固

See also: 周
固 U+56FA, 固
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56FA
← 囹
[U+56F9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 囻 →
[U+56FB]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character

固 (radical 31, 囗+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 田十口 (WJR), four-corner 60604, composition ⿴囗古)

Derived characters

References
  • KangXi: page 218, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4745
  • Dae Jaweon: page 445, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 716, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+56FA

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 固

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 固
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
箇 *kaːls
個 *kaːls
居 *kɯ, *kas
橭 *kaː, *kʰaː
嫴 *kaː
姑 *kaː
辜 *kaː
酤 *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ
蛄 *kaː
鴣 *kaː
沽 *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs
盬 *kaː, *kaːʔ
古 *kaːʔ
罟 *kaːʔ
估 *kaːʔ
鈷 *kaːʔ
詁 *kaːʔ
牯 *kaːʔ
故 *kaːs
固 *kaːs
稒 *kaːɡs
痼 *kaːɡs
錮 *kaːɡs
鯝 *kaːɡs
棝 *kaːɡs
凅 *kaːɡs
枯 *kʰaː
軲 *kʰaː
跍 *kʰaː
骷 *kʰaː
苦 *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs
葫 *qʰaː, *ɡaː
餬 *ɡaː
瑚 *ɡaː
湖 *ɡaː
鶘 *ɡaː
猢 *ɡaː
醐 *ɡaː
糊 *ɡaː
箶 *ɡaː
蝴 *ɡaː
胡 *ɡaː
瓳 *ɡaː
怙 *ɡaːʔ
祜 *ɡaːʔ
岵 *ɡaːʔ
婟 *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs
楛 *ɡaːʔ
据 *ka
裾 *ka
琚 *ka
椐 *ka, *kas, *kʰa
鶋 *ka
蜛 *ka
崌 *ka
涺 *ka
腒 *ka, *ɡa
鋸 *kas
倨 *kas
踞 *kas
涸 *ɡaːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kaːs) : semantic 囗 + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ).

Pronunciation
Rime
Character 固
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古暮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kuoH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kuoH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /koH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kɔH/
Li
Rong		 /koH/
Wang
Li		 /kuH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kuoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 gù
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 固
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 gù
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kuH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[k]ˁa-s/
English fortified, secure

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 固
Reading # 1/1
No. 4230
Phonetic
component		 古
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 顧
Old
Chinese		 /*kaːs/

Definitions

固

  1. firm
  2. solid
  3. to become solid; solidify
  4. strength
  5. firmly
  6. in the first place
  7. no doubt

Compounds
Derived terms from 固

Japanese

Kanji
固

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

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Readings

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

固 • (go) (hangeul 고, revised go, McCune–Reischauer ko)

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Vietnamese

Han character

固 (cố, có, cuá)

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