List of state leaders in the 19th century

Angola

• Kingdom of Kongo (complete list) –

• Henrique II, King (1794–1803)
• Garcia V, King (1803–1830)
• André II, King (1830–1842)
• Henrique III, King (1842–1857)
• Álvaro XIII, King (1857–1859)
• Peter V, King (1859–1891)

vassal to Portugal: 1888–1914

• Álvaro XIV, King (1891–1896)
• Henrique IV, King (1896–1901)

• Kingdom of Matamba (complete list) –

• unknown son of Ana III, King (1810–?)

• Portuguese Angola, (complete list) –

Colony, 1575–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Cameroon

• Kingdom of Bamum (complete list) –

• Mbouombouo, Mfon (1757–1814)
• Ngbetnkom, Mfon (1814–1817)
• Mbeikuo, Mfon (1817–1818)
• Ngouhouo, Mfon (1818–1865)
• Ngoungoure, Mfon (1865)
• Nsangou, Mfon (1865–1884)

• Kamerun (complete list) –

German colony, 1884–1916

For details see the German Empire under central Europe

Central African Republic

Chad

• Sultanate of Bagirmi (complete list) –

• ‘Abd ar-Rahman Gawrang, Mbangi (1785–1806)
• Malam Ngarmaba Bira, Mbangi (1806)
• ‘Uthman Burkomanda III al-Kabir, Mbangi (1806–1807)
• Malam Ngarmaba Bira, Mbangi (1807)
• ‘Uthman Burkomanda III al-Kabir, Mbangi (1807)
• Muhammad III, Mbangi (1807)
• ‘Uthman Burkomanda III al-Kabir, Mbangi (1807–1846)
• ‘Abdul Qadir II al-Mahdi, Mbangi (1846–1858)
• Abu-Sekkin Mohammed IV, Mbangi (1858–1870)
• ‘Abd ar-Rahman II, Mbangi (1870–1871)
• Abu-Sekkin Mohammed IV, Mbangi (1871–1884)
• Burkomanda IV as-Saghir, Mbangi (1884–1885)
• Ngarmane Ermanala, Regent (1885)
• Gaourang II, Mbangi (1885–1897)

• Wadai Empire (complete list) –

• Muhammad Salih Derret ibn Jawda, Kolak (1795–1803)
• Abd al-Karim Sabun, Kolak (1803–1813)
• Muhammad Busata ibn ‘Abd al-Karim, Kolak (1813–1813)
• Yusuf Kharifayn ibn ‘Abd al-Qadir, Kolak (1813–1829)
• Raqib ibn Yusuf ‘Abd al-Qadir, Kolak (1829–1829)
• Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Dhawiyi ibn Radama (1829–1835)
• Adham ibn Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, Kolak (1835–1835)
• ‘Izz ad-Din Muhammad al-Sharif ibn Salih Derret, Kolak (1835–1858)
• 'Ali ibn Muhammad, Kolak (1858–1874)
• Yusuf ibn ‘Ali, Kolak (1874–1898)
• Ibrahim ibn ‘Ali, Kolak (1898–1900)
• Ahmad Abu al-Ghazali ibn ‘Ali, Kolak (1900–1901)

• rule of Rabih az-Zubayr

• Rabih az-Zubayr, warlord (1879–1900)

• French Chad, part of French Equatorial Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1900–1960

For details see France under western Europe

Congo: Belgian

• Kuba Kingdom (complete list)[1] –

• Kata Mbula, Nyim (1776–1810)
• Mikope Mbula, Nyim (1810–1840)
• Bope Mobinji, Nyim (1840–1885)
• Mikope Mobinji, Nyim (1885–1890)
• KotoMboke, Nyim (1890–1896)
• Mishanga Pelenge, Nyim (1896–1900)

• Lunda Empire (complete list) –

• Nawej II Ditend, Mwaant Yaav (c.1800–1852)
• Mulaj a Namwan, Mwaant Yaav (1852–1857)
• Cakasekene Naweej, Mwaant Yaav (1857)
• Muteba II a Cikombe, Mwaant Yaav (1857–1873)
• Mbala II a Kamong Isot, Mwaant Yaav (1873–1874)
• Mbumb I Muteba Kat, Mwaant Yaav (1874–1883)
• Cimbindu a Kasang, Mwaant Yaav (1883–1884)
• Kangapu Nawej, Mwaant Yaav (1884–1885)
• Mudib, Mwaant Yaav (1885–1886)
• Mutand Mukaz, Mwaant Yaav (1886–1887)
• Mbala III a Kalong, Mwaant Yaav (1887)

• Yeke Kingdom –

• Msiri, King (1856–1891)

• Congo Free State

• Sovereign –

• Leopold II of Belgium, Sovereign (1885–1908)

• Governors general (complete list) –

• Théophile Wahis, Governor general (1892–1908)

Congo: French

• Kingdom of Loango (complete list) –

• N'Gangue M'voumbe Makosso Ma Nombo, King (early 19th century)
• N'Gangue M'voumbe Makosso Ma N'Sangou, King (1840-c.1883)

• French Congo part of French Equatorial Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1882–1910

For details see France under western Europe

Equatorial Guinea

• Spanish Guinea (complete list) –

Colony, 1778–1968

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Gabon

• Kingdom of Orungu (complete list) –

• Rénwombi "Mpolo", Agamwinboni (1790–1810)
• Ogul'Issogwe Rogombe, Agamwinboni (1810–1840)
• Ombango Rogombe "Ikinda" / King Pascal, Agamwinboni (1840–1862)
• Ndebulia, Agamwinboni (1862–1865
• Ntchènguè, Agamwinboni (1865–1882
• Avonowanga, Agamwinboni (1882–?)

• French Gabon, part of French Equatorial Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1882–1910

For details see France under western Europe

São Tomé and Príncipe

• Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (complete list) –

Colony, 1470–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Great Lakes area

Burundi

• Kingdom of Burundi (complete list) –

• Ntare IV, King (c.1796–c.1850)
• Mwezi IV, King (c.1850–1908)

Kenya

• Wituland (complete list) –

• Ahmad ibn Fumo Bakari, Mfalume (1858–1888)
• Fumo Bakari ibn Ahmad, Mfalume (1888–1890)
• Bwana Shaykh ibn Ahmad, Mfalume (1890–1891)
• Fumo `Umar ibn Ahmad, Mfalume (1891–1893,1895–1923)

• Sultanate of Mombasa (complete list) –

Independence disputed with Oman

• Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Mazru‘i, Sultan (1782–1811)
• ‘Abd Allah ibn Ahmad al-Mazru‘i, Sultan (1811–1823)

Omani Suzerainty

• Sulayman ibn ‘Ali al-Mazru‘i, Sultan (1823–1826)

• East Africa Protectorate (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1895–1920

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Rwanda

• Kingdom of Rwanda (complete list) –

• Yuhi IV Gahindiro, King (1746–1802)
• Mutara II Rwogera, King (1802–1853)
• Kigeli IV Rwabugiri, King (1853–1895)
• Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa, King (1895–1896)
• Yuhi V Musinga, King (1896–1931)

Tanzania

• Sultanate of Zanzibar (complete list) –

• Majid, Sultan (1856–1870)
• Barghash, Sultan (1870–1888)
• Khalifa I, Sultan (1888–1890)
• Ali I, Sultan (1890–1893)
• Hamad, Sultan (1893–1896)
• Khalid, Sultan (1896)
• Hamoud, Sultan (1896–1902)

• German East Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1885–1919

For details see the German Empire under central Europe

Uganda

• Ankole (complete list) –

• Rwebishengye, Omugabe (?–1811)
• Kayungu, Omugabe (1811–?)
• Gasyonga I, Omugabe (?–1839)
• Mutambuka, Omugabe (1839–1873)
• Ntare V Rugingiza, Omugabe (1873–1895)
• Kahaya II, Omugabe (1895–1944)

• Buganda (complete list) –

• Semakookiro, Kabaka (c.1797-c.1814)
• Kamaanya, Kabaka (1814–1832)
• Suuna II, Kabaka (1832–1856)
• Muteesa I, Kabaka (1856–1884)
• Mwanga II, Kabaka (1884–1888, 1889–1897)
• Kiweewa, Kabaka (1888–1888)
• Kalema, Kabaka (1888–1889)
• Daudi Chwa II, Kabaka (1897–1939)

• Bunyoro (complete list) –

• Nyamutukura Kyebambe III, Omukama (1786–1835)
• Nyabongo II, Omukama (1835–1848)
• Olimi V, Omukama (1848–1852)
• Kyebambe IV, Omukama (1852–1869)
• Kabalega, Omukama (1869–1898)
• Kitahimbwa, Omukama (1898–1902)

• Uganda Protectorate (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1894–1962

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Horn of Africa area

Djibouti

• French Somaliland (complete list) –

Colony, 1896–1946

For details see France under western Europe

Eritrea

• Italian Eritrea (complete list) –

Colony, 1890–1936

For details see Italy under southcentral Europe

Ethiopia

• Ethiopian Empire (complete list) –

• Demetros, Emperor (1800–1801)
• Egwale Seyon, Emperor (1801–1818)
• Iyoas II, Emperor (1818–1821)
• Gigar, Emperor (1821–1826)
• Baeda Maryam III, Emperor (1826)
• Gigar, Emperor (1826–1830)
• Iyasu IV, Emperor (1830–1832)
• Gebre Krestos, Emperor (1832)
• Sahle Dengel, Emperor (1832)
• Gebre Krestos, Emperor (1832)
• Sahle Dengel, Emperor (1832–1840)
• Yohannes III, Emperor (1840–1841)
• Sahle Dengel, Emperor (1841–1845)
• Yohannes III, Emperor (1845)
• Sahle Dengel, Emperor (1845–1850)
• Yohannes III, Emperor (1850–1851)
• Sahle Dengel, Emperor (1851–1855)
• Tewodros II, Emperor (1855–1868)
• Tekle Giyorgis II, Emperor (1868–1871)
• Yohannes IV, Emperor (1871–1889)
• Menelik II, Emperor (1889–1913)

• Sultanate of Aussa (complete list) –

• Aydahis ibn Kadhafo Mahammad, Sultan (1779–1801)
• Aydahis ibn Mahammad ibn Aydahis, Amoyta (1801–1832)
• Hanfere ibn Aydahis, Amoyta (1832–1862)
• Mahammad ibn Hanfere, Amoyta (1862–1902)

• Kingdom of Garo (complete list) –

• Dukamo, Tato (1790–1845)[2]
• Ogata, Tato (1845–1865)
• Dagoye, Tato (1865–1883)

• Kingdom of Gomma (complete list)[3] –

• Mijyu, Moti (?–c.1820)
• Abba Manno, Moti (c.1820–c.1840)
• Abba Bagibo, Moti (early 19th century)
• Abba Rebo, Moti (?–1856)
• Abba Dula, Moti (mid 19th century)
• Abba Dula, Moti (?–1864)
• Abba Jifar, Moti (late 19th century)
• Abba Boka, Moti (?–1886)

• Kingdom of Gumma (complete list)[4] –

• Adam, Moti, Founder (late 18th century)
• Oncho, Moti (c.1810)
• Jawe, Moti (c.1840–1854)
• Abba Dula, Moti (1854–1879)
• Abba Jubir, Moti (June 1879–c.1890)
• Abba Fogi, Moti (c.1890–1899)
• Firisa, Moti (1899–1902)

• Kingdom of Jimma (complete list) –

• Abba Magal, Moti (c.1800)
• Abba Rago, Moti (early 19th century)
• Abba Jifar I, Moti (c.1830–c.1855)
• Abba Rebu, Moti (1855–1859)
• Abba Bok'a, Moti (1859–1862)
• Abba Gomol, Moti (1862–1878)
• Abba Jifar II, Moti (1878–1932)

• Kingdom of Kaffa (complete list)[5] –

• Hoti Gaocho or Beshi Sheroch, King (1798–1821)
• Gaha Nechocho or Gali Sheroch, King (1821–1845)
• Gawi Nechocho or Haji Ginoch, King (1845–1854)
• Kaye Sherocho or Kamo, King (1854–1870)
• Gali Sherocho, King (1870–1890)
• Gaki Sherocho, King (1890–1897)

• Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (complete list) –

• Bofo, Abba Gomoli I, Supera (1800–1825)
• Ibsa, Abba Bagibo, Supera (1825–1861)
• Abba Bulgu, Supera (1861–1883)
• Abba Gomoli II, Supera (1883–1891)

• Welayta (complete list)[6] –

• Amado, Kawo (1800–1835)
• Damota, Kawo (1835–1845)
• Gobe, Kawo (1845–1886)
• Gaga, Kawo (1886–c.1890)
• Tona, Kawo (1890–1895)

Somalia

• Sultanate of Hobyo –

• Yusuf Ali Kenadid, Sultan (1870s–early 20th century)

• Majeerteen Sultanate (complete list) –

• Suldaan Maxamuud "Xawaadane" Suldaan Yuusuf Suldaan Cali, King (?–1815)
• Suldaan Cismaan "Bah-Dir" Suldaan Maxamuud Suldaan Yuusuf, King (1815–1842)
• Suldaan Yuusuf "Bah-Yaaquub" Suldaan Maxamuud Suldaan Yuusuf, King (1842–1844)
• Suldaan Maxamuud Suldaan Cismaan Suldaan Maxamuud, King (1844–1860)
• Osman Mahamuud, King (1860–c.1924)

• Warsangali Sultanate (complete list) –

• Garaad Mohamud Ali, King (1789–1830)
• Garaad Aul, King (1830–1870)
• Garaad Ali Shire, King (1870–1897)

• Italian Somaliland part of Italian East Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1890–1936

For details see Italy under southcentral Europe

• British Somaliland (complete list) –

Protectorate, 1884–1940, 1941–1960

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Indian Ocean

Comoros

• Sultanate of Mwali (complete list) –

• Ramanetaka, Sultan (1830–1842)
• Djoumbé Fatima, Queen/Sultan (1842–1865, 1874–1878)
• Ravao, Tsivandini, Regent (1842–1849)
• Mohamed bin Saidi Hamadi Makadara, Sultan (1865–1874)
• Djoumbé Fatima, Regent (1865–1868)
• Joseph Lambert, Duc d'Imerina, Regent (1868–1871)
• Djoumbé Fatima, Regent (1871–1878)
• Abderremane bin Saidi Hamadi Makadara, Sultan (1878–1885)
• Mohammed Shekhe, Sultan (1885–1886)
• Marjani bin Abudu Shekhe, Sultan (1886–1888)
• Salima Machamba bint Saidi Hamadi Makadara Queen/Sultan (1888–1909)
• Fadeli bin Othman, Balia Juma, Abudu Tsivandini, Regents (1888–1889)
• Mahmudu bin Mohamed Makadara, Regent (1889–1897)
• Salima Machamba bint Saidi Hamadi Makadara Queen/Sultan (1888–1909)

• Sultanate of Ndzuwani (complete list) –

• Alawi bin Husain, Sultan (1796–1816)
• Abdallah bin Alawi, Sultan (1816–1832, 1833–1836)
• Ali bin Salim, Sultan (1832–1833)
• Saidi Alawi bin Abdallah, Sultan (1836–1837)
• Salim bin Alawi, Sultan (1837–1852)
• Saidi Abdallah bin Salim, Sultan (1852–1891)
• Salim bin Abdalla, Sultan (1891–1891)
• Saidi Omar bin Saidi Hasan, Sultan (1891–1892)
• Saidi Mohamed bin Saidi Omar, Sultan (1892–1912)

• French Comoros (complete list) –

French protectorate, 1887–1908

For details see France under western Europe

Madagascar

• Merina Kingdom

• Monarchs (complete list) –

• Andrianampoinimerina, King (1787–1810)
• Radama I, King (1810–1828)
• Ranavalona I, Queen (1828–1861)
• Radama II, King (1861–1863)
• Rasoherina, Queen (1863–1868)
• Ranavalona II, Queen (1868–1883)
• Ranavalona III Queen (1883–1897)

• Prime ministers (complete list) –

• Andriamihaja, Prime minister (1828–1833)
• Rainiharo, Prime minister (1833–1852)
• Rainivoninahitriniony, Prime minister (1852–1864)
• Rainilaiarivony, Prime minister (1864–1895)
• Rainitsimbazafy, Prime minister (1895–1896)
• Rasanjy, Prime minister (1896–1897)

• Malagasy Protectorate (complete list) –

French protectorate, 1882–1897

• French Madagascar (complete list) –

Colony, 1897–1958

For details see France under western Europe

Mauritius

• Isle de France (complete list) –

French colony, 1715–1810

For details see France under western Europe

• British Mauritius (complete list) –

Colony, 1810–1968

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Seychelles

• Colony of Seychelles

Part of British Mauritius, 1811–1903

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Libya

• Karamanli dynasty of Ottoman Tripolitania (complete list) –

• Yusuf Karamanli, Pasha (1795–1832)
• Ali II Karamanli, Pasha (1832–1835)

Tunisia

• Beylik of Tunis

• Beys (complete list) –

• Hammuda ibn Ali, Bey (1782–1814)
• Uthman ibn Ali, Bey (1814)
• Mahmud ibn Muhammad, Bey (1814–1824)
• Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud, Bey (1824–1835)
• Mustafa ibn Mahmud, Bey (1835–1837)
• Ahmad I ibn Mustafa, Bey (1837–1855)
• Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn, Bey (1855–1859)
• Muhammad III as-Sadiq, Bey (1859–1882)
• Ali III ibn al-Husayn, Bey (1882–1902)

• Grand viziers (complete list) –

• Yusuf Sahib al-Tabi, Grand vizier (1815–1822)
• Husain Khoja, Grand vizier (1822–1829)
• Rashid al-Shakir Sahib al-Taba'a, Grand vizier (1829–1837)
• Mustapha Khaznadar, Grand vizier (1837–1873)
• Hayreddin Pasha, Grand vizier (1873–1877)
• Mohammed Khaznadar, Grand vizier (1877–1878, 1881–1882)
• Mustapha Ben Ismaïl, Grand vizier (1878–1881)
• Aziz Bouattour, Grand vizier (1882–1907)

• French protectorate of Tunisia (complete list) –

Protectorate, 1881–1956

For details see France under western Europe

Egypt

• Khedivate of Egypt

• Khedive (complete list) –

• Mohamed Aly, Khedive (1805–1848)
• Ibrahim Pasha, Khedive (1848)
• Abbas Helmy I, Khedive (1848–1854)
• Mohamed Sa'id, Khedive (1854–1863)
• Isma'il Pasha, Khedive (1863–1879)
• Tewfik Pasha, Khedive (1879–1892)
• Abbas II, Khedive (1892–1914)

