of Pakistan) | May 31, 1935 | ||
36. | 50,000 | 844 Damascus earthquake[31] | Abbasid Caliphate (now Syria) | September 18, 844 |
1042 Tabriz earthquake[32] | Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran) | November 4, 1042 | ||
1783 Calabrian earthquakes | Kingdom of Naples (now Italy) | 1783 | ||
1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake | Iran | June 21, 1990 | ||
40. | 40,000–50,000[33] | 1755 Lisbon earthquake | Portugal | November 1, 1755 |
41. | 45,000 | 850 Iran earthquake[34] | Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran) | July 15, 850 |
856 Corinth earthquake[35] | Byzantine Empire (now Greece) | November 856 | ||
856 Tunisia earthquake[36][37] | Abbasid Caliphate (now Tunisia) | December 3, 856 | ||
44. | 42,571[38] | 1668 Shandong earthquake | Qing Empire (now China) | July 25, 1668 |
45. | 40,900 | 1927 Gulang earthquake | Gansu, China | May 22, 1927 |
46. | 40,000 | 342 Antioch earthquake[39] | Roman Empire (now Turkey) | 342 |
662 Damghan earthquake[40] | Umayyad Caliphate (now Iran) | April 26, 662 | ||
1455 Naples earthquake[41] | Crown of Aragon (now Italy) | December 5, 1455 | ||
1754 Cairo earthquake[42] | Ottoman Empire (now Egypt) | September 2, 1754 | ||
1755 Tabriz earthquake[43] | Iran | June 7, 1755 | ||
1797 Riobamba earthquake | Spanish Empire (now Ecuador) | February 4, 1797 |
Deadliest famines
Note: Some of these famines may have been caused or partially caused by humans.
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 15,000,000–43,000,000 | Great Chinese Famine | China | 1958–1961 |
2. | 25,000,000 | Chinese Famine of 1907 | China | 1907 |
3. | 13,000,000[44] | Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 | China | 1876–1879 |
4. | 11,000,000 | Doji bara famine or Skull famine | India | 1789–1792 |
5. | 10,000,000 | Bengal famine of 1770, incl. Bihar & Orissa | British India | 1769–1771 |
6. | 6,000,000+ | Indian Famine | British India | 1896–1902 |
7. | 7,500,000 | Great European Famine | Europe (all) | 1315–1317 |
8. | 5,000,000–8,000,000 | Soviet famine of 1932–1933 (Holodomor in Ukraine) | Soviet Union | 1932–1934 |
9. | 5,250,000 | Indian Great Famine of 1876–78 | British India | 1876–1878 |
10. | 5,000,000 | Chinese Famine of 1936 | China | 1936 |
Russian famine of 1921 | Russia, Ukraine | 1921–1922 | ||
12. | 3,000,000 | Chinese famine of 1928–1930 | China | 1928–1930 |
13. | 2,000,000–3,000,000 | Chinese famine of 1942–43 | China | 1942–1943 |
14. | 2,000,000 | Russian famine of 1601–1603 | Russia (Muscovy) | 1601–1603 |
Deccan Famine of 1630–32 | India | 1630–1632 | ||
Upper Doab famine of 1860–61 | British India | 1860–1861 | ||
French Famine | France | 1693–1694 | ||
Great Persian Famine of 1870–71 | Persia | 1870–1871 | ||
19. | 1,500,000–7,000,000 | Bengal Famine of 1943 | British India | 1943 |
20. | 1,500,000 | Great Irish Famine | Ireland | 1846–1849 |
Deadliest impact events
Note: Although there have been no scientifically verified cases of astronomical objects resulting in human fatalities, there have been several reported occurrences throughout human history. Consequently, the casualty figures for all events listed are considered unofficial.
