List of famines

Depiction of victims of the Great Irish Famine, 1845–1849

Between 108 BC and 1911 AD, there were no fewer than 1,828 major famines in China, or one nearly every year in one or another province; however, the famines varied greatly in severity.[1][2]

There were 95 famines in Britain during the Middle Ages.[3][4]

Date Event Location Death toll (where known; estimated)
2200–2100 BCThe 4.2 kiloyear event caused famines and civilizational collapse worldwideglobal
441 BCThe first famine recorded in ancient Rome.Ancient Rome[5]
26 BCFamine recorded throughout Near East and Levant, as recorded by JosephusJudea20,000+
400–800 ADVarious famines in Western Europe associated with the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and its sack by Alaric I. Between 400 and 800 AD, the population of the city of Rome fell by over 90%, mainly because of famine and plague.[6]Western Europe
535–536 ADExtreme weather events of 535–536global
639Famine in Arabia during the Caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab[7]Arabia
750sIslamic Spain (Al-Andalus)[8]
800–1000Severe drought killed millions of Maya people due to famine and thirst and initiated a cascade of internal collapses that destroyed their civilization[9]Mayan areas of Mesoamerica1 million+
875–84Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine;[10][11] Huang Chao captured capitalChina
927–28Caused by four months of frost[12][13]Byzantine Empire
1005England[14]
1016Famine throughout Europe[15]Europe
1051Famine forced the Toltecs to migrate from a stricken region in what is now central Mexico[16]Mexico (present day)
1064–72Seven years' famine in Egypt [17][18]Egypt40,000 [17]
1097Famine and plague [19]France100,000
1181Yōwa famineJapan42,300
1230Famine in the Republic of NovgorodRussia
1229–32The Kangi famine, possibly the worst famine in Japan's history.[20] Caused by volcanic eruptions.[21]Japan
1235Famine in England, 20,000 died in London aloneEngland20,000
1255Portugal[22]
1275–99Collapse of the Anasazi civilization, widespread famine occurred[23]United States (present day)
1315–17Great Famine of 1315–1317Europe[24]
1333–37China[25]
1344–45Famine in India, under the regime of Muhammad bin Tughluq[26]India
1387After Timur the Lame left Asia Minor, severe famine ensuedAnatolia
1396–1407The Durga Devi famineIndia[27]
1441Famine in MayapanMexico[28]
1450–54Famine in the Aztec Empire,[29] interpreted as the gods' need for sacrifices.[30]Mexico (present day)
1460–61Kanshō famine in JapanJapan82,000
1504Spain[31]
1518VeniceItaly (present day)
1528Famine in LanguedocFrance[32]
1535Famine in EthiopiaEthiopia
1540Tenbun famineJapan
1567–70Famine in Harar, combined with plague. Emir of Harar died.Ethiopia
1586Famine in England which gave rise to the Poor Law systemEngland
1601–03One of the worst famines in all of Russian history; famine killed as many as 100,000 in Moscow and up to one-third of Tsar Godunov's subjects; see Russian famine of 1601–1603.[33][34] Same famine killed about half Estonian population.Russia2 million
1618–48Famines in Europe caused by Thirty Years' WarEurope
1619Famine in Japan. During the Tokugawa period, there were 154 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious.[35]Japan
1630–31Deccan Famine of 1630–32 (Note: There was a corresponding famine in northwestern China, eventually causing the Ming dynasty to collapse in 1644)India
1640–43Kan'ei Great FamineJapan50,000-100,000
1648–60Poland lost an estimated 1/3 of its population due to wars, famine, and plaguePoland
1649Famine in northern England [36]England
1650–52Famine in the east of France [37]France
1651–53Famine throughout much of Ireland during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland[38]Ireland
1661Famine in India, due to lack of any rainfall for two years[39]India
1670s – 80sPlague and famines in SpainSpain
1680Famine in Sardinia[40]Italy (present day) 80,000 [41]
1680sFamine in Sahel[37]West Africa
1690sFamine throughout Scotland which killed 5–15% of the population [42]Scotland60,000 - 180,000
1693–94Between 1.3 and 1.5 million French died in the fr:grande famine de 1693-1694France1.5 million[43][44]
1695–97Great Famine of Estonia killed about a fifth of Estonian and Livonian population (70,000–75,000 people). Famine also hit Sweden (80,000–100,000 dead)The Swedish Empire, of which Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia were dominions at that time150,000–175,00 0
1696–97Great Famine of Finland wiped out almost a third of the population[45]Finland, then part of Sweden proper
1702–04Famine in Deccan [46]India2 million [46]
1708–11Famine in East Prussia killed 250,000 people or 41% of its population[47]East Prussia250,000
1709–10The fr:Grande famine de 1709France[48]600.000
1722Arabia[49]
1727–28Famine in the English Midlands[50]England
1732–33Kyōhō famineJapan12,172-169,000[51]
1738–56Famine in West Africa, half the population of Timbuktu died of starvation[52]West Africa
1740–41Irish Famine (1740–1741))Ireland
1750–56Famine in the Senegambia region [53]Senegal, Gambia (present day)
1764Famine in Naples[54]Italy (present day)
1769–73Great Bengal famine of 1770,[55] 10 million dead (one third of population)India, Bangladesh (present day)10 million