• Prime ministers (complete list) –

• Nubar Pasha, Prime minister (1878–1879)
• Tewfik Pasha, Prime minister (1879)
• Mohamed Sherif Pasha, Prime minister (1879)
• Tewfik Pasha, Prime minister (1879)
• Riaz Pasha, Prime minister (1879–1881)
• Mohamed Sherif Pasha, Prime minister (1881–1882)
• Mahmoud Samy El Baroudy, Prime minister (1882)
• Raghib Pasha, Prime minister (1882)
• Mohamed Sherif Pasha, Prime minister (1882–1884)
• Nubar Pasha, Prime minister (1884–1888)
• Riaz Pasha, Prime minister (1888–1891)
• Mostafa Fahmy Pasha, Prime minister (1891–1893)
• Hussein Fakhry Pasha, Prime minister (1893)
• Riaz Pasha, Prime minister (1893–1894)
• Nubar Pasha, Prime minister (1894–1895)
• Mostafa Fahmy Pasha, Prime minister (1895–1908)

Sudan

• Sultanate of Darfur (complete list) –

• Abd al-Rahman, Sultan (1785/6–c.1801)
• Muhammad al-Fadl, Sultan (c.1801–1838)
• Muhammad al-Husayn, Sultan (1838–1873)
• Ibrahim, Sultan (1873–1874)
• Ali Dinar, Sultan (1898–1916)

• Hamaj Regency of Sennar

• Sultans (complete list) –

• Ranfi, Sultan (1798–1804)[7][8]
• Agban, Sultan (1804–1805)
• Badi VII, Sultan (1805–1821)

• Regents (complete list) –

• Idris wad Abu Likayik, Regent (1798–1804)
• Adlan wad Abu Likayik, Regent (1804–1805)

• Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (complete list / complete list) –

Condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt, 1899–1956

For details see the United Kingdom and Egypt

Algeria

• Ottoman Algeria (complete list) –

Vassal state, 1515–1830

For details see the Ottoman Empire under west Asia

• French Algeria (complete list) –

French Départements, 1830–1962

For details see France under western Europe

Morocco and Western Sahara

• Morocco: Alaouite dynasty (complete list) –

• Slimane, Sultan (1792–1822)
• Abd al-Rahman, Sultan (1822–1859)
• Mohammed IV, Sultan (1859–1873)
• Hassan I, Sultan (1873–1894)
• Abdelaziz, Sultan (1894–1908)

• Spanish Sahara, (complete list) –

Overseas territory, 1884–1975

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Botswana

• Bechuanaland Protectorate (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1885–1966

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Lesotho

• Kingdom of Lesotho (1822–1884)
• Basutoland (complete list) –

British colony, 1884–1966

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Malawi

• Ngoni (complete list) –

• Zwangendaba, Paramount Chief (1815–1848)
• Mpezeni I, Paramount Chief (1848–1900)

• British Central Africa Protectorate (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1893–1907

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Mozambique

• Gaza Empire (complete list) –

• Soshangane, ruler (1825–1858)
• Mzila, ruler (c.1864–c.1884)
• Gungunhana, ruler (c.1884–1895)

• Portuguese Mozambique (complete list) –

Colony, 1498–1972

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Namibia

• Gciriku (complete list) –

• Shimwemwe (1785–1805)

• German South West Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1884–1915

For details see the German Empire under central Europe

South Africa

• Mthethwa Paramountcy –

• Jobe kaKhayi, Chief (?–1806)
• Dingiswayo, Chief (1806–1817)

• Basutoland, British colony (complete list) –

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

• Bechuanaland Protectorate, British protectorate (complete list) –

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

• Nieuwe Republiek –

• Lucas Johannes Meijer, President (1884–1888)

• Orange Free State (complete list) –

• Jacobus Groenendaal, Acting State President (1854)
• Josias Philip Hoffman, State President (1854–1855)
• Jacobus Johannes Venter, Acting State President (1855)
• Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff, State President (1855–1859)
• Esaias Reynier Snijman, Acting State President (1859–1860)
• Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, State President (1860–1863)
• Jacobus Johannes Venter, Acting State President (1863–1864)
• Johannes Henricus Brand, State President (1864–1888)
• Executive Committee: W. Collins, F.P. Schnehage, G.J. du Toit (1888)
• Pieter Jeremias Blignaut, Acting State President (1888–1889)
• Francis William Reitz, State President (1889–1895)
• Pieter Jeremias Blignaut, Acting State President (1895–1896)
• Martinus Theunis Steyn, State President (1896–1902)

• Zulu Kingdom (complete list) –

• Senzangakhona kaJama, King (1781–1816)

• Cape Colony (complete list) –

British colony, 1795–1910

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

• British Central Africa Protectorate (complete list) –

Protectorate, 1893–1907

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

• Colony of Natal (complete list) –

British colony, 1843–1910

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

• South African Republic (complete list) –

• Schalk Willem Burger, Acting State President (1900–1902)

• Transvaal Colony (complete list) –

British colony, 1877–1881, 1902–1910

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Swaziland

• Kingdom of Swaziland

• Kings (complete list) –

• Ndvungunye, King (1780–1815)
• Sobhuza I, King (1815–1839)
• Mswati II, King (1840–1868)
• Dlamini IV, King (1875–1889)
• Ngwane V, King (1895–1899)

• tiNdlovukati (complete list) –

• Lomvula Mndzebele, Ndlovukati (1780–1815), Queen Regent (1815)
• Lojiba Simelane, Ndlovukati (1815–1840), Queen Regent (1836–1840)
• Tsandzile Ndwandwe, Ndlovukati (1840–1875), Queen Regent (1868–1875)
• Sisile Khumalo, Ndlovukati (1875)
• Tibati Nkambule, Ndlovukati (1875–1894), Queen Regent (1889–1894)
• Labotsibeni Mdluli, Ndlovukati (1894–1925), Queen Regent (1899–1903) Queen Regent under British rule (1903–1921)

Zambia

• Ngoni (complete list) –

• Zwangendaba, Paramount Chief (1815–1848)
• Mpezeni I, Paramount Chief (1848–1900)

• Kazembe –

• Lukwesa Ilunga, Mwata (1760–1805)
• Kanyembo Keleka Mayi, Mwata (1805–1850)
• Kapumba Mwongo Mfwama, Mwata (1850–1854)
• Chinyanta Munona, Mwata (1854–1862)
• Mwonga Nsemba, Mwata (1862–1870)
• Chinkonkole Kafuti, Mwata (1870–1872)
• Lukwesa Mpanga, Mwata (1872–1883, 1885–1886)
• Kanyembo Ntemena, Mwata (1883–1885, 1886–1904)

• Barotseland (complete list) –

• Mwananyanda Liwale, Mbumu wa Litunga (?–1812)
• Mulambwa Santulu, Mbumu wa Litunga (1812–1830)
• Silumelume, Mbumu wa Litunga (1830)
• Mubukwanu, Mbumu wa Litunga (1830–1838)
• Imasiku, Mbumu wa Litunga (1838)
• Sebetwane, Morêna (1838–1851)
• Mamochisane, Morêna (1851)
• Sekeletu, Morêna (1851–1863)
• Mambili, Morêna (1863)
• Liswaniso, Morêna in rebellion (1863)
• Mbololo, Morêna (1863–1864)
• Sipopa Lutangu, Mbumu wa Litunga (1864–1876)
• Mowa Mamili, Regent (1876)
• Mwanawina II, Mbumu wa Litunga (1876–1878)
• Lubosi I, Mbumu wa Litunga (1878–1884)
• Akufuna Tatila, Mbumu wa Litunga (1884–1885)
• Sikufele (in rebellion) (1885)
• Lubosi I, Mbumu wa Litunga (1885–1916)

Zimbabwe

• Mthwakazi –

• Mzilikazi (1820–1868)
• Lobengula (1868–1894)

• Company rule in Rhodesia by the British South Africa Company (complete list) –

Company rule, 1890–1924

• James Hamilton, Chairman
• Cecil Rhodes, Founder
• Alfred Beit, Director

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

• Rozwi Empire –

• Changamire Tohwechipi, King (1831–1866)

Benin

• Benin Empire (complete list) –

• Akengbuda, Oba (1750–1804)[9]
• Obanosa, Oba (1804–1816)
• Ogbebo, Oba (1816)
• Osemwende, Oba (1816–1848)
• Adolo, Oba (1848–1897)

see also Ovonramwen

• Dahomey (Dahomey kings, French presidents) –

Vassal of the Oyo Empire, 1740–1823

• Adandozan, King (1797–1818)
• Ghezo, King (1818–1858)
• Glele, King (1858–1889)
• Béhanzin, King (1889–1894)

French protectorate, 1894–1900

• Agoli-agbo, King (1894–1900)

• Ketu (Benin) (complete list) –

• Ajibolu, Oba of Ketu (1795–1816)

Burkina Faso

• Mossi Kingdom of Bilayanga (complete list) –

• Yempaabu, ruler (1890s–?)
• Yembuado, ruler (unknown date)

• Mossi Kingdom of Bongandini (complete list) –

• Bantia, ruler (19th century)
• Yenkpaari, ruler (19th century)
• Yembrima, ruler (late 19th century–1897)
• Yentema, ruler (1897–1899)
• Hampandi, ruler (1899–1923)

• Mossi Kingdom of Con (complete list) –

• Gmarba, ruler (c.19th century)
• Wori, ruler (c.19th century)
• Gamambu, ruler (c.19th century)
• Pangangri, ruler (c.19th century)
• Mabungu, ruler (c.19th century)
• Bandigoo, ruler (19th century)
• Wurbendi, ruler (19th century)
• Yembuado, ruler (19th century)
• Baalisongi, ruler (19th century)
• Yenkoari, ruler (19th century)
• Yembrima, ruler (late 19th century–1889)
• Yensombu, ruler (1889–1892)
• Baahamma, ruler (1892–1905)

• Mossi Kingdom of Gurunsi (complete list) –

• Alfa Hano, ruler (c.1870–c.1874)
• Gazari, ruler (c.1874–1883)
• Babatu, ruler (1883–1899)
• Builsa Hamaria, ruler (1894–1897)

• Mossi Kingdom of Gwiriko (complete list) –

• Magan Wule Wattara, ruler (1749–1809)
• Dramani, ruler (1809–1809)
• Dyori Wattara, ruler (1809–1839)
• Bako Moru Wattara, ruler (1839–1851)
• Laganfyela Moru, ruler (1851–1854)
• Ali Dyan, ruler (1854–1878)
• Kokoroko Dyan, ruler (1878–1885)
• Sabana, ruler (1885–1892)
• Tyeba Wattara Nyandane, ruler (1892–1897)
• Pintyeba Wattara, ruler (1897–1909)

• Mossi Kingdom of Kuala (complete list) –

• Yencabri, ruler (1810–early 19th century)
• Interregnum, ruler (early 19th century)
• Kalinkuma, ruler (early 19th century)
• Yembuado, ruler (19th century)
• Yensombu, ruler (19th century)
• Yentugri, ruler (19th century)
• Lansongi, ruler (19th century)
• Yencirima, ruler (late 19th century)
• Yenhamma, ruler (late 19th century–1878)
• Yenkuagu, ruler (1878–1917)

• Mossi Kingdom of Liptako (complete list) –

• Brahima bi Saydu, Ja-oro (1758–1810)
• Brahima bi Saydu, Almami (1810–1817)
• Salifu bi Hama, Almami (1817–1832)
• Brahima Sori bi Hama, Almami (1832–1861)
• Seku bi Salifu, Almami (1861–1887)
• Bubakar Amadu bi Isa, Almami (1887–1890)
• Bubakar bi Sori, Almami (1890–1891)
• Brahima Usman, Almami (1891–1915)

• Mossi Kingdom of Macakoali (complete list) –

• Yembuaro, Boopo (19th century)
• Yembrima, Boopo (19th century)
• Baahamma, Boopo (late 19th century)
• Yempaabu, Boopo (late 19th century)
• Labidiedo, Boopo (late 19th century–1887)
• Tintuoriba Adama, Boopo (1887–1896)
• Hampanli, Boopo (1896–1897)
• Huntani, Boopo (1897–1902)

• Mossi Kingdom of Nungu (complete list) –

• Baahamma, Nunbado (1791–1822)
• Yenhamma, Nunbado (1822–1831)
• Yencirima, Nunbado (1831–1843)
• Yencabri, Nunbado (1843–1846)
• Yempabu, Nunbado (1846–1856)
• Yempadigu, Nunbado (1856–1883)
• Yentuguri, Nunbado (1883–1892)
• Bancandi, Nunbado (1892–1911)

• Mossi Kingdom of Pama –

• Yenharima, Jafuali (19th century)
• Lisongi, Jafuali (19th century)
• Hampanli, Jafuali (19th century)
• Hanmiliri, Jafuali (late 19th century)
• Yembuaro, Jafuali (late 19th century–1878)
• Baahamma, Jafuali (1878–1918)

• Mossi Kingdom of Piéla (complete list) –

• Baahamma, Pielabedo (19th century)
• Yembuado, Pielabedo (19th century)
• Yentema, Pielabedo (19th century)
• Yentagima, Pielabedo (19th century–1836)
• Yembrima, Pielabedo (1836–1844)
• Yenkpaari, Pielabedo (1844–1851)
• Yencaari, Pielabedo (1851–1856)
• Yentandi, Pielabedo (1856–1901)

• Mossi Kingdom of Tenkodogo (complete list) –

• Sapilem, Naaba (19th century)
• Nyambre, Naaba (19th century)
• Salma, Naaba (19th century)
• Korongo, Naaba (1894)

• Mossi Kingdom of Wogodogo (complete list) –

• Naaba Dulugu, Moogo-naaba (1783–1802)
• Naaba Sawadogo, Moogo-naaba (1802–1834)
• Naaba Karfo, Moogo-naaba (1834–1842)
• Naaba Baongo I, Moogo-naaba (1842–1850)
• Naaba Kutu I, Moogo-naaba (1850–1871)
• Naaba Sanum, Moogo-naaba (1871–1889)
• Naaba Wobgo, Moogo-naaba (1889–1897)
• Naaba Mazi, Moogo-naaba (1896–1896)
• Naaba Sigiri, Moogo-naaba (1897–1905)

• Mossi Kingdom of Yatenga (complete list) –

• Rima Naaba Saaga, Yatenga naaba (1787–1803)
• Rima Naaba Kaongo, Yatenga naaba (1803–1806)
• Rima Naaba Tuguri, Yatenga naaba (1806–1822)
• Naaba Koom I, Yatenga naaba (1822–1825)
• Naaba Korogo, Yatenga naaba (1825–1825)
• Naaba Ragongo, Yatenga naaba (1825–1831)
• Naaba Wobgo II, Yatenga naaba (1831–1831)
• Naaba Nyambe Moogo, Yatenga naaba (1831–1834)
• Rima Naaba Totebaldbo, Yatenga naaba (1834–1850)
• Rima Naaba Yemde, Yatenga naaba (1850–1877)
• Naaba Sanum, Yatenga naaba (1877–1879)
• Rima Naaba Woboga, Yatenga naaba (1879–1884)
• Naaba Piiyo II, Yatenga naaba (1884–1885)
• Rima Naaba Baongo, Yatenga naaba (1885–1895)
• Naaba Bulli, Yatenga naaba (1895–1899)
• Sidiyete Wedraogo, ruler (1895–1896)
• Naaba Ligidi, Yatenga naaba (1899–1902)

Cape Verde

• Portuguese Cape Verde (complete list) –

Colony, 1462–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Gambia

• Gambia Colony and Protectorate (complete list) –

British colony and protectorate, 1821–1965

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Ghana

• Kingdom of Ashanti (complete list) –

• Osei Kwame Panyin, Asantehene (1777–1803)
• Opoku Fofie, Asantehene (1803–1804)
• Osei Bonsu, Asantehene (1804–1824)
• Osei Yaw Akoto, Asantehene (1824–1834)
• Kwaku Dua I Panyin, Asantehene (1834–1867)
• Kofi Karikari, Asantehene (1867–1874)
• Kwabena Dwomo, Regent (1874)
• Mensa Bonsu, Asantehene (1874–1883)
• Civil War period, (1883–1888)
• Kwaku Dua II, Asantehene (1884)
• Owusu Kofi, Interim Council Chairman (1884)
• Akyampon Panyin, Interim Council Chairman (1884–1887)
• Owusu Sekyere II, Regent (1887–1888)
• Prempeh I, Asantehene (1888–1902)

• Fante Confederacy (complete list) –
• Gold Coast (complete list) –

British colony, 1821–1957

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Guinea

• Imamate of Futa Jallon (complete list) –

• Ibrahima Sori Dongolfella, Almami (?–1890)
• Bokar Biro's elder brother, Almami (1890–?)
• Bokar Biro, Almami (?–1892)
• Amadu, Almami (1892–1894)
• Bokar Biro, Almami (1894–1896)

• Wassoulou Empire –

• Samori Ture, Faama (1878–1898)

• French Guinea part of French West Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1894–1958

For details see France under western Europe

Guinea-Bissau

• Kaabu –

• Janke Waali, ruler (1867)

• Portuguese Guinea (complete list) –

Colony, 1474–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Ivory Coast

• Gyaaman (complete list) –

• Biri Kofi Kadyo, Gyaamanhene (1790–1810)
• Kwadwo Adinkra Kadyo, Gyaamanhene (1810–1820)
• Fofie, Gyaamanhene (1820–1830)
• Kwasi Yeboa, Gyaamanhene (1830–1850)
• Kwadwo Agyeman, Gyaamanhene (1850–1895)

• French Ivory Coast part of French West Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1893–1960

For details see France under western Europe

Liberia

• Colony of Liberia (1821–1847)
• Liberia (complete list) –

• Joseph Jenkins Roberts, President (1848–1856)
• Stephen Allen Benson, President (1856–1864)
• Daniel Bashiel Warner, President (1864–1868)
• James Spriggs Payne, President (1868–1870)
• Edward James Roye, President (1870–1871)
• James Skivring Smith, President (1871–1872)
• Joseph Jenkins Roberts, President (1872–1876)
• James Spriggs Payne, President (1876–1878)
• Anthony W. Gardiner, President (1878–1883)
• Alfred Francis Russell, President (1883–1884)
• Hilary R. W. Johnson, President (1884–1892)
• Joseph James Cheeseman, President (1892–1896)
• William D. Coleman, President (1896–1900)
• Garretson W. Gibson, President (1900–1904)

Mali

• Bamana Empire –

• Mansong Diarra, Faama (1795–1808)
• Da Monzon Diarra, Faama (1808–?)