Rank | Death toll (unofficial) | Location | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 10,000+ | Qingyang, Gansu, China | 1490 | 1490 Ch'ing-yang event |
2. | "Tens" | Changshou District, China | 1639 | 10 homes destroyed[45][46] |
3. | 10+ | China | 616 CE | a large meteorite fell onto the rebel Lu Ming-Yueh's camp, destroying a wall-attacking tower[46] |
4. | 2 | Malacca ship, Indian Ocean | 1648 | 2 sailors killed on board a ship[46] |
Podkamennaya Tunguska River, Siberia, Russian Empire | 1908 | Tunguska event[45] | ||
6. | 1 | Cremona, Lombardy, Italy | 1511 | a monk and several animals were killed by stones weighing up to 50 kg[46] |
Milan, Italy | 1633 or 1664 | a monk died after being struck on the thigh by a meteorite[46] | ||
Gascony, France | 1790 | a farmer was reportedly struck and killed by a meteorite[46] | ||
Oriang, Malwate, India | 1825 | [45][47] | ||
Chin-kuei Shan, China | 1874 | a cottage was crushed by a meteorite, killing a child[45][48] | ||
Newtown, Indiana, United States | 1879 | a man was killed in bed by a meteorite[45] | ||
Dun-le-Poëlier, France | 1879 | a farmer was killed by a meteorite[45] | ||
Zvezvan, Yugoslavia | 1929 | a meteorite hit a bridal party[45] |
Deadliest limnic eruptions
Note: Only 2 cases in recorded history.
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1,744 | Lake Nyos | Cameroon | August 21, 1986 |
2. | 37 | Lake Monoun | Cameroon | August 15, 1984 |
Deadliest wildfires / bushfires
Ten deadliest avalanches / landslides
Rank | Death toll (estimate) | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 100,000 | 1786 Dadu River landslide dam; triggered by the 1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake[51] | China | 1786 |
1920 Haiyuan landslides; triggered by the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake[51] | China | 1920 | ||
3. | 22,000 | 1970 Huascarán avalanche; triggered by the 1970 Ancash earthquake[52] | Peru | 1970 |
4. | 10,000–30,000 | Vargas tragedy[53] | Venezuela | 1999 |
10,000 | White Friday avalanches[54][55] | Italy | 1916 | |
6. | 5,000–28,000 | Khait landslide[56][57] | Tajikistan | 1949 |
7. | 4,000–6,000 | 1941 Huaraz avalanche[58] | Peru | 1941 |
4,000 | 1962 Huascarán avalanche[52] | Peru | 1962 | |
9. | 3,466 | 1310 Western Hubei landslide[51] | China | 1310 |
10. | 3,429 | 1933 Diexi landslides[51] | China | 1933 |
Ten deadliest blizzards
Rank | Death toll (estimate) | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 4,000 | 1972 Iran blizzard | Iran | 1972 |
2. | 3,000 | Carolean Death March | Norway | 1719 |
3. | 926 | 2008 Afghanistan blizzard | Afghanistan | 2008 |
4. | 400 | Great Blizzard of 1888 | United States | 1888 |
5. | 353 | Great Appalachian Storm of 1950 | United States | 1950 |
6. | 318 | 1993 Storm of the Century | United States | 1993 |
7. | 286 | December 1960 nor'easter | United States | 1960 |
8. | 250 | Great Lakes Storm of 1913 | United States and Canada (Great Lakes region) | 1913 |
9. | 235 | Schoolhouse Blizzard | United States | 1888 |
10. | 201 | North American blizzard of 1966 | United States | 1966 |
Ten deadliest floods
Note: Some of these floods and landslides may be partially caused by humans – for example, by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.
This list does not include the man-made 1938 Yellow River flood caused entirely by a deliberate man-made act (an act of war, destroying dikes).
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1,000,000–4,000,000[59] | 1931 China floods | China | 1931 |
2. | 900,000–2,000,000 | 1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood | China | 1887 |
3. | 229,000[60] | Failure of 62 dams, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, result of Typhoon Nina. | China | 1975 |
4. | 145,000 | 1935 Yangtze river flood | China | 1935 |
5. | >100,000 | St. Felix's Flood, storm surge | Holy Roman Empire | 1530 |
6. | 100,000 | Hanoi and Red River Delta flood | North Vietnam | 1971 |
7. | up to 100,000 | 1911 Yangtze River flood | China | 1911 |
8. | 50,000–80,000 | St. Lucia's flood, storm surge | Holy Roman Empire | 1287 |
9. | 60,000 | North Sea flood, storm surge | Holy Roman Empire | 1212 |
10. | 36,000 | St. Marcellus flood, storm surge | Holy Roman Empire | 1219 |
Ten deadliest heat waves
Note: Measuring the number of deaths caused by a heat wave requires complicated statistical analysis, since heat waves tend to cause large numbers of deaths among people weakened by other conditions. As a result, the number of deaths is only known with any accuracy for heat waves in the modern era in countries with developed healthcare systems.