1770–71Famines in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands peopleCzech Republic (present day)100,000+
1771–72Famine in Saxony and southern GermanyGermany
1773Famine in Sweden[56]Sweden
1779Famine in RabatMorocco[57]
1780sGreat Tenmei famineJapan20,000 – 920,000
1783Famine in Iceland caused by Laki eruption killed one-fifth of Iceland's population[58]Iceland
1783–84Chalisa famineIndia11 million[59]
1784Widespread famine throughout Egypt[60]Egypt
1784–85Famine in Tunisia killed up to one-fifth of all TunisiansTunisia
1788The two years previous to the French Revolution saw bad harvests and harsh winters, possibly because of a strong El Niño cycle[61] or caused by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland.[62][63]France
1789Famine in Ethiopia afflicted "amhara/tigray north"Ethiopia
1789–92Doji bara famine or Skull famineIndia11 million
1804-1872, 1913A series of 14 famines in Austrian GaliciaPoland, Ukraine (present day)400,000-550,000
1810, 1811, 1846, and 1849Four famines in ChinaChina45 million.[64]
1811–12Famine devastated Madrid[65]Spain20,000[66]
1815Eruption of Tambora, Indonesia. Tens of thousands died in subsequent famineIndonesia10,000
1816–17Year Without a SummerEurope 65,000
1830–33Claimed to have killed 42% of the populationCape Verde30,000[67]
1830sTenpo famineJapan
1837–38Agra famine of 1837–38India1 million
1845–57Highland Potato FamineScotland
1845–49Great Famine in Ireland killed more than 1 million people. Between 1.5–2 million people forced to emigrate[68]Ireland1.5 million
1846Famine led to the peasant revolt known as "Maria da Fonte" in the north of PortugalPortugal
1849–50Demak and Grobogan in Central Java, caused by four successive crop failures due to drought.Indonesia83,000[69]
1850–73As a result of Taiping Rebellion, drought, and famine, the population of China dropped by more than 60 million[70]China60 million
1860–61Upper Doab famine of 1860–61India2 million
1866Orissa famine of 1866India1 million[71]
1866–68Finnish famine of 1866–1868. About 15% of the entire population diedFinland150,000+
1867–69Swedish famine of 1867-1869.Sweden
1869Rajputana famine of 1869India1.5 million[71]
1870–72Persian famine of 1870–1872Iran (present day)2 million[72]
1873–74Famine in Anatolia caused by drought and floods[73][74]Turkey (present day)
18791879 Famine in Ireland. Unlike previous famines, this famine mainly caused hunger and food shortages but little mortality.Ireland
1873–74Bihar famine of 1873–74India
1876–79Famine in India, China, Brazil, Northern Africa (and other countries). Famine in northern China killed 13 million people.[75] 5.25 million died in the Great Famine of 1876–78 in IndiaIndia, China, Brazil, Northern Africa (and other countries).18.25 million in Northern China and India alone. British policies and drought were responsible for the deaths in India.[76][77] The famine in China was a result of drought influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.[78]
1878–80Famine in St. Lawrence Island, Alaska[79]United States
1888–89Famine in Orrisa, Ganjam and Northern BiharIndia
1888–92Ethiopian Great famine. About one-third of the population died.[80][81] Conditions worsen with cholera outbreaks (1889–92), a typhus epidemic, and a major smallpox epidemic (1889–90).Ethiopia
1891–92Russian famine of 1891–92. Beginning along the Volga River and spreading to the Urals and the Black Sea.Russia375,000–500,000[82][83]
1896–97Famine in northern China leading in part to the Boxer RebellionChina
1896–1902Series of famines in India due to drought and British policies.[77][84][85]India6 million (British Territories), Mortality unknown in Princely States
1904–06Famine in Spain.[86][87][88]Spain
1907, 1911Famines in east-central ChinaChina25 million [89]
1914–18Mount Lebanon famine during World War I which was caused by an Entente powers and Ottoman Turk blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people, estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population[90]Lebanon200,000
1914–19Famine caused by the Allied blockade of Germany during World War I until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles.Germany424,000–763,000
1916–17Winter famine in RussiaRussia
1917–19Persian famine of 1917-1918. As much as 1/4 of the population living in the north of Iran died in the famine.[91][92] Although the research of Mohammad Gholi Majd alleges as many as 8–10 million killed, this is based on an original population estimate of 19 million. Other estimates place the original population at only 11 million, calling Majd's numbers heavily into question.[93][94] The Iranian government has stated that the famine was caused by the British (this is disputed) and that 8–10 million people died, this death toll also being in the American Archives.Iran (present day)Generally estimated at 2 million, but estimates range as high as 8–10 million[95]
1918–19Rumanura famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the CongoRwanda and Burundi (present day)
1917–21A series of famines in Turkestan at the time of the Bolshevik revolution killed about a sixth of the population[96]Turkestan