• Kaarta –

• Mamady Kandian, Fama (?–1854)
• Almany Niamody, Fama (?–1878)

• Toucouleur Empire

• El Hadj Umar Tall, ruler (1850–1864)
• Tidiani Tall, ruler (1864–1890)
• Ahmadu Tall, ruler (1890–1892)

• Kénédougou Kingdom –

• Mansa Douala, Faama (?–1876)
• Tieba Traoré, Faama (1876–1893)
• Babemba Traoré, Faama (1893–1898)

• Massina Empire –

• Seku Amadu
• Amadu II of Masina
• Amadu III of Masina

• French Sudan part of French West Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1880–1958

For details see France under western Europe

Mauritania

Niger

• Sultanate of Damagaram (complete list) –

• Ahmadou dan Tanimoun, Sultan (1799–1812)
• Sulayman, Sultan (1812–1822)
• Ibrahim, Sultan (1843–1851)

• Dendi Kingdom (complete list) –

• Fodi Maÿroumfa, Askiya (1798–1805)[10]
• Tomo, Askiya (1805–1823)
• Bassarou Missi Izé, Askiya (1823–1842)
• Boumi, Askiya (1842–1845)
• Koïzé Babba, Askiya (1845–1864)
• Koïzé Babba Baki, Askiya (1864–1865)
• Ouankoÿ, Askiya (1865–1868)
• Biyo Birma, Askiya (1868–1882)
• Doauda, Askiya (1882–1887)
• Malla, Askiya (1887–1901)

Nigeria

• Akwa Akpa (Old Calabar)[11] –

• Ekpenyong Offiong Okoho, King (1786–1805)
• Ekpenyong Effiom Okoho Eyamba III, King (1805–1814)
• Effiom Edem Ekpo Effiom I Eyamba IV, King (1814–1834)
• Edem Ekpenyong Offiong Okoho Eyamba V, King (1834–1847)
• Effiom Okoho Asibong I Ekpo Minika, King (1849–1852)
• Ededem Effiom II, King (1852–1858)
• Eyo Asibong II, King (1859–1872)
• Edem Asibong III Eyamba VIII, King (1872–1879)
• Orok Edem Eyamba IX, King (1880–1896)
• Eyo Etinyin, King (c.1896–c.1903)

• Bornu Empire (Kanem–Bornu)

Sayfawa dynasty[12]

• Ahmad, Mai (1792–1808)
• Dunama IX Lefiami, Mai (1808–1816)
• Muhammad VIII, Mai (1816–1820)
• Ibrahim IV of Bornu, Mai (1820–1846)
• Ali V Dalatumi, Mai (1846)

House of Kanemi

• Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi, Shehu (1809–1837)
• Umar, Shehu (1837–1853, 1854–1881)
• 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad al-Amin, Shehu (1853–1854)
• Bukar Kura, Shehu (1881–1884)
• Ibrahim Kura, Shehu (c.1884–c.1885)
• Ashimi, Shehu (c.1884–c.1885)
• Kyari, Shehu (1893–1894)
• Sanda Wuduroma, Shehu (1894)

• Borno Emirate / Empire

• Sanda Wuduroma, Shehu (1894)

• Oyo Empire (complete list) –

• Majotu, Alaafin (1802–1830)
• Amodo, Alaafin (1830–1833)
• Oluewu, Alaafin (1833–1835)
• Atiba Atobatele, Alaafin (1837–1859)
• Adelu, Alaafin (1859–1875)
• Adeyemi I Alowolodu, Alaafin (1876–1888), Oba (1888–1896)

vassal to the United Kingdom: 1888–1896

• Sultanate of Kano (complete list) –

• Muhammad al-Walid, Sultan (1781–1805)

• Kano Emirate

• Emirs (complete list) –

• Suleimanu dan AbaHama, Emir (1805–1819)
• Ibrahim Dabo dan Mahmudu, Emir (1819–1846)
• Usman I Maje Ringim dan Dabo, Emir (1846–1855)
• Abdullahi Maje Karofi dan Dabo, Emir (1855–1883)
• Muhammadu Bello dan Dabo, Emir (1883–1893)
• Mohammed Tukur, Emir (1893–1894)
• Aliyu Babba, Emir (1894–1903)

• Grand Viziers

• Muhammadu Bakatsine, Grand Vizier (1807–?)
• Ahmadu Mai Shahada, Grand Vizier (1889–1903)

• Kingdom of Nri (complete list) –

• Ezimilo, Eze Nri (1795–1886)
• Òbalíke, Eze Nri (1889–1911)

• Sokoto Caliphate

• Sultans (complete list) –

• Abdur Rahman Atiku, Sultan (1891–1902)

• Grand viziers (complete list) –

• Muhammadu al-Bukhari, Grand Vizier (1890–1903)

• Yauri Emirate –

• Muhammadu Dan Ayi dan Ahmadu Jerabana Albishir, Emir (1799–1829)
• Ibrahimu dan Muhammadu Dan Ayi, Emir (1829–1835)
• Jibrilu Gajeren Sarki dan Muhammadu Dan Ayi, Emir (1835–1844)
• Abu Bakr Jatau dan Mustafa Gazari, Emir (1844–1848)
• Jibrilu Gajeren Sarki dan Muhammadu Dan Ayi, Emir (1848–1849)
• Ya`quba dan Jibrilu Gajeren Sarki, Emir (1849–1850)
• Sulaymanu Dan Addo dan Ibrahimu, Emir (1850–1871)
• Abd Allahi Gallo dan Muhammadu Dan Ayi, Emir (1871–1888)
• Abd Allahi Abarshi dan `Ali dan Yerima, Emir (1888–1904)

• Aro Confederacy

• Okoro Idozuka, leader (19th-century)

• Lagos Colony (complete list) –

British colony, 1821–1957

• Northern Nigeria Protectorate (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1900–1914

• Southern Nigeria Protectorate (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1900–1914

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

• Niger Coast Protectorate (1884–1900)

Senegal

• Jolof / Wolof Empire (complete list) –

• Mba Buri-Nyabu, Buur-ba (1800–1818)
• Birayamb Kumba-Gey, Buur-ba (1818–1838)
• al-Buri Tam, Buur-ba (1838–1845)
• Baka Kodu, Buur-ba (1845–1847)
• Birayamb Aram, Buur-ba (1847–1849)
• Birayma-Penda, Buur-ba (1849)
• Mbanyi-Paate, Buur-ba (1849)
• Lat-Koddu, Buur-ba (1849)
• Birayamb Ma-Dyigen, Buur-ba (1850–1855)
• al-Buri Peya, Buur-ba (1855–1856)
• Bakan-Tam Yaago, Buur-ba (1856–1858)
• Taanor, Buur-ba (1858–1863)
• Bakan-Tam Khaari, Buur-ba (1863–1871)
• Amadu Seeku, Buur-ba (1871–1875)
• Alboury Ndiaye, Buur-ba (1875–1890)

• Cayor (complete list) –

• Amari Ngone Ndèla Kumba Fal, Damel (1790–1809)
• Biram Fatma Cub Fal, Damel (1809–1832)
• Maysa Tènde Jor Samba Fal, Damel (1832–1855)
• Birima Ngone Latir Fal, Damel (1855–1860)
• Ma-Kodu Kumba Yande Fal, Damel (1860–1861)
• Ma-Jojo Jegeñ Kodu Fal, Damel (1861)
• Lat Jor Ngone Latir Jop, Damel (1862–1864)
• Ma-Jojo Jegeñ Kodu Fal, Damel (1864–1868)
• Lat Jor Ngone Latir Jop, Damel (1871–1882)
• Amari Ngone Fal, Damel (1883)
• Samba Laobe Fal, Damel (1883–1886)

• Imamate of Futa Toro (complete list) –

• Abdelkedir, Almaami (1776–1804)
• unknown Almaami (1804–1859)

Vassal of the Toucouleur Empire, 1861–1877

• Mustafa, Almaami (1859–1868)
• Ahmadu Sego, Almaami (1868–1875)
• Abdul Bu Bakar, Almaami (1875–1877)

• Saloum (complete list) –

• Balleh N'Gougou N'Dao (or Ballé Khordia Ndao), Maad Saloum (1825–1853)[13]
• Bala Adam Njie, Maad Saloum (1853–1856)[13]
• Kumba N'Dama Mbodj, Maad Saloum (1856–1859)[13]
• Samba Laobe Latsouka Fall), Maad Saloum (1859–1864)[13]

• Kingdom of Sine (complete list) –

• Gejopal Mane Niane Joof, Maad a Sinig (?–1825)[14]
• Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof, Maad a Sinig (1825–1853)
• Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, Maad a Sinig (1853–1871)
• Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof, Maad a Sinig (1898–1924)
• M'Backeh Kodu Njie, Maad a Sinig (1884–1885)[13]

• French Senegal (part of French West Africa) (1848–1960)
• French West Africa (complete list) –

Federation of colonies, 1895–1958

For details see France under western Europe

Sierra Leone

• Kingdom of Koya (complete list) –

• Farima IV, Bai (1793–1807)
• Foki, Bai (1807–1817)
• Moriba Kindo Bangura, Bai (1817–1825)
• Kunia Banna, Bai (1825–1826)
• Fatima Brima Kama, Bai-Queen (1826–1840)
• Moribu Kindo, Bai (1840–1859)
• Kanta, Bai (1859–1872)

• Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate, British colony (complete list) –

British colony and protectorate, 1808–1961

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Togo

• German Togoland (complete list) –

Protectorate, 1884–1916

For details see the German Empire under central Europe

Greater Antilles: Hispaniola

• Dominican Republic (complete list) –

• Tomás Bobadilla, Manuel Jimenes, Carlos Moreno, Mariano Echavarria, Jose Maria Caminero, Francisco del Rosario Sanchez, Matias Ramon Mella, Manuel Maria Valverde, Francisco Xavier Abreu, Felix Mercenario, Silvano Pujol, Juan Pablo Duarte, Central Government Board (1844)

• Pedro Santana, President (1844–1848)

• Félix Mercenario, Domingo de la Rocha, José María Caminero, Manuel Jimenes, Council of Secretaries of State (1848)

• Manuel Jimenes, President (1848–1849)
• Buenaventura Báez, President (1849–1853)
• Pedro Santana, President (1853–1856)
• Manuel de Regla Mota, President (1856)
• Buenaventura Báez, President (1856–1858)
• José Desiderio Valverde, President (1858)
• Pedro Santana, President (1858–1861)
• Pedro Antonio Pimentel, President (1865)
• José María Cabral, Supreme Chief (1865)
• Pedro Guillermo, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1865)
• Buenaventura Báez, President (1865–1866)

• Pedro Antonio Pimentel, Gregorio Luperón, Federico de Jesús García, Triumvirate (1866)

• José María Cabral, President (1866–1868)
• Manuel Altagracia Cáceres, President (1868)

• José Antonio Hungría, Francisco Antonio Gómez Báez, José Ramón Luciano y Franco, Junta of Generals (1868)

• Buenaventura Báez, President (1868–1874)
• Ignacio María González, Supreme Chief (1874)

• Ignacio María González, Manuel Altagracia Cáceres, Generals-in-Chief (1874)

• Ignacio María González, President (1874–1876)

• Pedro Tomás Garrido, José de Jesús de Castro, Pedro Pablo de Bonilla, Juan Bautista Zafra, Pablo López Villanueva, Jacinto Peynado, Council of Secretaries of State (1876)

• Ulises Francisco Espaillat, President (1876)

• Pablo López Villanueva, José Caminero Matías, Juan Esteban Ariza Matos, Fidel Rodríguez Urdaneta, José de Jesús Eduardo de Castro Álvarez, Juan Bautista Zafra y Miranda, Pedro Tomás Garrido Matos, Superior Governing Junta (1876)

• Ignacio María González, Supreme Chief (1876)
• Marcos Antonio Cabral, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1876)
• Buenaventura Báez, President (1876–1878)

• José María Cabral, Joaquín Montolío, Council of Secretaries of State (1878)

• Cesareo Guillermo, President (1878)
• Ignacio María González, President (1878)

• Ulises Heureaux, Cesáreo Guillermo, People's Military Chiefs (1878)

• Jacinto de Castro, Acting President (1878)

• Cesáreo Guillermo, Alejandro Angulo Guridi, Pedro Maria Aristy, Council of Secretaries of State (1878–1879)

• Cesareo Guillermo, President (1879)
• Gregorio Luperón, President (1879–1880)
• Fernando Arturo de Meriño, President (1880–1882)
• Ulises Heureaux, President (1882–1884)
• Francisco Gregorio Billini, President (1884–1885)
• Alejandro Woss y Gil, President (1885–1887)
• Ulises Heureaux, President (1887–1889)
• Manuel María Gautier, Acting President (1889)
• Ulises Heureaux, President (1889–1899)
• Wenceslao Figuereo, President (1899)

• Tomás Demetrio Morales, Arístides Patiño, Enrique Henríquez y Alfau, Jaime R. Vidal, Braulio Álvarez, Council of Secretaries of State (1899)
• Mariano Cestero, Álvaro Logroño, Arístides Patiño, Pedro María Mejía, Council of Secretaries of State (1899)

• Horacio Vásquez, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1899)
• Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, President (1899–1902)

• Republic of Haiti (complete list) –

• Fabre Geffrard, President (1859–1867)
• Nissage Saget, Provisional President (1867)
• Sylvain Salnave, President (1867–1869)
• Nissage Saget, President (1869–1874)
• Council of Secretaries of State (1874)
• Michel Domingue, President (1874–1876)
• Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, Provisional President (1876), President (1876–1879)
• Joseph Lamothe, Provisional President (1879)
• Lysius Salomon, President (1879–1888)
• Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, Provisional President (1888)
• François Denys Légitime, President (1888–1889)
• Monpoint Jeune, Provisional President (1889)
• Florvil Hyppolite, President (1889–1896)
• Tirésias Simon Sam, President (1896–1902)

• Costa Rica (complete list) –

• Juan Mora Fernández, Head of State (1825–1833)
• José Rafael Gallegos, Head of State (1833–1835)
• Braulio Carrillo Colina, Head of State (1835–1837)
• Juan Mora Fernández, Head of State (1837)
• Manuel Aguilar Chacón, Head of State (1837–1838)
• Braulio Carrillo Colina, Head of State (1838–1842)
• Francisco Morazán, Head of State (1842)
• António Pinto Soares, Head of State (1842)
• José María Alfaro Zamora, Head of State (1842–1844)
• Francisco María Oreamuno Bonilla, Head of State (1844)
• José Rafael Gallegos, Head of State (1845–1846)
• José María Alfaro Zamora, Head of State (1846–1847)
• José Castro Madriz, Head of State (1847–1848), President (1848–1849)
• Miguel Mora Porras, President (1849)
• Juan Mora Porras, President (1849–1859)
• José María Montealegre Fernández, President (1859–1863)
• Jesús Jiménez Zamora, President (1863–1866)
• José Castro Madriz, President (1866–1868)
• Jesús Jiménez Zamora, President (1868–1870)
• Bruno Carranza Ramírez, President (1870)
• Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez, President (1870–1876)
• Aniceto Esquivel Sáenz, President (1876)
• Vicente Herrera Zeledón, President (1876–1877)
• Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez, President (1877–1882)
• Saturnino Lizano Gutiérrez, President (1882)
• Próspero Fernández Oreamuno, President (1882–1885)
• Bernardo Soto Alfaro, President (1885–1890)
• José Rodríguez Zeledón, President (1890–1894)
• Rafael Yglesias Castro, President (1894–1902)

• El Salvador (complete list) –

• Juan Lindo, Provisional President (1841–1842)
• José Escolástico Marín, Acting President (1842)
• Juan José Guzmán, President (1842–1844)
• Fermín Palacios, Acting President (1844)
• Francisco Malespín, President (1844–1845)
• Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán, President (1845–1846)
• Fermín Palacios, Acting President (1846)
• Eugenio Aguilar, President (1846–1848)
• Tomás Medina, Acting President (1848)
• José Félix Quirós, Acting President (1848)
• Doroteo Vasconcelos, President (1848–1850)
• Ramón Rodríguez, Acting President (1850)
• Doroteo Vasconcelos, President (1850–1851)
• José Félix Quirós, Acting President (1851)
• Francisco Dueñas, President (1851–1852)
• José María San Martín, Acting President (1852)
• Francisco Dueñas, President (1852–1854)
• Vicente Gómez, Acting President (1854)
• José María San Martín, President (1854–1856)
• Francisco Dueñas, Acting President (1856)
• Rafael Campo, President (1856–1858)
• Lorenzo Zepeda, Acting President (1858)
• Miguel Santín del Castillo, President (1858–1859)
• Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán, Acting President (1859)
• José María Peralta, Acting President (1859)
• Gerardo Barrios, President (1859–1863)
• Francisco Dueñas, President (1863–1871)
• Santiago González, President (1871–1876)
• Andrés del Valle, President (1876)
• Rafael Zaldívar, President (1876–1885)
• Francisco Menéndez, President (1885–1890)
• Carlos Ezeta, President (1890–1894)
• Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez, President (1894–1898)
• Tomás Regalado, President (1898–1903)

• Guatemala (complete list) –

• Mariano Rivera Paz, Head of State (1839–1842)
• José Venancio López Requena, Acting Head of State (1842)
• Mariano Rivera Paz, Head of State (1842–1844)
• Rafael Carrera, Head of State (1844–1847)
• Rafael Carrera, President (1847–1848)
• Juan Antonio Martínez, Acting President (1848)
• José Bernardo Escobar, Acting President (1848–1849)
• Mariano Peredes, Acting President (1849–1851)
• Rafael Carrera, President (1851–1865)
• Pedro de Aycinena y Piñol, Acting President (1865)
• Vicente Cerna Sandoval, President (1865–1871)
• Miguel García Granados, President (1871–1873)
• Justo Rufino Barrios, President (1873–1885)
• Alejandro M. Sinibaldi, Acting President (1885)
• Manuel Barillas, President (1885–1892)
• José María Reina Barrios, President (1892–1898)
• Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President (1898–1920)

• Honduras (complete list) –

• Juan Francisco de Molina, President (1839)
• Felipe Neri Medina, Acting President (1839)
• Juan José Alvarado, Acting President (1839)
• José María Guerrero, Acting President (1839)
• Mariano Garrigó, Acting President (1839)
• José María Bustillo, Acting President (1839)
• Council of Ministers, (1839)
• Francisco Zelaya y Ayes, Acting President (1839–1841)
• Francisco Ferrera, President (1841–1842)
• Council of Ministers, (1843)
• Francisco Ferrera, President (1843–1844)
• Council of Ministers, (1845)
• Coronado Chávez, President (1845–1847)
• Council of Ministers, (1847)
• Juan Lindo, President (1847–1852)
• Francisco Gómez, Acting President (1852)
• José Trinidad Cabañas, President (1852–1855)
• José Santiago Bueso, Acting President (1855)
• Francisco de Aguilar, Acting President (1855–1856)
• José Santos Guardiola, President (1856–1862)
• José Francisco Montes, Acting President (1862)
• Victoriano Castellanos, Acting President (1862)
• José Francisco Montes, Acting President (1862–1863)
• José María Medina, Acting President (1863)
• Francisco Inestroza, Acting President (1863–1864)
• Francisco Cruz Castro, Provisional President (1869–1870)
• José María Medina, President (1864–1872)
• Céleo Arias, Provisional President (1872–1874)
• Ponciano Leiva, President (1874–1876)
• Marcelino Mejía, Provisional President (1876)
• Crescencio Gómez, Provisional President (1876)
• José María Medina, Provisional President (1876)
• Marco Aurelio Soto, President (1876–1883)
• Council of Ministers, (1883)
• Luis Bográn, President (1883–1891)
• Ponciano Leiva, President (1891–1893)
• Domingo Vásquez, President (1893–1894)
• Policarpo Bonilla, President (1894–1899)
• Terencio Sierra, President (1899–1903)