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 70,000 | 2003 European heat wave | Europe | 2003 |
2. | 56,000 | 2010 Russian heat wave | Russia | 2010 |
3. | 9,500 | 1901 eastern United States heat wave | United States | 1901 |
4. | 5,000–10,000 | 1988 United States heat wave | United States | 1988 |
5. | 3,418 | 2006 European heat wave | Europe | 2006[61] |
6. | 2,541 | 1998 India heat wave | India | 1998[61] |
7. | 2,500 | 2015 Indian heat wave | India | 2015 |
8. | 2,000 | 2015 Pakistan heat wave | Pakistan | 2015 |
9. | 1,700–5,000 | 1980 United States heat wave | United States | 1980 |
10. | 1,718[62] | 2010 Japanese heat wave | Japan | 2010 |
Ten deadliest pandemics / epidemics
Death counts are historical totals unless indicated otherwise.
Rank | Death toll (estimate) | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 300,000,000 approx. | Smallpox | Worldwide | 1900 to eradication.[63] Declared eradicated May 8, 1980.[64] |
2. | 200,000,000 | Measles | Worldwide | last 150 years[65] |
3. | 100,000,000 approx. | Black Death | Worldwide | 1300s–1720s |
4. | 80,000,000–250,000,000 | Malaria | Worldwide | 20th century – present |
5. | 50,000,000–100,000,000 | Spanish Flu | Worldwide | 1918–1928 |
6. | 40,000,000–100,000,000 | Plague of Justinian | Asia, Europe, Africa | 540–590 |
7. | 40,000,000–100,000,000 | Tuberculosis | Worldwide | 20th century – present[65] |
8. | 30,000,000[66] | AIDS pandemic | Worldwide | 1981–present |
9. | 12,000,000 | Third Pandemic of Bubonic Plague | Worldwide | 1850s–1950s |
10. | 5,000,000 | Antonine Plague | Roman Empire | 165–180 |
Ten deadliest tornadoes
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1,300 | The Daulatpur–Saturia tornado | Manikganj, Bangladesh | 1989 |
2. | 695 | The Tri-State tornado | United States (Missouri–Illinois–Indiana) | 1925 |
3. | 681 | 1973 Dhaka tornado | Bangladesh | 1973 |
4. | 660 | 1969 East Pakistan tornado | East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | 1969 |
5. | 600 | The Valletta, Malta tornado | Malta | 1551 or 1556 |
6. | 500 | The Sicily Tornadoes | Sicily, Two Sicilies (now Italy) | 1851 |
The Narail-Magura tornado | Jessore, East Pakistan, Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | 1964 | ||
The Madaripur-Shibchar tornado | Bangladesh | 1977 | ||
9. | 400 | The Ivanovo-Yaroslavl tornado | Soviet Union (now Russia) | 1984 |
10. | 317 | The Great Natchez tornado | United States (Mississippi–Louisiana) | 1840 |
Ten deadliest tropical cyclones
Note: Earlier versions of this list have included the so-called 'Bombay Cyclone of 1882' in tenth position, but this supposed event has been proven to be a hoax.
