刻苦
Chinese
quarter (hour); (a measure word); to carve; to engrave; to cut; oppressive |
bitter; intensely; miserable; painful | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (刻苦) | 刻 | 苦 | |
| simp. #(刻苦) | 刻 | 苦 | |
Etymology
Pronunciation
Synonyms
- (industrious):
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 刻 | 苦 |
| こく > こっ Grade: 6 |
く Grade: 3 |
| on’yomi | |
Conjugation
Conjugation of "刻苦する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 刻苦し | こっくし | kokku shi | |
| Continuative (連用形) | 刻苦し | こっくし | kokku shi | |
| Terminal (終止形) | 刻苦する | こっくする | kokku suru | |
| Attributive (連体形) | 刻苦する | こっくする | kokku suru | |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 刻苦すれ | こっくすれ | kokku sure | |
| Imperative (命令形) | 刻苦せよ¹ 刻苦しろ² |
こっくせよ¹ こっくしろ² |
kokku seyo¹ kokku shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 刻苦される | こっくされる | kokku sareru | |
| Causative | 刻苦させる 刻苦さす |
こっくさせる こっくさす |
kokku saseru kokku sasu | |
| Potential | 刻苦できる | こっくできる | kokku dekiru | |
| Volitional | 刻苦しよう | こっくしよう | kokku shiyō | |
| Negative | 刻苦しない | こっくしない | kokku shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 刻苦せず | こっくせず | kokku sezu | |
| Formal | 刻苦します | こっくします | kokku shimasu | |
| Perfective | 刻苦した | こっくした | kokku shita | |
| Conjunctive | 刻苦して | こっくして | kokku shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 刻苦すれば | こっくすれば | kokku sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
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