• Nicaragua (complete list) –

• José Núñez, Supreme Director (1838–1839)
• Evaristo Rocha, Acting Supreme Director (1839)
• Patricio Rivas, Acting Supreme Director (1839)
• Joaquín del Cosío, Acting Supreme Director (1839)
• Hilario Ulloa, Acting Supreme Director (1839)
• Tomás Valladares, Acting Supreme Director (1839–1840)
• Patricio Rivas, Acting Supreme Director (1840–1841)
• Pablo Buitrago, Supreme Director (1841–1843)
• Juan de Dios Orozco, Acting Supreme Director (1843)
• Manuel Pérez, Supreme Director (1843–1844)
• Emiliano Madriz, Acting Supreme Director (1844–1845)
• Silvestre Selva, Acting Supreme Director, in dissidence (1844–1845)
• Manuel Antonio Blas Sáenz, Acting Supreme Director, in dissidence (1845)
• José León Sandoval, Supreme Director (1845–1847)
• Miguel Ramón Morales, Acting Supreme Director (1847)
• José María Guerrero de Arcos y Molina, Supreme Director (1847–1849)
• Toribio Terán, Acting Supreme Director (1849)
• Benito Rosales, Acting Supreme Director (1849)
• Norberto Ramírez Áreas, Supreme Director (1849–1851)
• Justo Abaunza y Muñoz de Avilés, Acting Supreme Director (1851)
• José Laureano Pineda Ugarte, Supreme Director (1851)
• Justo Abaunza y Muñoz de Avilés, Acting Supreme Director (1851)
• José Laureano Pineda Ugarte, Supreme Director, in dissidence (1851)
• José Francisco del Montenegro, Acting Supreme Director, in rebellion (1851)
• José de Jesús Alfaro, Supreme Director, in rebellion (1851)
• José Laureano Pineda Ugarte, Supreme Director, in dissidence (1851–1853)
• Fruto Chamorro, Supreme Director (1853–1854)
• Fruto Chamorro, President (1854–1855)
• José María Estrada, Acting President (1855)
• Patricio Rivas, Provisional President (1855–1857)
• William Walker, Usurper (1856–1857)
• Government Junta, President (1857)
• Tomás Martínez, President (1857–1867)
• Fernando Guzmán Solórzano, President (1867–1871)
• José Vicente Cuadra, President (1871–1875)
• Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Alfaro, President (1875–1879)
• Joaquín Zavala, President (1879–1883)
• Adán Cárdenas, President (1883–1887)
• Evaristo Carazo, President (1887–1889)
• Nicolás Osorno, Acting President (1889)
• Roberto Sacasa, Acting President (1889–1891)
• Ignacio Chaves López, President (1891)
• Roberto Sacasa, President (1891–1893)
• Salvador Machado, Acting President (1893)
• Joaquín Zavala, Acting President (1893)
• José Santos Zelaya, President (1893–1909)

Mexico

• First Mexican Empire (complete list) –

• First Regency: Agustín de Iturbide, Juan O'Donojú, Antonio Pérez Martínez, Manuel de la Barcéna, José Isidro Yañez, Manuel Velázquez de León (1821–1822)
• Second Regency: Agustín de Iturbide, José Isidro Yañez, Miguel Valentín, Manuel de Heras, Nicolás Bravo (1822)
• Agustín I, Emperor (1822–1823)

• Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–24) (complete list) –

• Nicolás Bravo, Guadalupe Victoria, Pedro Celestino Negrete, Mariano Michelena, Miguel Domínguez, Vicente Guerrero, Members (1823–1824)

Oil painting of Vicente Guerrero, by Ramón Sagredo (1865)

• First Mexican Republic (complete list) –

• Guadalupe Victoria, President (1824–1829)
• Vicente Guerrero, President (1829)
• José María Bocanegra, President (1829)
• Pedro Vélez, President (1829)
• Anastasio Bustamante, President (1830–1832)
• Melchor Múzquiz, President (1832)
• Manuel Gómez Pedraza, President (1832–1833)
• Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1833)
• Santa Anna, President (1833)
• Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1833)
• Santa Anna, President (1833)
• Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1833)
• Santa Anna, President (1833)
• Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1833–1834)
• Santa Anna, President (1834–1835)
• Miguel Barragán, President (1835)

Santa Anna in a Mexican military uniform

• Centralist Republic of Mexico (complete list) –

• Miguel Barragán, President (1835–1836)
• José Justo Corro, President (1836–1837)
• Anastasio Bustamante, President (1837–1839)
• Santa Anna, Interim President (1839)
• Nicolás Bravo, President (1839)
• Anastasio Bustamante, President (1839–1841)
• Francisco Javier Echeverría, President (1841)
• Santa Anna, Provisional President (1841–1842)
• Nicolás Bravo, President (1842–1843)
• Santa Anna, Provisional President (1843)
• Valentín Canalizo, President (1843–1844)
• Santa Anna, Provisional President (1844)
• José Joaquín de Herrera, President (1844)
• Valentín Canalizo, President (1844)
• José Joaquín de Herrera, President (1844–1845)
• Mariano Paredes, President (1845)
• Nicolás Bravo, President (1846)
• José Mariano Salas, President (1846)

• Second Federal Republic of Mexico (complete list) –

• José Mariano Salas, President (1846)
• Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1846–1847)
• Santa Anna, Interim President (1847)
• Pedro María de Anaya, President (1847)
• Santa Anna, Interim President (1847)
• Manuel de la Peña y Peña, President (1847)
• Pedro María de Anaya, President (1847–1848)
• Manuel de la Peña y Peña, President (1848)
• José Joaquín de Herrera, President (1848–1851)
• Mariano Arista, President (1851–1853)
• Juan Bautista Ceballos, President (1853)
• Manuel María Lombardini, President (1853)
• Santa Anna, Dictator-President (1853–1855)
• Martín Carrera, President (1855)
• Rómulo Díaz de la Vega, President (1855)
• Juan Álvarez, President (1855)
• Ignacio Comonfort, President (1855–1857)
• Benito Juárez, President (1857–1872)
• Ignacio Comonfort, President (1857–1858)
• Félix María Zuloaga, Interim President (1858)
• Manuel Robles Pezuela, Provisional President (1858–1859)
• José Mariano Salas, Provisional President (1859)
• Miguel Miramón, Substitute President (1859–1860)
• José Ignacio Pavón, Substitute President (1860)
• Miguel Miramón, Provisional President (1860)
• Félix María Zuloaga, Provisional President (1860–1862)

• Second Mexican Empire (complete list) –

• Juan Almonte, José Mariano Salas, Pelagio Antonio de Labastida, Regents of the Mexican Empire (1863–1864)
• Maximilian I, Emperor (1864–1867)

Édouard Manet's Execution of Emperor Maximilian (1868–1869), is one of five versions of his representation of the execution of the Austrian-born Emperor of Mexico, which took place on June 19, 1867. Manet borrowed heavily, thematically and technically, from Goya's The Third of May 1808.

• Mexico (complete list) –

• Benito Juárez, President (1857–1872)
• Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, President (1872–1876)
• José María Iglesias, President (1876)
• Porfirio Díaz, President (1876)
• Juan Nepomuceno Méndez, President (1876–1877)
• Porfirio Díaz, President (1877–1880)
• Manuel González Flores, President (1880–1884)
• Porfirio Díaz, President (1884–1911)

United States

• Confederate States of America –

• Jefferson Davis, President (1862–1865)[15]

• State of Muskogee –

• William Augustus Bowles, Director General of Muskogee (1799–1803)

An early, undated photograph of Grover Cleveland

• United States (complete list) –

• John Adams, President (1797–1801)
• Thomas Jefferson, President (1801–1809)
• James Madison, President (1809–1817)
• James Monroe, President (1817–1825)
• John Quincy Adams, President (1825–1829)
• Andrew Jackson, President (1829–1837)
• Martin Van Buren, President (1837–1841)
• William Henry Harrison, President (1841)
• John Tyler, President (1841–1845)
• James K. Polk, President (1845–1849)
• Zachary Taylor, President (1849–1850)
• Millard Fillmore, President (1850–1853)
• Franklin Pierce, President (1853–1857)
• James Buchanan, President (1857–1861)
• Abraham Lincoln, President (1861–1865)
• Andrew Johnson, President (1865–1869)
• Ulysses S. Grant, President (1869–1877)
• Rutherford B. Hayes, President (1877–1881)
• James A. Garfield, President (1881)
• Chester A. Arthur, President (1881–1885)
• Grover Cleveland, President (1885–1889)
• Benjamin Harrison, President (1889–1893)
• Grover Cleveland, President (1893–1897)
• William McKinley, President (1897–1901)

• Argentina (complete list) –

• Bartolomé Mitre, President (1862–1868)
• Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, President (1868–1874)
• Nicolás Avellaneda, President (1874–1880)
• Julio Argentino Roca, President (1880–1886)
• Miguel Juárez Celman, President (1886–1890)
• Carlos Pellegrini, President (1890–1892)
• Luis Sáenz Peña, President (1892–1895)
• José Evaristo Uriburu, President (1895–1898)
• Julio Argentino Roca, President (1898–1904)

• Bolivia (complete list) –

• Simón Bolívar, Liberator of Bolivia (1825)
• Antonio José de Sucre, Liberator of Bolivia (1825–1826), President (1826–1828)
• José María Pérez de Urdininea, President (1828)
• José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Acting President (1828)
• Pedro Blanco Soto, Provisional President (1828–1829)
• José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Acting President (1829)
• Andrés de Santa Cruz

• Provisional President (1829–1831), President (1831–1839)
• Supreme Protector of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)

• José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Provisional Supreme Chief (1839), Provisional President (1839–1840), President (1840–1841)
• Sebastián Ágreda, Provisional Chief (1841)
• Mariano Calvo, Acting President (1841)
• José Ballivián, Provisional President (1841–1844), President (1844–1847)
• Eusebio Guilarte Vera, Interim President (1847–1848)
• José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Provisional President (1848)
• Manuel Isidoro Belzu, Provisional President (1848–1850), President (1850–1855)
• Jorge Córdova, President (1855–1857)
• José María Linares, Provisional President (1857–1858), Dictator for Life (1858–1861)
• Government Junta, Members: Ruperto Fernández, José María Achá, Manuel Antonio Sánchez (1861)
• José María Achá, Provisional President (1861–1862), President (1862–1864)
• Mariano Melgarejo, Provisional President (1864–1870), President (1870–1871)
• Agustín Morales, Supreme Chief of the Revolution (1871), Provisional President (1871–1872), President (1872)
• Tomás Frías Ametller, President (1872–1873)
• Adolfo Ballivián, President (1873–1874)
• Tomás Frías Ametller, President (1874–1876)
• Hilarión Daza, President (1876–1879)
• Pedro José Domingo de Guerra, President (1879)
• Narciso Campero, President (1880–1884)
• Gregorio Pacheco, President (1884–1888)
• Aniceto Arce, President (1888–1892)
• Mariano Baptista, President (1892–1896)
• Severo Fernández, President (1896–1899)
• Government Junta, Members: José Manuel Pando, Serapio Reyes Ortiz, Macario Pinilla Vargas (1899)
• José Manuel Pando, President (1899–1904)

• Brazil (monarchs complete list / presidents complete list) –

• Maria I, Queen (1815–1816)
• John VI, King (1816–1822)
• Pedro I, Emperor (1822–1831)
• Pedro II, Emperor (1831–1889)
• Deodoro da Fonseca, President (1889–1891)
• Floriano Peixoto, President (1891–1894)
• Prudente de Morais, President (1894–1898)
• Campos Sales, President (1898–1902)

• Chile (complete list) –

• Manuel Blanco Encalada, President (1826)
• Agustín Eyzaguirre, President (1827)
• Ramón Freire, President (1827)
• Francisco Antonio Pinto, President (1827–1829)
• José Tomás Ovalle, President (1829–1831)
• Fernando Errázuriz Aldunate, President (1831)
• José Joaquín Prieto, President (1831–1841)
• Manuel Bulnes, President (1841–1851)
• Manuel Montt, President (1851–1861)
• José Joaquín Pérez, President (1861–1871)
• Federico Errázuriz Zañartu, President (1871–1876)
• Aníbal Pinto, President (1876–1881)
• Domingo Santa María, President (1881–1886)
• José Manuel Balmaceda, President (1886–1891)
• Jorge Montt, President (1891–1896)
• Federico Errázuriz Echaurren, President (1896–1901)

• Republic of Colombia (complete list) –

• Rafael Núñez Moledo, President (1886–1894)
• Miguel Antonio Caro Tobar, President (1894–1898)
• Manuel Antonio Sanclemente Sanclemente, President (1898–1900)
• José Manuel Marroquín Ricaurte, President (1900–1904)

• Ecuador (complete list) –

• Juan José Flores, Jéfe Supremo (1830), President (1830–1834)
• Vicente Rocafuerte, Jéfe Supremo of Guayas (1834–1835), Jéfe Supremo Chief of the State (1835), President (1835–1839)
• Juan José Flores, President (1839–1843), President (1843–1845)
• José Joaquín de Olmedo, Head of Provisional Government (1845)
• Vicente Ramón Roca, President (1845–1849)
• Manuel de Ascásubi, Interim President (1849–1850)
• Diego Noboa, Interim President (1850–1851), President (1851)
• José María Urvina, Jéfe Supremo (1851–1852), President (1852–1856)
• Francisco Robles, President (1856–1859)
• Provisional Government of Quito, Members: Gabriel García Moreno, Jerónimo Carrión, Plácido Chiriboga, Rafael Carvajal (1859–1861)
• Government of Cuenca, Leaders: Jerónimo Carrión, Francisco Robles, Guillermo Franco, Ramón Borrero (1859)
• Supreme Leadership of Guayas, Leader: Guillermo Franco (1859–1860)
• Federal Government of Loja, Leader: Manuel Carrión Pinzano (1859–1860)
• Gabriel García Moreno, Interim President (1861), President (1861–1865)
• Rafael Carvajal, Acting President (1865)
• Jerónimo Carrión, President (1865–1867)
• Pedro José de Arteta, Acting President (1867–1868)
• Javier Espinosa, President (1868–1869)
• Gabriel García Moreno, Interim President (1869)
• Manuel de Ascásubi, Interim President (1869)
• Gabriel García Moreno, President (1869–1875)
• Francisco Xavier León, Interim President (1875)
• José Javier Eguiguren, Interim President (1875)
• Antonio Borrero, President (1875–1876)
• Ignacio de Veintemilla, Jéfe Supremo (1876–1878), President (1878–1882), Jéfe Supremo (1882–1883)
• Pentevirato Quiteño, Members: José María Plácido Caamaño, Luis Cordero, Agustín Guerrero, Pedro Lizarzaburu, Rafael Pérez Pareja (1883)
• Supreme Leadership of Manabí and Esmeraldas, Leader: Eloy Alfaro (1883)
• Supreme Leadership of Guayas, Leader: Pedro Carbo (1883)
• José Plácido Caamaño, Interim President (1883–1884), President (1884–1888)
• Pedro José Cevallos, Acting President (1888)
• Antonio Flores Jijón, President (1888–1892)
• Luis Cordero Crespo, President (1892–1895)
• Vicente Lucio Salazar, Acting President (1895)
• Eloy Alfaro, Jéfe Supremo (1895–1896), Interim President (1896–1897), President (1897–1901)

• Paraguay (complete list) –

• Junta, President of the Superior Governing Junta (1811)
• Fulgencio Yegros, President of the Superior Governing Junta (1811–1813)
• José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Consul (1813–1814)
• Fulgencio Yegros, Consul (1814)
• José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Consul (1814)
• José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Supreme Dictator (1814–1840)
• Manuel Antonio Ortiz, President of the Provisional Junta (1840–1841)
• Juan José Medina , President of the Provisional Junta (1841)
• Mariano Roque Alonzo, President of the Provisional Junta (1841)
• Carlos Antonio López, Consul (1841–1844)
• Mariano Roque Alonzo, Consul (1841–1844)
• Carlos Antonio López, President (1844–1862)
• Francisco Solano López, President (1862–1869)
• Cirilo Antonio Rivarola, President (1869–1870)
• Facundo Machaín, Acting President (1870)
• Cirilo Antonio Rivarola, President (1870–1871)
• Salvador Jovellanos, President (1871–1874)
• Juan Bautista Gill, President (1874–1877)
• Higinio Uriarte, President (1877–1878)
• Cándido Bareiro, President (1878–1880)
• Bernardino Caballero, President (1880–1886)
• Patricio Escobar, President (1886–1890)
• Juan Gualberto González, President (1890–1894)
• Marcos Morínigo, President (1894)
• Juan Bautista Egusquiza, President (1894–1898)
• Emilio Aceval, President (1898–1902)