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | ≥500,000 | 1970 Bhola cyclone | East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | November 13, 1970 |
2. | 300,000 | 1737 Calcutta cyclone[6] | India | October 7, 1737 |
1839 India Cyclone[5] | India | November 25, 1839 | ||
4. | 229,000 | Super Typhoon Nina—contributed to Banqiao Dam failure | China | August 7, 1975 |
5. | 200,000[67] | Great Backerganj Cyclone of 1876 | India (now Bangladesh) | October 30, 1876 |
6. | 150,000 (30,000 to 300,000)[68] | 1881 Haiphong Typhoon | Vietnam | October 8, 1881 |
7. | 138,866 | 1991 Bangladesh cyclone | Bangladesh | April 29, 1991 |
8. | 138,373 | Cyclone Nargis | Myanmar | May 2, 2008 |
9. | 100,000 | July 1780 typhoon[69] | Philippines | 1780 |
Ten deadliest tsunamis
Note: A possible tsunami in 1782 that caused about 40,000 deaths in the Taiwan Strait area may have been of "meteorological" origin (a cyclone).[70]
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 227,898 | 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami | Indian Ocean | December 26, 2004 |
2. | 123,000[2] | 1908 Messina earthquake | Italy | December 28, 1908 |
3. | 36,417–120,000 | 1883 eruption of Krakatoa | Indonesia | August 26, 1883 |
4. | 40,000–50,000[33] | 1755 Lisbon earthquake | Portugal | November 1, 1755 |
5. | 30,000-100,000 (est.) | Minoan Eruption | Greece | 2nd Millennium BC |
6. | 31,000 | 1498 Meiō Nankaidō earthquake | Japan | September 20, 1498 |
7. | 30,000 | 1707 Hōei earthquake | Japan | October 28, 1707 |
8. | 27,122[71] | 1896 Sanriku earthquake | Japan | June 15, 1896 |
9. | 25,674 | 1868 Arica earthquake | Chile | August 13, 1868 |
10. | 5,700[72]–50,000[73] | 365 Crete earthquake | Greece | July 21, 365 |
Ten deadliest volcanic eruptions
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 71,000+[74] | 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora (see also Year Without a Summer) | Indonesia | April 10, 1815 |
2. | 36,000+[75] | 1883 eruption of Krakatoa | Indonesia | August 26, 1883 |
3. | 30,000[76] | Mount Pelée | Martinique | May 7, 1902 |
4. | 23,000[77] | Armero tragedy | Colombia | November 13, 1985 |
5. | 15,000[78] | 1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami | Japan | May 21, 1792 |
6. | 10,000 | Mount Kelud | Indonesia | 1586 |
7. | 6,000[79] | Santa Maria | Guatemala | October 24, 1902 |
8. | 5,000[80] | Mount Kelud | Indonesia | May 19, 1919 |
9. | 4,011[81] | Mount Galunggung | Indonesia | 1822 |
10. | 3,500 | El Chichón | Mexico | 1982 |
See also
- List of countries by natural disaster risk
- List of all known deadly earthquakes since 1900
- List of disasters in Canada
- List of disasters in Indonesia
- List of disasters in the Philippines
- List of disasters in Thailand
- List of natural disasters in Great Britain and Ireland
- List of natural disasters in Haiti
- List of natural disasters in New Zealand
- List of natural disasters in Pakistan
- List of natural disasters in the United States
- Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
- Global catastrophic risk
- Other lists organized by death toll
- List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll
- List of accidents and disasters by death toll
- List of battles and other violent events by death toll
- List of disasters in Antarctica by death toll
- List of disasters in Australia by death toll
- List of disasters in Canada by death toll
- List of disasters in Croatia by death toll
- List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll
- List of disasters in New Zealand by death toll
- List of disasters in Poland by death toll
- List of disasters in Romania by death toll
- List of disasters in the United States by death toll
- Tsunamis in the United Kingdom
Notes
References
- ↑ Peter Hough (2008). "Chapter 8". Understanding Global Security. table 8.1. Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-415-42141-6.
The ten worst natural disasters in history
- 1 2 3 4 5 The world's worst natural disasters Calamities of the 20th and 21st centuries CBC News'.' Retrieved 2010-10-29.
- ↑ "NOVA Online | Flood! | Dealing with the Deluge". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
- ↑ "Top 10 Deadliest Earthquakes". Time. January 13, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
- 1 2 "The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2008-04-06. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
- 1 2 "10 'Worst' Natural Disasters". Eas.slu.edu. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
- 1 2 "Death toll of 1920 China earthquake higher than previously estimated". News.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- 1 2 Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- 1 2 "Mortality, crime and access to basic needs before and after the Haiti earthquake: a random survey of Port-au-Prince households". Taylor Francis Online. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6.
