故

故 U+6545, 故
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6545
← 敄
[U+6544] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 敆 →
[U+6546]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character

故 (radical 66, 攴+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 十口人大 (JROK), four-corner 48640, composition ⿰古攵)

References
  • KangXi: page 469, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13161
  • Dae Jaweon: page 820, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1453, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+6545

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 故

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 故
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
箇 *kaːls
個 *kaːls
居 *kɯ, *kas
橭 *kaː, *kʰaː
嫴 *kaː
姑 *kaː
辜 *kaː
酤 *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ
蛄 *kaː
鴣 *kaː
沽 *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs
盬 *kaː, *kaːʔ
古 *kaːʔ
罟 *kaːʔ
估 *kaːʔ
鈷 *kaːʔ
詁 *kaːʔ
牯 *kaːʔ
故 *kaːs
固 *kaːs
稒 *kaːɡs
痼 *kaːɡs
錮 *kaːɡs
鯝 *kaːɡs
棝 *kaːɡs
凅 *kaːɡs
枯 *kʰaː
軲 *kʰaː
跍 *kʰaː
骷 *kʰaː
苦 *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs
葫 *qʰaː, *ɡaː
餬 *ɡaː
瑚 *ɡaː
湖 *ɡaː
鶘 *ɡaː
猢 *ɡaː
醐 *ɡaː
糊 *ɡaː
箶 *ɡaː
蝴 *ɡaː
胡 *ɡaː
瓳 *ɡaː
怙 *ɡaːʔ
祜 *ɡaːʔ
岵 *ɡaːʔ
婟 *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs
楛 *ɡaːʔ
据 *ka
裾 *ka
琚 *ka
椐 *ka, *kas, *kʰa
鶋 *ka
蜛 *ka
崌 *ka
涺 *ka
腒 *ka, *ɡa
鋸 *kas
倨 *kas
踞 *kas
涸 *ɡaːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kaːs) : phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) + semantic 攵.

Etymology

Derivative of 古 (OC *kaːʔ, “old”). The sense “cause, reason” may be related too (“thing or person of former times”), or the same word as 固 (OC *kaːs, “solid, secure, sure”) (Schuessler 2007, apud Pulleyblank 1989).

Pronunciation
Note: gu7 - “old, original”.
Rime
Character 故
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古暮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kuoH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kuoH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /koH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kɔH/
Li
Rong		 /koH/
Wang
Li		 /kuH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kuoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 gù
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 故 故
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 gù gù
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kuH › ‹ kuH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kˁa(ʔ)-s/ /*kˁaʔ-s/
English fact; reason old (not new)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 故
Reading # 1/1
No. 4228
Phonetic
component		 古
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 顧
Old
Chinese		 /*kaːs/

Definitions

故

  1. old; of the past
  2. cause; reason
    緣故 / 缘故  ―  yuángù  ―  reason
  3. accident; misfortune; unexpected event
  4. past things; antiquity
  5. old friend; good friend; close friend
  6. to die; to pass away
    已故  ―  yǐgù  ―  deceased [lit. has passed away]
  7. deceased; dead
  8. formerly; originally
  9. intentionally; deliberately
  10. still; as before
  11. therefore; so
    我思故我在  ―  wǒ sī gù wǒ zài  ―  I think, therefore I am
    故名「北京」 / 故名“北京”  ―  gù míng “běijīng”  ―  hence the name "Northern Capital"

Compounds
Derived terms from 故

Descendants
  • → Tai: *kawᴮ (“old”)

Japanese

Kanji
故

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. late (deceased)

Readings
  • Go-on: く (ku)
  • Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
  • Kun: ゆえ (yue, 故, Jōyō); こと (koto); ことさらに (kotosarani, 故に)

Compounds
  • 故 (こ)事 (じ)成 (せい)語 (ご) (kojiseigo)
  • 故 (こ)意 (い)犯 (はん) (koihan)
  • 物 (ぶっ)故 (こ) (bukko)
  • 病 (びょう)故 (こ) (byōko)

Korean

Hanja

故 • (go) (hangeul 고, revised go, McCune–Reischauer ko, Yale ko)

  1. late (deceased)

Vietnamese

Han character

故 (cố, cớ)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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