• Peru (complete list) –

• José de San Martín, Protector of Peru (1821–1822)
• Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro, Interim caretaker (1822)
• José La Mar, President of the Government Junta (1822–1823)
• José Bernardo de Tagle, President of the Government Junta (1823)
• José de la Riva Agüero, President (1823)
• Antonio José de Sucre, President (1823)
• José Bernardo de Tagle, Supreme Delegate (1823–1824)
• Simón Bolívar, President (1824–1827)
• Andrés de Santa Cruz, President of the Government Council (1827)
• Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano, Interim caretaker (1827)
• José de la Mar, President (1827–1829)
• Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente, President (1829)
• Agustín Gamarra, President (1829–1833)
• Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro, Interim caretaker (1833)
• Luis José de Orbegoso, President (1833, 1834–1835, 1836)
• Pedro Pablo Bermúdez, Provisional Supreme Ruler (1833–1834)
• Felipe Santiago Salaverry, Supreme Legislator (1835–1836)
• Andrés de Santa Cruz, Supreme Protector of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1838)
• Agustín Gamarra, President (1838–1841)
• Manuel Menéndez, President of the Government Council (1841–1842)
• Juan Crisóstomo Torrico, President (1842)
• Juan Francisco de Vidal, (1842–1843)
• No effective central government
• Justo Figuerola, President (1843)
• Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco, President (1843–1844)
• Domingo Nieto, President of the Government Junta - Grand Marshal of Peru (1843–1844)
• Ramón Castilla, President (1844)
• Domingo Elías, President (1844)
• Manuel Menéndez, President of the Government Council (1844)
• Justo Figuerola, President (1844)
• Manuel Menéndez, President of the Government Council (1844–1845)
• Ramón Castilla, President (1845–1851)
• José Rufino Echenique, President (1851–1855)
• Ramón Castilla, President (1855–1862)
• Miguel de San Román, President (1862–1863)
• Ramón Castilla, President (1863)
• Pedro Diez Canseco, President (1863)
• Juan Antonio Pezet, President (1863–1865)
• Mariano Ignacio Prado, President (1865)
• Juan Antonio Pezet, President (1865)
• Pedro Diez Canseco, President (1865)
• Mariano Ignacio Prado, President (1865–1868)
• Pedro Diez Canseco, Interim caretaker (1868)
• José Balta, President (1868–1872)
• Tomás Gutiérrez, Supreme Leader of the Nation (1872)
• Francisco Diez Canseco, President (1872)
• Mariano Herencia Zevallos, President (1872)
• Manuel Pardo, President (1872–1876)
• Mariano Ignacio Prado, President (1876–1879)
• Nicolás de Piérola, Commander in Chief of the State (1879–1881)
• Francisco García Calderón, Provisional President of the Republic (1881)
• Lizardo Montero Flores, Provisional President of the Republic (1881)
• Miguel Iglesias, Regenerator President of the Republic (1881–1885)
• Antonio Arenas, President of the Government Junta (1885–1886)
• Andrés Avelino Cáceres, Constitutional President (1886–1890)
• Remigio Morales Bermúdez, Constitutional President (1890–1894)
• Justiniano Borgoño, President of the Government Junta (1894)
• Andrés Avelino Cáceres, Constitutional President (1894–1895)
• Manuel Candamo, President of the Government Junta (1895)
• Nicolás de Piérola, Constitutional President (1895–1899)
• Eduardo López de Romaña, Constitutional President (1899–1903)

• Uruguay (complete list) –

• Fructuoso Rivera, President (1830–1834)
• Carlos Anaya, Acting (1834–1835)
• Manuel Oribe, President (1835–1838)
• Gabriel Antonio Pereira, Acting (1838–1839)
• Fructuoso Rivera, President (1839–1843)
• Manuel Oribe, Disputed with Joaquín Suárez (1843–1851)
• Joaquín Suárez, Acting, Disputed with Manuel Oribe (1841–1852)
• Bernardo Berro, Acting (1852)
• Juan Francisco Giró, President (1852–1853)
• Juan Antonio Lavalleja, Triumvir, President (1853) (1853)
• Fructuoso Rivera, Triumvir (1853–1859), President (1853–1854) (1853–1859)
• Venancio Flores, Triumvir, President, disputed (1854–1855) (1853–1854)
• Luis María Lamas, Acting President, disputed (1855)
• Manuel Basilio Bustamante, Acting President (1855–1856)
• José María Piá, Acting President (1856)
• Gabriel Antonio Pereira, President (1856–1860)
• Bernardo Berro, President (1860–1864)
• Atanasio Aguirre, Acting President (1864–1865)
• Tomás Villalba, Acting President (1865)
• Venancio Flores, Acting President (1865–1868)
• Pedro Varela, Acting President (1868)
• Lorenzo Batlle y Grau, President (1868–1872)
• Tomás Gomensoro Albín, Acting President (1872–1873)
• José Eugenio Ellauri, President (1873–1875)
• Pedro Varela, President (1875–1876)
• Lorenzo Latorre, President (1876–1880)
• Francisco Antonino Vidal, President (1880–1882)
• Máximo Santos, President (1882–1886)
• Francisco Antonino Vidal, President (1886)
• Máximo Santos, President (1886)
• Máximo Tajes, President (1886–1890)
• Julio Herrera y Obes, President (1890–1894)
• Duncan Stewart, Acting President (1894)
• Juan Idiarte Borda, President (1894–1897)
• Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, Acting President (1897–1899)
• José Batlle y Ordóñez, Acting President (1899)
• Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, President (1899–1903)

• Venezuela (complete list) –

• José Antonio Páez, President (1830–1835)
• Andrés Narvarte, Interim President (1835)
• José María Vargas, President (1835)
• José María Carreño, Interim President (1835)
• José María Vargas, President (1835–1836)
• Andrés Narvarte, President (1836–1837)
• José María Carreño, Interim President (1837)
• Carlos Soublette, President (1837–1839)
• José Antonio Páez, President (1839–1843)
• Carlos Soublette, President (1843–1847)
• José Tadeo Monagas, President (1847–1851)
• José Gregorio Monagas, President (1851–1855)
• José Tadeo Monagas, President (1855–1858)
• Pedro Gual Escandón, Interim President (1858)
• Julián Castro, President (1858–1859)
• Pedro Gual Escandón, Interim President (1859)
• Manuel Felipe de Tovar, President (1859–1861)
• Pedro Gual Escandón, Interim President (1861)
• José Antonio Páez, President (1861–1863)
• Juan Crisóstomo Falcón, President (1863–1868)
• Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual, Interim President (1868)
• Guillermo Tell Villegas, Interim President (1868–1869)
• José Ruperto Monagas, President (1869–1870)
• Guillermo Tell Villegas, Interim President (1870)
• Antonio Guzmán Blanco, President (1870–1877)
• Francisco Linares Alcántara, President (1877–1878)
• José Gregorio Valera, Interim President (1878–1879)
• Antonio Guzmán Blanco, President (1879–1884)
• Joaquín Crespo, President (1884–1886)
• Antonio Guzmán Blanco, President (1886–1887)
• Hermógenes López, Interim President (1887–1888)
• Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl, President (1888–1890)
• Raimundo Andueza Palacio, President (1890–1892)
• Guillermo Tell Villegas, Interim President (1892)
• Guillermo Tell Villegas Pulido, Interim President (1892)
• Joaquín Crespo, President (1892–1898)
• Ignacio Andrade, President (1898–1899)
• Cipriano Castro, President (1899–1908)

Kazakhstan

• Kazakh Khanate (complete list) –

• Kenesary, Khan (1841–1847)

• Junior zhuz (complete list) –

• Aishuaq, Khan (1797–1805)
• Shergazy, Khan (1805–1824)

• Bukey Horde (complete list) –

• Bokei, Khan (1801–1815)
• Shygai, Khan (1815–1823)
• Zhangir, Khan (1823–1845)

• Middle zhuz (complete list) –

• Uali, Khan (1781–1819)
• Gubaidolla, Khan (1819–1822)

Tibet

• Tibet under Qing rule (Qing emperors / Dalai Lamas) –

Manchu overlordship, 1720-1912

For details see the Qing dynasty under Eastern Asia

Uzbekistan

• Khanate of Kokand –

• Narbuta Bey, Khan (c.1764–1801)
• Alim, Khan (1800–1810)
• Muhammad Umar, Khan (1810–1822)
• Muhammad Ali, Khan (1822–1842)
• Shir Ali, Khan (1842–1845)
• Murad Beg, Khan (1845)
• Muhammad Khudayar, Khan (1845–1858)
• Muhammad Mallya Beg, Khan (1858–1862)
• Shah Murad, Khan (1862)
• Muhammad Khudayar Khan (1862–1865)
• Muhammad Sultan, Khan (1863–1865)
• Bil Bahchi, Khan (1865)
• Muhammad Sultah, Khan (1865–1866)
• Muhammad Khudayar, Khan (1866–1875)
• Nasir ad-Din Abdul Karin, Khan (1875)
• Muhammad Pulad Beg, Khan (1875–1875)
• Nasir ad-Din Abdul Karim, Khan (1875–1883)

• Khanate of Khiva (complete list) –

• Abu al-Ghazi IV, Khan (1790–1802)
• Abu al-Ghazi V ibn Gha'ib, Khan (1802–1804)
• Iltazar Inaq ibn Iwaz Inaq, Khan (1804–1806)
• Muhammad Rahim Bahadur I.(1806–1825)
• Allah Quli Bahadur, Khan (1825–1842)
• Muhammad Rahim Quli, Khan (1842–1846)
• Abu al-Ghazi Muhammad Amin Bahadur, Khan (1846–1855)
• Abdullah, Khan (1855)
• Qutlugh Muhammad Murad Bahadur, Khan (1855–1856)
• Mahmud, Khan (1856)
• Sayyid Muhammad, Khan (1856–1864)
• Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II., Khan (Feruz Khan), Khan (1864–1910)

• Emirate of Bukhara –

• Shah Murad bin Daniyal Bey, Amir (1785–1800)
• Haydar Tora bin Shah Murad, Amir (1800–1826)
• Hussain bin Haydar Tora, Amir (1826–1827)
• Umar bin Haydar Tora, Amir (1827)
• Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora, Amir (1827-1860)

Russian protectorate, 1873–1917

• Muzaffar al-Din bin Nasr-Allah, Amir (1860–1885)
• Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din, Amir (1885–1910)

• Russian Turkestan (complete list) –

Russian Krai, 1867–1918

For details see the Russian Empire under Eastern Europe

China: Qing dynasty

• Qing dynasty (complete list) –

• Jiaqing, Emperor (1796–1820)
• Daoguang, Emperor (1820–1850)
• Xianfeng, Emperor (1850–1861)
• Tongzhi, Emperor (1861–1875)
• Guangxu, Emperor (1875–1908)

China: Taiwan

• Republic of Formosa –

• Tang Jingsong, President (1895)
• Liu Yongfu, de facto President (1895)

Japan

• Tokugawa shogunate of Japan

• Emperors (complete list) –

• Kōkaku, Emperor (1780–1817)
• Ninkō, Emperor (1817–1846)
• Kōmei, Emperor (1846–1867)
• Meiji, Emperor (1867–1912)

• Shōgun (complete list) –

• Tokugawa Ienari, Shōgun (1787–1837)
• Tokugawa Ieyoshi, Shōgun (1837–1853)
• Tokugawa Iesada, Shōgun (1853–1858)
• Tokugawa Iemochi, Shōgun (1858–1866)
• Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Shōgun (1867–1868)

• Empire of Japan

• Emperors (complete list) –

• Meiji, Emperor (1867–1912)

• Prime ministers (complete list) –

• Itō Hirobumi, Prime minister (1885–1888)
• Kuroda Kiyotaka, Prime minister (1888–1889)
• Sanjō Sanetomi, Acting Prime minister (1889–1889)
• Yamagata Aritomo, Prime minister (1889–1891)
• Matsukata Masayoshi, Prime minister (1891–1892)
• Itō Hirobumi, Prime minister (1892–1896)
• Kuroda Kiyotaka, Acting Prime minister (1896–1896)
• Matsukata Masayoshi, Prime minister (1896–1898)
• Itō Hirobumi, Prime minister (1898–1898)
• Ōkuma Shigenobu, Prime minister (1898–1898)
• Yamagata Aritomo, Prime minister (1898–1900)
• Itō Hirobumi, Prime minister (1900–1901)

• Ryukyu Kingdom: Second Shō Dynasty –

Vassal state of Satsuma Domain, 1609–1872

• Shō On, King (1795–1802)
• Shō Sei, King (1802–1803)
• Shō Kō, King (1804–1828)
• Shō Iku, Regent (1828–1835), King (1835–1847)
• Shō Tai, King (1848–1879), Vassal state of the Empire of Japan, 1872–1879

Korea

• Joseon (complete list) –

• Sunjo, King (1800–1834)
• Heonjong, King (1834–1849)
• Gojong, King (1863–1897), Emperor (1897–1907)

• Korean Empire (complete list) –

• Gojong, King (1863–1897), Emperor (1897–1907)

Brunei

• Bruneian Empire (complete list) –

• Muhammad Tajuddin, Sultan (1778–1804, 1804–1807)
• Muhammad Jamalul Alam I, Sultan (1804)
• Muhammad Kanzul Alam, Sultan (1807–1826)
• Muhammad Alam, Sultan (1826–1828)
• Omar Ali Saifuddin II, Sultan (1828–1852)
• Abdul Momin, Sultan (1852–1885)
• Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin, Sultan (1885–1906)

• Protectorate of Brunei (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1888–1984

• Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin, Sultan (1885–1906)

Cambodia

• Kingdom of Cambodia: Middle Period (complete list) –

• Ang Chan, King (1806–1834)
• Ang Mey, King (1834–1841)
• Ang Duong, King (1841–1860)
• Norodom, King (1860–1904)

• French Protectorate of Cambodia (complete list) –

Protectorate, 1863–1984, part of French Indochina 1887–1953

• Norodom, King (1860–1904)

Indonesia

Indonesia: Java

• Banten Sultanate (complete list) –

• Abdul Mofakhir Muhammad Aliuddin I, Sultan (1777–1802)[16]
• Abdul Fath Muhammad Muhyuddin, Sultan (1802–1805)
• Abu Nazar Muhammad Isyak, Sultan (1805–1808)
• Abdul Mofakhir Muhammad Aliuddin II, Sultan (1808–1810)
• Muhammad Tsafiuddin, Sultan (1810–1811)
• Pangeran Ahmad, Regent (1811–1813)
• Muhammad Muhyuddin, Regent (1813–1816)
• Muhammad Rafiuddin, Sultan (1816–1832)

• Cirebon, Keraton Kasepuhan (complete list) –

• Sepuh VII Joharuddin, Sultan (1791–1816)[17]
• Sepuh VIII Syamsuddin, Sultan (1816–1819)

• Cirebon, Kraton Kanoman (complete list) –

• Anom VI Muhammad Kamaruddin, Sultan (1807–1819)[17]

• Cirebon, Panembahan line (complete list) –

• Cirebon IV, Sultan (1808–1810)[17]

• Bangkalan –

• Cakraningrat VII, Sultan (1780–1815)[18]
• Cakraningrat VIII, Sultan (1815–1847)
• Cakraningrat IX, Sultan (1847–1862)
• Cakraningrat X, Sultan (1862–1882)
• Cakraningrat XI, Sultan (1882–1885)

• Sumenep –

• Tirtanegara, Sultan (1767–1811)[19]
• Natadiningrat, Regent (1804–1810)
• Paku Nataningrat, Sultan (1811–1854)
• Natakusuma, Sultan (1854–1879)
• Pangeran Pakunataningrat, Regent (1883–1901)

• Pamekasan –

• Aria Cakraadiningrat II, R. Alsana, Sultan (1800–1804)[20]
• Panembahan Mangku Adiningrat, Sultan (1804–1842)
• Pangeran Aria Suriokusumo, Sultan (1842–1853)

• Surakarta Sunanate (complete list) –

• Pakubuwono IV, Sultan (1788–1820)
• Pakubuwono V, Sultan (1820–1823)
• Pakubuwono VI, Sultan (1823–1830)
• Pakubuwono VII, Sultan (1830–1858)
• Pakubuwono VIII, Sultan (1858–1861)
• Pakubuwono IX, Sultan (1861–1893)
• Pakubuwono X, Sultan (1893–1939)

• Yogyakarta Sultanate (complete list) –

• Hamengkubuwono II, Sultan (1792–1810, 1811–1812, 1826–1828)
• Hamengkubuwono III, Sultan (1810–1811, 1812–1814)
• Hamengkubuwono IV, Sultan (1814–1822)
• Hamengkubuwono V, Sultan (1822–1826, 1828–1855)
• Hamengkubuwono VI, Sultan (1855–1877)
• Hamengkubuwono VII, Sultan (1877–1921)

• Mangkunegaran (complete list) –

• Mangkunegara II, Sultan (1795–1835)[21]
• Mangkunegara III, Sultan (1835–1853)
• Mangkunegara IV, Sultan (1853–1881)
• Mangkunegara V, Sultan (1881–1896)
• Mangkunegara VI, Sultan (1896–1916)

• Kalibawang –

• Mangkudiningrat, Sultan (1831)[22]
• Pangeran Adipati Natapraja, Sultan (1831–1853)

• Nangulan –

• Pangeran Prabu Adiningrat, Sultan (1831–1833)[22]

• Pakualaman (complete list) –

• Pakualam I, Sultan (1812–1829)[23]
• Pakualam II, Sultan (1829–1858)
• Pakualam III, Sultan (1858–1864)
• Pakualam IV, Sultan (1864–1878)
• Pakualam V, Sultan (1878–1900)

Indonesia: Sumatra

• Pagaruyung Kingdom –

• Muning Alamsyah Sultan (?–1825)
• Tangkal Alam Bagagar Sultan (1825–1849)

• Aceh Sultanate (complete list) –

• Alauddin Jauhar ul-Alam Syah, Sultan (1795–1815, 1819–1823)
• Syarif Saiful Alam Syah, Sultan (1815–1819)
• Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah I, Sultan (1823–1838)
• Alauddin Sulaiman Ali Iskandar Syah, Sultan (1838–1857)
• Alauddin Ibrahim Mansur Syah, Sultan (1857–1870)
• Alauddin Mahmud Syah II, Sultan (1870–1874)
• Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah II, Sultan (1874–1903)

• Johor Sultanate (complete list) –

• Mahmud Shah III, Sultan (1761–1812)
• Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1812–1819)
• Hussein Shah, Sultan (1819–1835)
• Ali, Sultan (1835–1855)

• Sultanate of Deli (complete list) –

• Tuanku Panglima Gandar Wahid, Sultan (1761–1805)
• Amaluddin Mangendar, Sultan (1805–1850)
• Osman Perkasa Alam Shah, Sultan (1850–1858)
• Mahmud Al Rashid Perkasa Alamsyah, Sultan (1858–1873)
• Ma'mun Al Rashid Perkasa Alamyah, Sultan (1873–1924)

• Sultanate of Langkat –

• Kejuruan Hitam (Tuah Hitam), Raja (1750–1818)
• Ahmad bin Raja Indra Bungsu, Raja (1818–1840)
• Haji Musa al-Khalid al-Mahadiah Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1840–1893)
• Abdul Aziz Abdul Jalil Rakhmat Shah, Sultan (1893–1927)

• Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura (complete list) –

• al-Sayyid al-Sharif Ali Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin Ba'alawi, Sultan (1784–1810)
• al-Sayyid al-Sharif Ibrahim Abdul Jalil Khaliluddin, Sultan (1810–1815)
• al-Sayyid al-Sharif Ismail Abdul Jalil Jalaluddin, Sultan (1815–1854)
• al-Sayyid al-Sharif Qasim Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin I, Sultan (Syarif Qasim I, 1864–1889)
• al-Sayyid al-Sharif Hashim Abdul Jalil Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1889–1908)