- ↑ "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ "china virtual museums_quake". Kepu.net.cn. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ http://earthquakes.sciencedaily.com/l/1320/Iran-Tabriz
- ↑ "Today in Earthquake History". Earthquake.usgs.gov. 2012-10-02. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ "Deaths from Earthquakes in 2008". Earthquake.usgs.gov. 2010-04-21. Archived from the original on 2015-10-03. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ Syria: Halab (Aleppo), Dimashq (Damascus). "Syria: Halab (Aleppo), Dimashq (Damascus) Earthquake of 1169". Earthquakes.findthedata.org. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ "What was the magnitude of the Syria: Halab (Aleppo), Dimashq (Damascus) Earthquake in 1169?". Earthquakes.findthedata.org. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ "Ancash earthquake of 1970 – Peru".
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- 1 2 The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake. Discussion Paper 06/03, Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York, York University, 2006
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ "Yahoo! Groups". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ http://earthquakes.findthedata.org/l/223/Tunisia-Tunis-Syria-Egypt-Yemen
- ↑ "How many casualties did the Tunisia: Tunis; Syria; Egypt; Yemen Earth…". 18 November 2013. Archived from the original on 18 November 2013.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ http://earthquakes.findthedata.org/l/1220/Egypt-Al-qahirah-cairo
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ Dimensions of need – People and populations at risk. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Reported Deaths and Injuries from Meteorite Impact". delong.typepad.com. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gritzner, C. "Human Casualties in Impact Events". SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS). Retrieved 20 July 2017.
- ↑ "Some interesting meteorite falls of the last two centuries". International Comet Quarterly. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
- ↑ Lewis, John S. (1997). Rain Of Iron And Ice: The Very Real Threat Of Comet And Asteroid Bombardment. Basic Books. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-201-15494-8.
- 1 2 3 4 Masters, Jeff. "5th Deadliest Wildfire Globally in Past 100 Years: 87 Dead from Monday's Greek Fires". Weather Underground. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Capter 3 It Only Takes A Spark: The Hazard of Wildfires" (PDF). Brookings.edu. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 "The Landslide Problem" (PDF). IciMod. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
- 1 2 "The Peru Earthquake: A Special Study". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Oct 1970: 17.
- ↑ Wieczorek GF, Larsen MC, Eaton LS, Morgan BA, Blair JL (2 December 2002). "Debris-flow and flooding hazards associated with the December 1999 storm in coastal Venezuela and strategies for mitigation". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
- ↑ "This Day in History". Retrieved 2014-12-14.
- ↑ "The Italian Alps Avalanche of 1916". 2013-03-11. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
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- ↑ ThinkQuest Team #C003603. "Hurricanes: case studies". Library.thinkquest.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
- ↑ David Longshore (2008). Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, New Edition. Facts on File, New York, NY, US. ISBN 978-1-4381-1879-6.
- ↑ Pedro Ribera, Ricardo Garcia-Herrera and Luis Gimeno (July 2008). "Historical Deadly Typhoons in the Philippines". Weather. Royal Meteorological Society. 63 (7): 196. Bibcode:2008Wthr...63..194R. doi:10.1002/wea.275.
- ↑ Written records of historical tsunamis in the northeastern South China Sea
- ↑ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ Soloviev, Sergey L.; Solovieva, Olga N.; Go, Chan N.; Kim, Khen S.; Shchetnikov, Nikolay A. (2000). Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea : 2000 B.C. - 2000 A.D. Dordrecht [u.a.]: Springer Science & Business. p. 29. ISBN 0792365488.
- ↑ Gates, Alexander E.; Ritchie, David (2007). Encyclopedia of earthquakes and volcanoes (3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 291. ISBN 0816072701.
- ↑ Oppenheimer, Clive (1 June 2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. pp. 230–259. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra.
- ↑ "Krakatoa Volcano: Facts About Deadly Eruption". Live Science.
- ↑ "Benchmarks: May 8, 1902: The deadly eruption of Mount Pelée". Earth Magazine. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
- ↑ "BBC ON THIS DAY | 13 | 1985: Volcano kills thousands in Colombia". news.bbc.co.uk.
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- ↑ "What is the largest eruption ever? | Volcano World | Oregon State University". Volcano World. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
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- ↑ "Galunggung | Volcano World | Oregon State University". Volcano World. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
External links
- Natural Hazards Data from NOAA National Geophysical Data Center
- "When Nature Attacks" from Newsweek
- World's worst natural disasters since 1900
- Earthquake Hazards Program – USGS
- EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database managed by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
- Disasters Database Report from Emergency Management Australia