1921Russian famine of 1921Russia5 million[97]
1921–221921–1922 famine in TatarstanRussia500,000–2,000,000[98]
1924–25Famine in Volga German colonies in Russia. One-third of the entire population perished[99]Russia
1924–25Minor famine in Ireland due to heavy rainIrish Free State
1928–29Famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the CongoRwanda and Burundi (present day)
1928–30Famine in northern China. The drought resulted in 3 million deathsChina3 million people.
1932–33Soviet famine of 1932–1933 and Soviet-related famine in UkraineSoviet Union and Ukraine4.5–8 million[100]
1936Famine in ChinaChina5 million[101]
1940–48Famine in Morocco between 1940–48, because of refueling system installed by France.[102]Morocco200 000
1940–45Famine in Warsaw Ghetto, as well as other ghettos and concentration camps (note: this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis).Occupied Poland
1941–44Leningrad famine caused by a 900-day blockade by German troops. About one million Leningrad residents starved, froze, or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941–42, when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to −40 °C (−40 °F).[103]Russia 1 million
1941–44Famine in Greece caused by the Axis occupation.[104][105]Greece300,000
1942–43Chinese famine of 1942–43Henan, China 2–3 million
1943Bengal famine of 1943Bengal, India 1.5-2.1 million
1943Ruzagayura famine in Ruanda-Urundi, causing emigrations to CongoRwanda and Burundi (present day)
1944–45Java under Japanese occupationJava, Indonesia 2.4 million[106]
1944Dutch famine of 1944 during World War IINetherlands20,000
1944Rwanda famine of 1944Rwanda
1945Vietnamese Famine of 1945Vietnam 400,000–2 million.
1947Soviet Famine of 1947Soviet Union1–1.5 million[107][108]
1946-47German "Hungerwinter" GermanySeveral hundred thousand people.
1958Famine in TigrayEthiopia100,000
1959–61The Great Chinese Famine. According to government statistics, there were 15 million excess deaths.China15–43 million[109]
1966–67Lombok, drought and malnutrition, exacerbated by restrictions on regional rice tradeIndonesia50,000[110]
1967–70Biafran famine caused by Nigerian blockadeNigeria
1968–72Sahel drought created a famine that killed a million people[111]Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso1 million
1972–73Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall of Haile Selassie and to Derg ruleEthiopia60,000[112]
1974Bangladesh famine of 1974Bangladesh27,000-1.5 million
1975–79Khmer Rouge. An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor and famineCambodia2 million
1980–81Caused by drought and conflict[112]Uganda30,000[112]
1984–851984–1985 famine in EthiopiaEthiopia400,000[113]
1991–92Famine in Somalia caused by drought and civil war[112]Somalia300,000[112]
1996North Korean famine.[114][115] Scholars estimate 600,000 died of starvation (other estimates range from 200,000 to 3.5 million).[116]North Korea200,000 to 3.5 million
19981998 Sudan famine caused by war and droughtSudan70,000[112]
1998–2000Famine in Ethiopia. The situation worsened by Eritrean–Ethiopian WarEthiopia
1998–2004Second Congo War. 3.8 million people died, mostly from starvation and diseaseDemocratic Republic of the Congo3.8 million
2005–062005–06 Niger food crisis. At least three million were affected in Niger and 10 million throughout West Africa Niger and West Africa
2011–12Famine in Somalia, brought on by the 2011 East Africa drought[117]Somalia285,000
2012Famine in West Africa, brought on by the 2012 Sahel drought[118]Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso
2016–present Famine in Yemen, arising from the blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia Yemen At least 50,000 children[119] Unknown number of adults.
2017–presentFamine in South Sudan[120] Famine in Somalia, due to 2017 Somalian drought. Famine in NigeriaSouth Sudan, Unity State, Somalia, and Nigeria.

See also

Main article lists

References

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  85. ↑ Dyson 1991a, p. 15
  86. ↑ "The terrible drought and famine of 1905 brought the strikes to an end….After the famine of 1905 anarchism seemed to disappear in the south of Spain. Only a few groups remained in the towns." Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth.Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1990 (pp. 175, 178).
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    For a summary of other estimates, please refer to this link
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  117. ↑ "United Nations News Centre – UN declares famine in another three areas of Somalia". Un.org. 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
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  119. ↑ Press, Associated. "50,000 children in Yemen have died of starvation and disease so far this year, monitoring group says". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
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Bibliography

  • Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009), Famine: a short history, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.

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