• Sultanate of Serdang (complete list) –

• Al-Marhum Kacapuri, Raja (1782–1822)
• Al-Marhum Besar, Sultan (1822–1851)
• Al-Marhum Kota Batu, Sultan (1851–1879)
• Al-Marhum Perbaungan, Sultan (1879–1946)

• Riau-Lingga Sultanate

• Sultans –

• Mahmud Shah III, Sultan (1761–1812)
• Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1812–1832)
• Muhammad II Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1832–1842)
• Mahmud IV Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1842–1858)
• Sulaiman II Badrul Alam Shah, Sultan (1858–1883)
• Abdul Rahman II Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1883–1911)

• Yang di-Pertuan Muda –

• Ali, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1784–1805)
• Ja'afar, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1805–1831)
• Abdul Rahman, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1831–1844)
• Ali bin Raja Jaafar, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1844–1857)
• Haji Abdullah, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1857–1858)
• Muhammad Yusuf, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1858–1899)

• Jambi Sultanate –

  Ratu Seri Ingalaga, Sultan (1790–1812)

  Agung Seri Ingalaga, Sultan (1812–1833)

  Muhammad Fakhruddin, Sultan (1833–1841)

  Abdul Rahman Nazaruddin, Sultan (1841–1855)

  Thaha Safiuddin, Sultan (1855–1858, 1900–1904)

  Ahmad Nazaruddin, Sultan (1858–1881)

  Muhammad Muhieddin, Sultan (1881–1885)

  Ahmad Zainul Abidin, Sultan (1885–1899)

Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)

• Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate –

• Aji Muhammad Salehudin, Sultan (?–1844)

• Sultanate of Banjar (complete list) –

• Tahmidullah II/Sultan Nata, Sultan (1761–1801)
• Sulaiman al-Mutamidullah, Sultan (1801–1825)
• Adam Al-Watsiq Billah, Sultan (1825–1857)
• Tamjidullah II al-Watsiqu Billah, Sultan (1857–1859)
• Hidayatullah II, Sultan (1859–1860)

• Sultanate of Sambas (complete list) –

• Abu Bakar Taj ud-din I, Sultan (1793–1815)
• Muhammad 'Ali Shafi ud-din I, Sultan (1815–1828)
• Usman Kamal ud-din, Sultan (1828–1832)
• Umar Akam ud-din III, Sultan (1832–1846)
• Abu Bakar Taj ud-din II, Sultan (1846–1854)
• Umar Kamal ud-din, Sultan (1854–1866)
• Muhammad Shafi ud-din II, Sultan (1866–1924)

• Lanfang Republic –

• Yan Sibo, President (1799–1804)
• Jiang Wubo, President (1804–1811)
• Song, President (1811–1823)
• Liu Taiji, President (1823–1838)
• Gu Liubo, President (1838–1842)
• Xie Guifang, President (1842–1843)
• Ye Tenghui, President (1843–1845)
• Liu Ganxing, President (1845–1848)
• Liu Asheng, President (1848–1876)

• Sultanate of Bulungan –

• Aji Muhammad, Sultan (1777–1817)
• Muhammad Alimuddin Amirul Muminin Kahharuddin I, Sultan (1817–1861, 1866–1873)
• Muhammad Jalaluddin, Sultan (1861–1866)
• Muhammad Khalifatul Adil, Sultan (1873–1875)
• Muhammad Kahharuddin II, Sultan (1875–1889)
• Azimuddin, Sultan (1889–1899)
• Pengian Kesuma, Queen (1899–1901)

• Pontianak Sultanate (complete list) –

• Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie, Sultan (1771–1808)
• Syarif Kasim Alkadrie, Sultan (1808–1819)
• Syarif Osman Alkadrie, Sultan (1819–1855)
• Syarif Hamid Alkadrie, Sultan (1855–1872)
• Syarif Yusuf Alkadrie, Sultan (1872–1895)
• Syarif Muhammad Alkadrie, Sultan (1895–1944)

Indonesia: Sulawesi

• Sultanate of Gowa –

• I Manawari Karaeng Bontolangkasa, Sultan (1778–1810)
• I Mappatunru/I Mangikarang Karaeng Lembang Parang, Sultan (1816–1825)
• La Oddanriu Karaeng Katangka, Sultan (1825–1826)
• Abdul Kadir Moh Aidid, Sultan (1826–1893)
• Idris, Sultan (1893–1895)
• Husain, Sultan (1895–1906)

• Luwu –

• La Tenri Peppang, Datu (1778–1810)
• We Tenri Awaru, Datu (1810–1825)
• La Oddang Pero, Datu (1825–1854)
• Patipatau, Datu (1854–1880)
• We Addi Luwu, Datu (1880–1883)
• Iskandar Opu Daeng Pali’, Datu (1883–1901)

Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands

• Kingdom of Larantuka –

• Lorenzo II, Raja (c.1886–1904)

• Bima Sultanate (complete list) –

• Abdul Hamid Muhammad Syah, Sultan (1773–1817)
• Ismail Muhammad Syah, Sultan (1817–1854)
• Abdullah, Sultan (1854–1868)
• Abdul Aziz, Sultan (1868–1881)
• Ibrahim, Sultan (1881–1915)

Indonesia: West Timor

• Amanatun (complete list) –

• Nai Taman, Raja (c.1832)
• Loit Banu Naek, Raja (?–c.1899)
• Muti Banu Naek, Raja (c.1899–1915)

• Amarasi (complete list) –

• Don Rote Ruatefu, Raja (1774–1802)[24]
• Kiri Lote, Raja (1803–pre-1832)
• Koroh Kefi, Raja (pre-1832–1853)
• Obe Koroh, Raja (1853–1871)
• Rasi Koroh, Raja (1872–1887, 1892–1914)
• Taku Obe, Raja (1888–1891)

• Amabi (complete list) –

• Afu Balthazar, Raja (c.1797–pre-1824)
• Arnoldus Adriaan Karel Loti, Raja (pre-1824–1834)
• Osu II, Raja (1834–1859)
• Mano, Raja (1859–1883)
• Lelo, Raja (1884–1894)
• Kusa, Raja (1895–1901)

• Sonbai Besar (complete list) –

• Nai Sobe Sonbai II, Emperor (1808–1867))[25]
• Nai Bau Sonbai, Emperor (1867–c.1885)
• Nai Nasu Mollo, co-Emperor (1870–1885)
• Nai Sobe Sonbai III, Emperor (1885–1906)

• Sonbai Kecil (complete list) –

• Nube Bena/ Pieter Nisnoni I, Raja (1798–1820)[25]
• Isu Baki, Raja (1820s)
• Ote Nuben Nisnoni, Raja (post-1832)
• Babkas Nube Nisnoni/ Pieter Nisnoni II, Raja (?–1839)
• Meis Babkas Nisnoni, Raja (1839–1860)
• Pieter Messi Nisnoni, Raja (1860–1874)
• Isu Nisnoni, Raja (1875–1889)
• Said Meis Nisnoni, Raja (1890–1902)

• Amanuban (complete list) –

• Tobani, Raja (1786–c.1807)
• Louis, Raja (c.1807–c.1824)
• Baki, Raja (c.1824–1862)
• Sanu, Raja (1862–c.1870)
• Bil Nope, Raja (c.1870–1910)

Indonesia: Maluku Islands

• Sultanate of Bacan (complete list) –

Dutch protectorate 1667–1942

• Kamarullah, Sultan (1797–1826)[26]
• Muhammad Hayatuddin Kornabé, Sultan (1826–1861)
• Muhammad Sadik, Sultan (1862–1889)
• Muhammad Usman, Sultan (1900–1935)

• Sultanate of Jailolo –

British occupation 1799–1802

• Muhammad Arif Bila, Sultan (1797–1806)[27]
• Muhammad Asgar, Sultan (1808–1818)
• Muhammad Hajuddin Syah, Sultan (1818–1825)
• Dano Baba Hasan, Sultan (1875–1878)

• Sultanate of Tidore (complete list) –

Dutch protectorate 1657–1905

• Nuku, Muhammad al-Mabus Amiruddin Syah, Sultan (1797–1805)[28]
• Zainal Abidin, Sultan (1805–1810)
• Muhammad Tahir, Sultan (1811–1821)
• Al-Mansur Sirajuddin, Sultan (1822–1856)
• Ahmad Saifuddin Alting, Sultan (1856–1865)
• Said Ahmad Fathuddin Syah, Sultan (1867–1892)
• Iskandar Sahajuhan, Sultan (1893–1905)

• Sultanate of Ternate (complete list) –

Dutch protectorate 1683–1915

• Muhammad Yasin, Sultan (1796–1801)
• Muhammad Ali, Sultan (1807–1821)
• Muhammad Sarmoli, Sultan (1821–1823)
• Muhammad Zain, Sultan (1823–1859)
• Muhammad Arsyad, Sultan (1859–1876)
• Ayanhar, Sultan (1879–1900)
• Muhammad Ilham/ Kolano Ara Rimoi, Sultan (1900–1902)

Laos

• Kingdom of Vientiane (complete list) –

• Intharavong, King (1795–1805)
• Anouvong, King (1804–1828)

• Muang Phuan (complete list) –

• Somphou, King (1779–1803)
• Noi, King (1803–1831)
• Po, King (1848–1865), vassal to Siam and Vietnam
• Ung, King (1866–1876)
• Khanti, King (1876–1880), vassal to Siam
• Kham Ngon, King (1880–1899)

• Kingdom of Champasak (complete list) –

• Fay Na, King (1791–1811)
• No Muong, King (1811–1813)
• Manoi, King (1813–1819)
• Nyô, King (1819–1827)

Vassal to Siam (1829–1893)

• Huy, King (1828–1840)
• Nark, King (1841–1851)
• Kham Nai, King (1856–1858)
• Kham Souk, King (1863–1899)
• Ratsadanay, King (1900–1904), Regional Governor (1904–1934)

• Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (complete list) –

• Anourouth, King (1791–1817)
• Mantha Tourath, Regent (1815–1817), King (1817–1836)
• Unkeo, Regent (1837–1838)
• Soukhaseum, King (1838–1851)
• Chantharath, King (1851–1870)
• Oun Kham, King (1865–1893), King under Protectorate (1893–1895)

• French Protectorate of Luang Phrabang (complete list) –

Protectorate and constituent of French Indochina (1893–1953)

• Oun Kham, King (1865–1895)
• Zakarine, King (1895–1904)

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia

• Kedah Sultanate (complete list) –

• Dziaddin Mukarram Shah II, Sultan, (1797–1803)
• Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II, Sultan, (1803–1821)
• Siamese invasion of Kedah, Sultan, (1821–1842)
• Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II, Sultan, (1842–1845)
• Zainal Rashid Al-Mu'adzam Shah I, Sultan, (1845–1854)
• Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah, Sultan, (1854–1879)
• Zainal Rashid Mu'adzam Shah II, Sultan, (1879–1881)
• Abdul Hamid Halim Shah ll, Sultan, (1881–1943)

• Kelantan Sultanate: Patani dynasty (complete list) –

• Muhammad I, Sultan (1800–1835)
• Tengku Long Zainal Abidin, co-Sultan (1835–1836)
• Muhammad II, Sultan (1835–1886)
• Ahmad, Sultan (1886–1890)
• Muhammad III Ibni Sultan Ahmad, Sultan (1890–1891)
• Mansur Ibni Sultan Ahmad, Sultan (1891–1900)
• Muhammad IV Ibni Sultan Muhammad III, Sultan (1900–1920)

• Perak Sultanate: Siak dynasty (complete list) –

• Ahmaddin Shah, Sultan (1786–1806)
• Abdul Malik Mansur Shah, Sultan (1806–1825)
• Abdullah Mu’azzam Shah, Sultan (1825–1830)
• Shahabuddin Riayat Shah, Sultan (1830–1851)
• Abdullah Muhammad Shah I, Sultan (1851–1857)
• Ja’afar Safiuddin Mu’azzam Shah, Sultan (1857–1865)
• Ali Al-Mukammal Inayat Shah, Sultan (1865–1871)
• Ismail Mu’abidin Riayat Shah, Sultan (1871–1874)
• Abdullah Muhammad Shah II, Sultan (1874–1876)
• Yusuf Sharifuddin Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1886–1887), Regent (1877–1886)
• Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah, Sultan (1887–1916)

• Terengganu Sultanate (complete list) –

• Zainal Abidin II, Sultan (1793–1808)
• Ahmad Shah I, Sultan (1808–1830)
• Abdul Rahman, Sultan (1830–1831)
• Mansur Shah II, Sultan (1831–1837)
• Muhammad Shah I, Sultan (1837–1839)
• Omar Riayat Shah, co-Sultan (1831), Sultan (1839–1876)
• Mahmud Mustafa Shah, Sultan (1876–1877)
• Ahmad Muadzam Shah II, Sultan (1876–1881)
• Zainal Abidin III, Sultan (1881–1918)

• Selangor Sultanate (complete list) –

• Ibrahim Shah, Sultan (1778–1826)
• Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1826–1857)
• Abdul Samad, Sultan (1857–1896)
• Sulaiman, Sultan (1896–1937)

• Negeri Sembilan (complete list) –

• Hitam, Yamtuan (1795–1808)
• Lenggang, Yamtuan (1808–1824)
• Radin, Yamtuan (1824–1861)
• Imam, Yamtuan (1861–1869)
• Tengku Ampuan Intan, Regent (1869–1872)
• Antah, Yamtuan (1875–1888)
• Muhammad, Yamtuan (1888–1933)

• Perlis (complete list) –

• Syed Abu Bakar Harun Jamalullail, Penghulu (1797–1825)[29]
• Syed Hussein Jamalullail, Penghulu (1825–1843), Raja (1843–1873)
• Syed Ahmad Jamalullail, Raja (1873–1887)
• Syed Saffi Jamalullail, Raja (1887–1905)

• Federated Malay States (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1895–1942, 1945–1946

• Unfederated Malay States (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946

• Straits Settlements (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Malaysian Borneo

• Kingdom of Sarawak (complete list) –

• James Brooke, Rajah (1842–1868)
• Charles Brooke, Rajah (1868–1917)

• Crown Colony of Labuan (complete list) –

British colony, 1848–1890, 1904–1906, 1907–1941, 1945–1946

• North Borneo (complete list) –

British colony, 1888–1941, 1945–1946; Crown colony, 1946–1963

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Myanmar / Burma

• Konbaung dynasty (complete list) –

• Bodawpaya, King (1782–1819)
• Bagyidaw, King (1819–1837)
• Tharrawaddy, King (1837–1846)
• Pagan, King (1846–1853)
• Mindon, King (1853–1878)
• Thibaw, King (1878–1885)

• British Burma, part of the British Raj (complete list) –

British colony, 1824–1948

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Philippines

• Sultanate of Sulu (complete list) –

• Sharap ud-Din, Sultan (1789–1808)
• Alim ud-Din III, Sultan (1808)
• Aliy ud-Din I, Sultan (1808–1821)
• Shakir ul-Lah, Sultan (1821–1823)
• Jamalul Kiram I, Sultan (1823–1844)
• Mohammad Pulalun Kiram, Sultan (1844–1862)
• Jamal ul-Azam, Sultan (1862–1881)
• Badar ud-Din II, Sultan (1881–1884)
• Harun Ar-Rashid, Sultan (1886–1894)
• Jamalul Kiram II, Sultan (1894–1915)

• Sultanate of Maguindanao (complete list) –

• Kibad Sahriyal, Sultan (c.1780–c.1805)
• Kawasa Anwar Ud-din, Sultan (c.1805–c.1830)
• Untong, Sultan (c.1830–c.1854)
• Muhammad Makakwa, Sultan (c.1854–1884)
• Wata, Sultan (?–c.1888)
• Mangigin, Sultan (1896–1926)

• Spanish East Indies, part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines (complete list) –

Colony, 1565–1901

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

• Tagalog Republic Nation –

• Andrés Bonifacio, President (1896–1897)

• Republic of Biak-na-Bato –

• Emilio Aguinaldo, President (1897)

• Dictatorial Government of the Philippines –

• Emilio Aguinaldo, Dictator (1898)

• Republic of Negros –

• Aniceto Lacson, President (1898–1899)

• Republic of Zamboanga –

• Vicente Álvarez, President (1899)

• Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899) (complete list) –

• Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Revolutionary Government (1898–1899), President of the First Republic (1899–1901)

• First Philippine Republic

• Presidents (complete list) –

• Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Revolutionary Government (1898–1899), President of the First Republic (1899–1901)

• Prime ministers (complete list) –

• Apolinario Mabini, Prime minister (1899)
• Pedro Paterno, Prime minister (1899)

Singapore

• Colony of Singapore (complete list) –

British colony as part of the Straits Settlements, 1819–1867

British crown colony as part of the Straits Settlements, 1867–1963

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Thailand

• Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam (complete list) –

• Rama I, King (1782–1809)
• Rama II, King (1809–1824)
• Rama III, King (1824–1851)
• Mongkut, King (1851–1868)
• Chulalongkorn, King (1868–1910)

• Kingdom of Chiang Mai (complete list) –

• Kawila, Prince of Lampang (1774–1782), King of Chiang Mai (1802–1813)
• Thammalangka or Dharmalanka, Prince (1813–1822)
• Khamfan, Prince (1823–1825)
• Phutthawong or Buddhavansa, Prince (1826–1846)
• Mahotaraprathet, King (1847–1854 )
• Kawilorot Suriyawong, King (1856–1870)
• Inthawichayanon, King (1870–1897)

Timor

• Portuguese Timor (complete list) –

Colony, 1702–1975

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Vietnam

• Champa (complete list) –

• Po Chong Chan, King (1799–1822)

• Tây Sơn dynasty (complete list) –

• Nguyễn Quang Toản, Emperor (1792–1802)

• Nguyễn dynasty (complete list) –

• Gia Long, Emperor (1802–1820)
• Minh Mạng, Emperor (1820–1841)
• Thiệu Trị, Emperor (1841–1847)
• Tự Đức, Emperor (1847–1883)
• Dục Đức, Emperor (1883)
• Hiệp Hòa, Emperor (1883–1883)
• Kiến Phúc, Emperor (1883–1884)
• Hàm Nghi, Emperor (1884–1885)
• Đồng Khánh, Emperor (1885–1889)
• Thành Thái, Emperor (1889–1907)

• French Indochina (complete list) –

Colony, 1887–1946

Vietnamese constituents are below; for details see France under western Europe

• Cochinchina

French Colony, 1862–1949

• Annam Protectorate

French Protectorate, 1883–1949

• Tonkin Protectorate

French Protectorate, 1884–1949

Afghanistan

• Durrani Empire (complete list) –

• Zaman Shah Durrani, Emir (1793–1801)
• Mahmud Shah Durrani, Emir (1801–1803, 1809–1818)
• Shah Shujah Durrani, Emir (1803–1809, 1839–1842)
• Ali Shah Durrani, Emir (1818–1819)
• Ayub Shah Durrani, Emir (1819–1823)

• Emirate of Afghanistan: Barakzai dynasty (complete list) –

• Dost Mohammad Khan, Emir (1826–1839, 1845–1863)
• Shah Shujah Durrani, Emir (1803–1809, 1839–1842)
• Akbar Khan, Emir (1842–1845)
• Sher Ali Khan, Emir (1863–1866, 1867–1879)
• Mohammad Afzal Khan, Emir (1865–1867)
• Mohammad Azam Khan, Emir (1867–1868)
• Mohammad Yaqub Khan, Emir (1879)
• Ayub Khan, Emir (1879–1880)
• Abdur Rahman Khan, Emir (1880–1901)

Bengal

• Nawabs of Bengal (complete list) –

Bengal

• Baber Ali Khan, Nawab (1793–1810)
• Zain-ud-Din Ali Khan, Nawab (1810–1821)
• Ahmad Ali Khan, Nawab (1821–1824)
• Mubarak Ali Khan II, Nawab (1824–1838)
• Mansur Ali Khan, Nawab (1838–1880)

Murshidabad

• Hassan Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur, Nawab (1882–1906)

• Mallabhum (complete list) –

• Chaitanya Singha Dev, King (1748–1801)
• Madhav Singha Dev, King (1801–1809)
• Gopal Singha Dev II, King (1809–1876)
• Ramkrishna Singha Dev, King (1876–1885)
• Dwhajamoni Devi (1885–1889)
• Nilmoni Singha Dev, King (1889–1903)

• Jaintia Kingdom

• Ram Singh II, King (1790–1832)
• Rajendra Singh, King (1832–1835)

• Twipra Kingdom

• Rajdhar Manikya, King (1783-1804)
• Ramgana Manikya, King (1804-1809)

• Tripura (princely state)

• Durga Manikya, King (1809-1813)
• Kashi Chandra Manikya, King (1826-1830)
• Krishna Kishore Manikya , King (1830-1849)

Bhutan

• Bhutan (complete list) –

• Druk Namgyel, Druk Desis (1799–1803)
• Sonam Gyaltshen (Tashi Namgyel), Druk Desis (1803–1805)
• Sangye Tenzin, Druk Desis (1805–1806)
• Umzey Parob, Druk Desis (1806–1808)
• Byop Chhyoda, Druk Desis (1807–1808)
• Tsulthrim Daba, Druk Desis (1809–1810)
• Thutul (Jigme Dragpa), Druk Desis (1810–1811)
• Chholay Yeshey Gyaltshen, Druk Desis (1811–1815)
• Tshaphu Dorji Namgyel, Druk Desis (1815)
• Sonam Drugyel, Druk Desis (1815–1819)
• Tenzin Drukda, Druk Desis (1819–1823)
• Chhoki Gyaltshen, Druk Desis (1823–1831)
• Dorji Namgyal, Druk Desis (1831–1832)
• Adab Thinley, Druk Desis (1832–1835)
• Chhoki Gyaltshen, Druk Desis (1835–1838)
• Dorji Norbu, Druk Desis (1838–1850)
• Wangchuk Gyalpo, Druk Desis (1850–1850)
• Thutul (Jigme Dragpa), Druk Desis (1850–1852)
• Sangye, Druk Desis (1851–1852)
• Damchho Lhundrup, Druk Desis (1852–1854)
• Jamtul Jamyang Tenzin, Druk Desis (1854–1856)
• Kunga Palden, Druk Desis (1856–1860)
• Sherab Tharchin, Druk Desis (1856–1860)
• Phuntsho Namgyel (Nazi Pasang), Druk Desis (1860–1863)
• Tshewang Sithub, Druk Desis (1863–1864)
• Tsulthrim Yonten, Druk Desis (1864–1864)
• Kagyud Wangchuk, Druk Desis (1864–1864)
• Tshewang Sithub, Druk Desis (1865–1867)
• Tsondul Pekar, Druk Desis (1867–1870)
• Jigme Namgyel, Druk Desis (1870–1873)
• Kitshab Dorji Namgyel, Druk Desis (1873–1879)
• Jigme Namgyel, Druk Desis (1877–1878)
• Kitsep Dorji Namgyel, Druk Desis (1878–1879)
• Chhogyel Zangpo, Druk Desis (1879–1880)
• Jigme Namgyel, Druk Desis (1880–1881)
• Lam Tshewang, Druk Desis (1881–1883)
• Gawa Zangpo, Druk Desis (1883–1885)
• Sangye Dorji, Druk Desis (1885–1901)

India

• British East India Company rule in India

Joint-stock colony, 1757–1858

• British Raj

Colony and princely states, 1858–1947

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

See also the list of princely states of British India (alphabetical) for all princely states

Maldives

• Sultanate of the Maldives: Huraa Dynasty (complete list) –

• Muhammad Mueenuddeen I, Sultan (1799–1835)
• Muhammad Imaaduddeen IV, Sultan (1835–1882)
• Ibrahim Nooraddeen, Sultan (1882–1886)
• Muhammad Mueenuddeen II, Sultan (1886–1888)
• Ibrahim Nooraddeen, Sultan (1888–1892)
• Muhammad Imaaduddeen V, Sultan (1892–1893)
• Muhammad Shamsuddeen III, Sultan (1893)
• Muhammad Imaaduddeen VI, Sultan (1893–1902)

Nepal

• Kingdom of Nepal

• Kings (complete list) –

• Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah, King (1799–1816)
• Rajendra, King (1816–1847)
• Surendra, King (1847–1881)
• Prithvi, King (1881–1911)

• Mulkajis / Prime ministers (complete list) –

• Kirtiman Singh Basnyat, Mulkaji (1794–1801)
• Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat, Mulkaji (1801–1803)
• Damodar Pande, Prime minister (1799–1804), Mulkaji (1803–1804)
• Ranajit Pande, Mulkaji (1804)
• Bhimsen Thapa, Prime minister (1806–1837)
• Rana Jang Pande, Prime minister (1837)
• Ranga Nath Poudyal, Prime minister (1837–1838)
• Chautariya Puskhar Shah, Prime minister (1838–1839)
• Rana Jang Pande, Prime minister (1839–1840)
• Ranga Nath Poudyal, Prime minister (1840)
• Fateh Jung Shah, Prime minister (1840–1843)
• Mathabarsingh Thapa, Prime minister (1843–1845)
• Fateh Jung Shah, Prime minister (1845–1846)
• Jung Bahadur Rana, Prime minister (1846–1856)
• Bam Bahadur Kunwar, Prime minister (1856–1857)
• Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Rana, Prime minister (1857)
• Jung Bahadur Rana, Prime minister (1857–1877)
• Ranodip Singh Kunwar, Prime minister (1877–1885)
• Bir Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Prime minister (1885–1901)

Pakistan

• Sikh Empire

• Maharajas –

• Ranjit Singh, Maharaja (1801–1839)
• Kharak Singh, Maharaja (1839)
• Nau Nihal Singh, Maharaja (1839–1840)
• Chand Kaur, Maharaja (1840–1841)
• Sher Singh, Maharaja (1841–1843)
• Duleep Singh, Maharaja (1843–1849)

• Wazirs –

• Jamadar Khushal Singh, Wazir (1799–1818)[30]
• Dhian Singh Dogra, Wazir (1818–1843)
• Hira Singh Dogra, Wazir (1843–1844)
• Jawahar Singh Aulakh, Wazir (1844–1845)
• Gulab Singh, Wazir (1846–1846)[31]

Sri Lanka

• Kingdom of Kandy (complete list) –

• Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, King (1798–1815)

• British Ceylon (complete list) –

Colony, 1815–1948

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Bahrain

• Bahrain (complete list) –

• Abdullah ibn Ahmad Al Khalifa, Hakim (1796–1843)
• Sulman ibn Ahmad Al Khalifa, Hakim (1796–1825)
• Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifa, Hakim (1825–1834)
• Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifa, Hakim (1834–1842)
• Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifa, Hakim (1843–1868)
• Ali ibn Khalifah Al Khalifa, Hakim (1868–1869)
• Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifa, Hakim (1869)
• Muhammad ibn Abdullah Al Khalifa, Hakim (1869)
• Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa, Hakim (1869–1923)

Cyprus

• British Cyprus (complete list) –

Colony, 1878–1960

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Iran

• Sublime State of Persia (Qajar dynasty, complete list) –

• Fath-Ali, Shah (1797–1834)
• Mohammad, Shah (1834–1848)
• Naser al-Din, Shah (1848–1896)
• Mozaffar al-Din, Shah (1896–1907)

Kuwait

• Sheikhdom of Kuwait (complete list) –

• Abdullah I, Sheikh (1762–1814)
• Jaber I, Sheikh (1814–1859)
• Sabah II, Sheikh (1859–1866)
• Abdullah II, Sheikh (1866–1893)
• Muhammad I, Sheikh (1893–1896)
• Mubarak I, Sheikh (1896–1915)

Oman

• Oman (complete list) –

• Sultan bin Ahmad, Sultan (1792–1804)
• Salim bin Sultan, Sultan (1804–1806)
• Said bin Sultan, Sultan (1804–1856)
• Thuwaini, Sultan (1856–1866)
• Salim II, Sultan (1866–1868)
• Azzan, Sultan (1868–1871)
• Turki, Sultan (1871–1888)
• Faisal, Sultan (1888–1913)

Qatar

• Qatar (complete list) –

• Mohammed bin Thani, Emir (1847–1876)
• Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani, Emir (1878–1913)

Saudi Arabia

• Emirate of Diriyah (complete list) –

• Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad, Imam (1765–1803)
• Saud al-Kabeer, Imam (1803–1814)
• Abdullah bin Saud, Imam (1814–1818)

• Emirate of Nejd (complete list) –

• Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad, Imam (1819–1820, 1824–1834)
• Mushari ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Mushari, Imam (1834–1834, usurper)
• Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud, Imam (1834–1838, 1843–1865)
• Khalid ibn Saud ibn Abd al Aziz, Imam (1838–1841)
• Abdallah ibn Thunayan ibn Ibrahim ibn Thunayan ibn Saud, Imam (1841–1843)
• Abdallah ibn Faisal ibn Turki, Imam (1865–1871, 1871–1873, 1876–1889)
• Saud ibn Faisal, Imam (1871–1871, 1873–1875)
• Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Imam (1875–1876, 1889–1891)

• Emirate of Jabal Shammar –

• Abdullah bin Rashid, Emir (1836–1848)
• Ṭalāl bin ʿAbdullah, Emir (1848–1868)
• Mutʿib bin ʿAbdullah, Emir (1868–1869)
• Bandar ben Talal al-Rachid, Emir (1869)
• Muḥammad bin ʿAbdullah, Emir (1869–1897)
• Abdul-Aziz bin Mitab, Emir (1897–1906)

Turkey

• Ottoman Empire

• Sultans –

• Selim III, Sultan (1789–1807)
• Mustafa IV, Sultan (1807–1808)
• Mahmud II, Sultan (1808–1839)
• Abdülmecid I, Sultan (1839–1861)
• Abdülaziz, Sultan (1861–1876)
• Murad V, Sultan (1876)
• Abdul Hamid II, Sultan (1876–1909)

• Grand Viziers –

• Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1798–1805)
• Hafiz Ismail Pasha, Grand Vizier (1805–1806)
• Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1806–1807)
• Çelebi Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1807–1808)
• Alemdar Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1808)
• Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha, Grand Vizier (1808–1809)
• Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1809–1811)
• Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1811–1812)
• Hurshid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1812–1815)
• Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1815–1818)
• Dervish Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1818–1820)
• Seyyid Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1820–1821)
• Benderli Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1821)
• Hacı Salih Pasha, Grand Vizier (1821–1822)
• Deli Abdullah Pasha, Grand Vizier (1822–1823)
• Silahdar Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1823)
• Mehmed Said Galip Pasha, Grand Vizier (1823–1824)
• Mehmed Selim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1824–1828)
• Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1828–1829)
• Reşid Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1829–1833)
• Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1833–1839)
• Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1839–1840)
• Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1840–1841)
• Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1841–1842)
• Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1842–1846)
• Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1846–1848)
• Ibrahim Sarim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1848)
• Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1848–1852)
• Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1852)
• Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1852)
• Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1852)
• Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1852–1853)
• Mustafa Naili Pasha, Grand Vizier (1853–1854)
• Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1854)
• Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1854–1855)
• Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1855–1856)
• Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1856–1857)
• Mustafa Naili Pasha, Grand Vizier (1857)
• Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1857–1858)
• Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1858–1859)
• Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1859)
• Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1859–1860)
• Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1860–1861)
• Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1861)
• Mehmed Fuad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1861–1866)
• Yusuf Kamil Pasha, Grand Vizier (1863)
• Mehmed Fuad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1863–1866)
• Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1866–1867)
• Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1866–1871)
• Mahmud Nedim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1871–1872)
• Midhat Pasha, Grand Vizier (1872)
• Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1872–1873)
• Ahmed Esad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1873)
• Şirvanlızade Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1873–1874)
• Hüseyin Avni Pasha, Grand Vizier (1874–1875)
• Ahmed Esad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1875)
• Mahmud Nedim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1875–1876)
• Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1876–1876)
• Midhat Pasha, Grand Vizier (1876–1877)
• Ibrahim Edhem Pasha, Grand Vizier (1877–1878)
• Ahmed Hamdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1878)
• Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Grand Vizier (1878)
• Mehmed Sadık Pasha, Grand Vizier (1878)
• Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1878)
• Saffet Pasha, Grand Vizier (1878)
• Hayreddin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1878–1879)
• Ahmed Arifi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1879)
• Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1879–1880)
• Kadri Pasha, Grand Vizier (1880)
• Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1880–1882)
• Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1882)
• Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1882)
• Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Grand Vizier (1882)
• Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1882–1885)
• Kâmil Pasha, Grand Vizier (1885–1891)
• Ahmed Cevad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1891–1895)
• Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1895)
• Kâmil Pasha, Grand Vizier (1895)
• Halil Rifat Pasha, Grand Vizier (1895–1901)

United Arab Emirates

• Emirate of Abu Dhabi –

• Shakhbut bin Dhiyab Al Nahyan, ruler (1793–1816)
• Muhammad bin Shakhbut Al Nahyan, ruler (1816–1818)
• Tahnun bin Shakhbut Al Nahyan, ruler (1818–1833)
• Khalifa bin Shakhbut Al Nahyan, ruler (1833–1845)
• Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan, ruler (1845–1855)
• Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, ruler (1855–1909)

• Emirate of Dubai –

• Obeid bin Said bin Rashid, ruler (1833–1836)
• Maktoum bin Butti bin Suhail, ruler (1833–1852)
• Saeed bin Butti, ruler (1852–1859)
• Hasher bin Maktoum, ruler (1859–1886)
• Rashid bin Maktoum, ruler (1886–1894)
• Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum, ruler (1894–1906)

• Emirate of Sharjah –

• Rashid bin Matar Al Qasimi, ruler (1747–1777)
• Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi, ruler (1777–1803)
• Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi, ruler (1803–1866)
• Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi, ruler (1866–1868)
• Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi, ruler (1868–1883)
• Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi, ruler (1883–1914)

• Emirate of Ajman –

• Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1816–1838)
• Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1838–1841)
• Abdelaziz bin Rashid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1841–1848)
• Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1848–1864)
• Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi II, ruler (1864–1891)
• Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi II, ruler (1891–1900)
• Abdulaziz bin Humaid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1900–1910)

• Umm Al Quwain –

• Rashid bin Majid Al Mualla, ruler (1768–1820)
• Abdullah bin Rashid Al Mualla, ruler (1820–1853)
• Ali bin Abdullah Al Mualla, ruler (1853–1873)
• Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Mualla, ruler (1873–1904)

• Emirate of Fujairah –

• Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi, ruler (1879–1936)[32]

• Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah –

• Rahma Al Qasimi, ruler (1708–1731)
• Matar bin Butti Al Qasimi, ruler (1731–1747)
• Rashid bin Matar Al Qasimi, ruler (1747–1777)
• Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi, ruler (1777–1803)
• Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi, ruler (1803–1809, 1820–1866)
• Hasan bin `Ali Al Anezi (1809–1814)
• Hassan bin Rahma Al Qasimi, ruler (1814–1820)
• Ibrahim bin Sultan Al Qasimi, ruler (1866–1867)
• Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi, ruler (1867–1868)
• Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi, ruler (1868–1869)
• Humaid bin Abdullah Al Qasimi, ruler (1869–1900)
• Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi, ruler (1900–1914)

Yemen

• Kathiri State of Seiyun –

• Muhsin ibn Ahmad al-Kathir, Sultan (1800–1830)
• Ghalib ibn Muhsin al-Kathir, Sultan (1830–1880)
• al-Mansur ibn Ghalib al-Kathir, Sultan (1880–1929)

• Yemeni Zaidi State –

• al-Mansur Ali I, Imam (1775-1809)
• al-Mutawakkil Ahmad, Imam (1809–1816)
• al-Mahdi Abdallah, Imam (1816–1835)
• al-Mansur Ali II, Imam (1835–1837, 1844–1845)
• an-Nasir Abdallah, Imam (1837–1840)
• al-Hadi Muhammad, Imam (1840–1844)
• al-Mutawakkil Muhammad, Imam (1845–1849)

• Lower Yafa –

• Ali I ibn Ghalib al-Afifi, ruler (1800–1841)
• Ahmad ibn Ali al-Afifi, ruler (1841–1873, 1891–1893)
• Ali II ibn Ahmad al-Afifi, ruler (1873–1885)
• Muhsin I ibn Ahmad al-Afifi, ruler (1885–1891)
• Abu Bakr ibn Sha'if al-Afifi, ruler (1893–1899)
• Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al-Afifi, ruler (1899–1916)

• Upper Yafa –

• Qahtan ibn `Umar ibn Salih Al Harhara, Sultan (c.1800–1810)
• `Umar ibn Qahtan ibn `Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (c.1810–1815)
• Qahtan ibn `Umar ibn Qahtan Al Harhara, Sultan (c.1815–1840)
• `Abd Allah ibn Nasir ibn Salih Al Harhara, Sultan (c.1840–1866)
• al-Husayn ibn Abi Bakr ibn Qahtan Al Harhara, Sultan (1866–1875)
• Muhammad ibn `Ali ibn Salih ibn Ahmad Al Harhara, Sultan (1875–1895)
• Qahtan ibn `Umar ibn al-Husayn Al Harhara, Sultan (1895–1903)

• Sultanate of Lahej –

• Ahmad I ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1791–1827)
• Muhsin ibn al-Fadl al-'Abdali, Sultan (1827–1839, 1839–1846, 1846–1847)
• Ahmad II ibn Muhsin al-'Abdali, Sultan (1839–1839, 1847–1849)
• Sayyid Isma'il ibn al-Hasan al-Husayni, Sultan (1846–1846)
• 'Ali I ibn Muhsin al-'Abdali, Sultan (1849–1863)
• al-Fadl III ibn 'Ali al-'Abdali, Sultan (1863–1863, 1874–1898)
• al-Fadl IV ibn Muhsin al-'Abdali, Sultan (1863–1874)
• Ahmad III ibn al-Fadl al-'Abdali, Sultan (1898–1914)

• Mahra Sultanate –

• Sa`d ibn Taw`ari Ibn `Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (c.1800–1820)
• Sultan ibn `Amr (on Suqutra), Sultan (c.1834)
• Ahmad ibn Sultan (at Qishn), Sultan (c.1834)
• `Amr ibn Sa`d ibn Taw`ari Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (1835–1845)
• Taw`ari ibn `Ali Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (1845–mid-19th century)
• Ahmad ibn Sa`d Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (mid-19th century)
• `Abd Allah ibn Sa`d Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (mid-19th century)
• `Abd Allah ibn Salim Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (mid-19th century)
• `Ali ibn `Abd Allah Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (late-19th century–1907)

Bulgaria

• Principality of Bulgaria (complete list) –

• Alexander I, Prince (1878–1887)
• Ferdinand I, Prince (1887–1908), Tsar (1908–1918)

Greece

• First Hellenic Republic (complete list, complete list) –

• Provisional Executive Commission (1800–1801)
• Alexandros Mavrokordatos, President of the Executive (1822–1823)
• Petrobey Mavromichalis, President of the Executive (1823)
• Georgios Kountouriotis, President of the Executive (1823–1826)
• Andreas Zaimis, President of the Governmental Commission (1826–1827)
• Ioannis Kapodistrias, Governor (1827–1831)
• Augustinos Kapodistrias, Governor (1831–1832)
• Governing Councils (1832–1833)

• Kingdom of Greece

• Monarchs (complete list) –

• Otto, King (1832–1862)
• Regency Council (1863)
• George I, King (1863–1913)

• Prime ministers (complete list) –

• Spyridon Trikoupis, Prime minister (1833)
• Alexandros Mavrokordatos, Prime minister (1833–1834)
• Ioannis Kolettis, Prime minister (1834–1835)
• Josef Ludwig von Armansperg, Prime minister (1835–1837)
• Ignaz von Rudhart, Prime minister (1837)
• Otto of Greece, Prime minister (1837–1841)
• Alexandros Mavrokordatos, Prime minister (1841)
• Otto, Prime minister (1841–1843)
• Andreas Metaxas, Prime minister (1843–1844)
• Constantine Kanaris, Prime minister (1844)
• Alexandros Mavrokordatos, Prime minister (1844)
• Ioannis Kolettis, Prime minister (1844–1847)
• Kitsos Tzavelas, Prime minister (1847–1848)
• Georgios Kountouriotis, Prime minister (1848)
• Constantine Kanaris, Prime minister (1848–1849)
• Antonios Kriezis, Prime minister (1849–1854)
• Alexandros Mavrokordatos, Prime minister (1854–1855)
• Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1855–1857)
• Athanasios Miaoulis, Prime minister (1857–1862)
• Gennaios Kolokotronis, Prime minister (1862)
• Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1862–1863)
• Aristeidis Moraitinis, Prime minister (1863)
• Zinovios Valvis, Prime minister (1863)
• Diomidis Kyriakos, Prime minister (1863)
• Benizelos Roufos, Prime minister (1863)
• Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1863–1864)
• Constantine Kanaris, Prime minister (1864)
• Zinovios Valvis, Prime minister (1864)
• Constantine Kanaris, Prime minister (1864–1865)
• Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1865)
• Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime minister (1865)
• Benizelos Roufos, Prime minister (1865)
• Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1865)
• Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1865)
• Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime minister (1865)
• Benizelos Rouphos, Prime minister (1865–1866)
• Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1866)
• Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1866–1867)
• Aristeidis Moraitinis, Prime minister (1867–1868)
• Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1868–1869)
• Thrasyvoulos Zaimis, Prime minister (1869–1870)
• Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime minister (1870)
• Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1870–1871)
• Thrasyvoulos Zaimis, Prime minister (1871–1872)
• Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1872)
• Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime minister (1872–1874)
• Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1874–1875)
• Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1875)
• Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1875–1876)
• Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime minister (1876)
• Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1876–1877)
• Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime minister (1877)
• Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1877)
• Constantine Kanaris, Prime minister (1877)
• Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1877–1878)
• Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1878)
• Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1878–1880)
• Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1880)
• Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1880–1882)
• Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1882–1885)
• Theodoros Diligiannis, Prime minister (1885–1886)
• Dimitrios Valvis, Prime minister (1886)
• Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1886–1890)
• Theodoros Diligiannis, Prime minister (1890–1892)
• Konstantinos Konstantopoulos, Prime minister (1892)
• Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1892–1893)
• Sotirios Sotiropoulos, Prime minister (1893)
• Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1893–1895)
• Nikolaos Deligiannis, Prime minister (1895)
• Theodoros Diligiannis, Prime minister (1895–1897)
• Dimitrios Rallis, Prime minister (1897)
• Alexandros Zaimis, Prime minister (1897–1899)
• Georgios Theotokis, Prime minister (1899–1901)

Montenegro

• Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro (complete list) –

• Petar I, Prince-Bishop (1782–1830)
• Petar II, Prince-Bishop (1830–1851)
• Danilo II, Prince-Bishop (1851–1852), Prince (1852–1860)

• Principality of Montenegro

• Monarchs (complete list) –

• Danilo II, Prince-Bishop (1851–1852), Prince (1852–1860)
• Nikola I, Sovereign prince (1860–1910), King (1910–1918)

• Presidents of the ministerial council (complete list) –

• Božo Petrović-Njegoš, President (1879–1905)

Serbia

• Revolutionary Serbia (complete list) –

• Karađorđe, Grand Vožd (1805–1813)

• Principality of Serbia

• Monarchs (complete list) –

• Miloš Obrenović, Prince (1817–1839)
• Milan Obrenović II, Prince (1839)
• Mihailo Obrenović III, Prince (1839–1842)
• Alexander Karađorđević, Prince (1842–1858)
• Miloš Obrenović, Prince (1858–1860)
• Mihailo Obrenović III, Prince (1860–1868)
• Milan IV / I, Prince (1868–1882), King (1882–1889)

• Heads of government (complete list) –

• Petar Nikolajević Moler, Prime minister (1815–1816)
• Jevrem Obrenović, Prime minister (1821–1826)
• Miloje Todorović, Prime minister (1826)
• Dimitrije Davidović, Prime minister (1826–1829)
• Koča Marković, Prime minister (1835–1836)
• Stefan Stefanović Tenka, Prime minister (1836–1839)
• Avram Petronijević, Prime minister (1839–1840)
• Paun Janković, Prime minister (1840)
• Đorđe Protić, Prime minister (1840–1842)
• Avram Petronijević, Prime minister (1842–1843)
• Aleksa Simić, Prime minister (1843–1844)
• Avram Petronijević, Prime minister (1844–1852)
• Ilija Garašanin, Prime minister (1852–1853)
• Aleksa Simić, Prime minister (1853–1855)
• Aleksa Janković, Prime minister (1855–1856)
• Stevan Marković, Prime minister (1856)
• Aleksa Simić, Prime minister (1856–1857)
• Stevan Marković, Prime minister (1857–1858)
• Stevan Magazinović, Prime minister (1858–1859)
• Cvetko Rajović, Prime minister (1859–1860)
• Filip Hristić, Prime minister (1860–1861)
• Ilija Garašanin, President of the ministry (1861–1867)
• Jovan Ristić, President of the ministry (1867)
• Nikola Hristić, President of the ministry (1867–1868)
• Đorđe Cenić, President of the ministry (1868–1869)
• Radivoje Milojković, President of the ministry (1869–1872)
• Milivoje Petrović Blaznavac, President of the ministry (1872–1873)
• Jovan Ristić, President of the ministry (1873)
• Jovan Marinović, President of the ministry (1873–1874)
• Aćim Čumić, President of the ministry (1874–1875)
• Danilo Stefanović, President of the ministry (1875)
• Stevča Mihailović, President of the ministry (1875)
• Ljubomir Kaljević, President of the ministry (1875–1876)
• Stevča Mihailović, President of the ministry (1876–1878)
• Jovan Ristić, President of the ministry (1878–1880)
• Milan Piroćanac, President of the ministry (1880–1882)

• Kingdom of Serbia

• Monarchs (complete list) –

• Milan I, Prince (1868–1882), King (1882–1889)
• Alexander, King (1889–1918)

• Presidents of the ministry (complete list) –

• Milan Piroćanac, President of the ministry (1882–1883)
• Nikola Hristić, President of the ministry (1883–1884)
• Milutin Garašanin, President of the ministry (1884–1887)
• Jovan Ristić, President of the ministry (1887–1888)
• Sava Grujić, President of the ministry (1888)
• Nikola Hristić, President of the ministry (1888–1889)
• Kosta Protić, President of the ministry (1889)
• Sava Grujić, President of the ministry (1889–1891)
• Nikola Pašić, President of the ministry (1891–1892)
• Jovan Avakumović, President of the ministry (1892–1893)
• Lazar Dokić, President of the ministry (1893)
• Sava Grujić, President of the ministry (1893–1894)
• Đorđe Simić, President of the ministry (1894)
• Svetomir Nikolajević, President of the ministry (1894)
• Nikola Hristić, President of the ministry (1894–1895)
• Stojan Novaković, President of the ministry (1895–1896)
• Đorđe Simić, President of the ministry (1896–1897)
• Vladan Đorđević, President of the ministry (1897–1900)
• Aleksa Jovanović, President of the ministry (1900–1901)

• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

• Monarchs (complete list) –

• George III, King (1760–1820)
• George IV, King (1820–1830)
• William IV, King (1830–1837)
• Victoria, Queen (1837–1901)

• Prime ministers (complete list) –

• William Pitt the Younger, Prime minister (1783–1801)
• Henry Addington, Prime minister (1801–1804)
• William Pitt the Younger, Prime minister (1804–1806)
• William Grenville, Prime minister (1806–1807)
• William Cavendish-Bentinck, Prime minister (1807–1809)
• Spencer Perceval, Prime minister (1809–1812)
• Robert Jenkinson, Prime minister (1812–1827)
• George Canning, Prime minister (1827)
• F. J. Robinson, Prime minister (1827–1828)
• Arthur Wellesley, Prime minister (1828–1830)
• Charles Grey, Prime minister (1830–1834)
• William Lamb, Prime minister (1834)
• Arthur Wellesley, Prime minister (1834)
• Robert Peel, Prime minister (1834–1835)
• William Lamb, Prime minister (1835–1841)
• Robert Peel, Prime minister (1841–1846)
• John Russell, Prime minister (1846–1852)
• Edward Smith-Stanley, Prime minister (1852)
• George Hamilton-Gordon, Prime minister (1852–1855)
• Henry John Temple, Prime minister (1855–1858)
• Edward Smith-Stanley, Prime minister (1858–1859)
• Henry John Temple, Prime minister (1859–1865)
• John Russell, Prime minister (1865–1866)
• Edward Smith-Stanley, Prime minister (1866–1868)
• Benjamin Disraeli, Prime minister (1868)
• William Ewart Gladstone, Prime minister (1868–1874)
• Benjamin Disraeli, Prime minister (1874–1880)
• William Ewart Gladstone, Prime minister (1880–1885)
• Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Prime minister (1885–1886)
• William Ewart Gladstone, Prime minister (1886)
• Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Prime minister (1886–1892)
• William Ewart Gladstone, Prime minister (1892–1894)
• Archibald Primrose, Prime minister (1894–1895)
• Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Prime minister (1895–1902)

Germany: Holy Roman Empire

• Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany (complete list, complete list) –

• Francis II, Emperor Elect, King (1792–1806)

Germany Empire

• German Empire

• Emperor (complete list) –

• William I, Emperor (1861–1888)
• Frederick III, Emperor (1888)
• Wilhelm II, Emperor (1888–1918)

• Chancellors (complete list) –

• Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor (1871–1890)
• Leo von Caprivi, Chancellor (1890–1894)
• Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chancellor (1894–1900)
• Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor (1900–1909)

Austria

• Archduchy/ Austrian Empire (complete list) –

• Archduke/Emperors (complete list) –

• Francis II, Archduke (1792–1804), Emperor (1804–1835)
• Ferdinand I, Emperor (1835–1848)
• Franz Joseph I, Emperor (1848–1916)

• Heads of government (complete list) –

• Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky, Minister-President (1848)
• Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont, Acting Minister-President (1848)
• Franz von Pillersdorf, Acting Minister-President (1848)
• Anton von Doblhoff-Dier, Minister-President (1848)
• Johann von Wessenberg-Ampringen, Minister-President (1848)
• Felix of Schwarzenberg, Minister-President (1848–1852)
• Karl Ferdinand von Buol, Chairmen of the ministers' conference (1852–1859)
• Johann Bernhard von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen, Chairmen of the ministers' conference (1859–1861)
• Rainer Ferdinand, Chairmen of the ministers' conference (1861–1865)
• Alexander von Mensdorff-Pouilly, Chairmen of the ministers' conference (1865)
• Richard Belcredi, Chairmen of the ministers' conference (1865–1867)
• Friedrich von Beust, Chairmen of the ministers' conference (1867)

Bohemia, Hungary

• Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Hungary (complete list, complete list) –

• Francis II, King (1792–1835)
• Ferdinand V, King (1835–1848)
• Francis Joseph, King (1848–1916)

Prussia

• Kingdom of Prussia –

• Frederick William III (1797–1840)

Switzerland

• Switzerland (complete list) –

• Jonas Furrer, President of the Confederation (1848–1849)
• Henri Druey, President of the Confederation (1850)
• Josef Munzinger, President of the Confederation (1851)
• Jonas Furrer, President of the Confederation (1852)
• Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, President of the Confederation (1853)
• Friedrich Frey-Herosé, President of the Confederation (1854)
• Jonas Furrer, President of the Confederation (1855)
• Jakob Stämpfli, President of the Confederation (1856)
• Constant Fornerod, President of the Confederation (1857)
• Jonas Furrer, President of the Confederation (1858)
• Jakob Stämpfli, President of the Confederation (1859)
• Friedrich Frey-Herosé, President of the Confederation (1860)
• Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel, President of the Confederation (1861)
• Jakob Stämpfli, President of the Confederation (1862)
• Constant Fornerod, President of the Confederation (1863)
• Jakob Dubs, President of the Confederation (1864)
• Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1865)
• Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel, President of the Confederation (1866)
• Constant Fornerod, President of the Confederation (1867)
• Jakob Dubs, President of the Confederation (1868)
• Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1869)
• Jakob Dubs, President of the Confederation (1870)
• Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1871)
• Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1872)
• Paul Cérésole, President of the Confederation (1873)
• Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1874)
• Johann Jakob Scherer, President of the Confederation (1875)
• Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1876)
• Joachim Heer, President of the Confederation (1877)
• Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1878)
• Bernhard Hammer, President of the Confederation (1879)
• Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1880)
• Numa Droz, President of the Confederation (1881)
• Simeon Bavier, President of the Confederation (1882)
• Louis Ruchonnet, President of the Confederation (1883)
• Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1884)
• Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1885)
• Adolf Deucher, President of the Confederation (1886)
• Numa Droz, President of the Confederation (1887)
• Wilhelm Hertenstein, President of the Confederation (1888)
• Bernhard Hammer, President of the Confederation (1888–1889)
• Louis Ruchonnet, President of the Confederation (1890)
• Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1891)
• Walter Hauser, President of the Confederation (1892)
• Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1893)
• Emil Frey, President of the Confederation (1894)
• Josef Zemp, President of the Confederation (1895)
• Adrien Lachenal, President of the Confederation (1896)
• Adolf Deucher, President of the Confederation (1897)
• Eugène Ruffy, President of the Confederation (1898)
• Eduard Müller, President of the Confederation (1899)
• Walter Hauser, President of the Confederation (1900)

Austrian

• Prince-Bishopric of Brixen (complete list) –

• Karl Franz Lodron, Prince-bishop (1791–1803)

• Liechtenstein (complete list) –

• Aloys I, Prince (1781–1805)
• Johann I Josef, Prince (1805–1836)
• Aloys II, Prince (1836–1858)
• Johann II, Prince (1858–1929)

• Prince-Bishopric of Trent (complete list) –

• Emmanuel Maria Graf von Thun und Hohenstein, Prince-bishop (1800–1802), Prince (1802–1803)

Bavarian

• Electorate/ Kingdom of Bavaria (complete list) –

• Maximillian IV, Elector (1799–1805), King (1805–1825)
• Ludwig I, King (1825–1848)
• Maximilian II, King (1848–1864)
• Ludwig II, King (1864–1886)
• Otto, King (1886–1913)

• Pappenheim (complete list) –

• Charles Theodore Frederick Eugene Francis, Count (1792–1806)

Burgundian

Franconian

Electoral Rhenish

• Electorate of Cologne –

• Maximilian Franz of Austria, Archbishop-Elector (1784–1801)

• Elector-Bishopric of Mainz (complete list) –

• Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal, Archbishop-elector (1774–1802)
• Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg, Archbishop-elector (1802–1803)[33]

• Electoral Palatinate (complete list) –

• Maximilian I Joseph, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1795–1799), Elector of Palatinate and of Bavaria (1799–1803)

• Elector-Bishopric of Trier (complete list) –

• Clemens Wenzel of Saxony, Archbishop-elector (1768–1801)[34]

Lower Rhenish–Westphalian

• Bentheim-Bentheim (complete list) – and Bentheim-Steinfurt (complete list) –

• Essen Abbey (complete list) –

• Maria Kunigunde of Saxony, Princess-Abbess (1776–1802)

Upper Rhenish

• Prince-Bishopric of Basel (complete list) –

• Franz Xaver von Neveu, Prince-bishop (1794–1828)

• Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt –

• Louis X (1790–1830)

• Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel –

• William IX (1785–1821)

• Prince-Bishopric of Speyer (complete list) –

• Philipp Franz Wilderich of Walderdorf, Prince-bishop (1801–1802)

• Prince-Bishopric of Worms (complete list) –

• Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal, Prince-bishop (1774–1802)

Lower Saxon

• Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel –

• Charles II (1780–1806)

• Electorate of Hanover –

• George III (1760–1820)

• Kingdom of Hanover (complete list) –

• Ernest Augustus (1837–1851)

• Duchy of Holstein-Oldenburg –

• Duke - Wilhelm (1785–1823)
• Prince-Regent – Peter of Holstein-Gottorp (1785–1823)

• Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin –

• Frederick Francis I (1785–1837)

• Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz –

• Charles II (1794–1816)

Upper Saxon

• Kingdom of Saxony (complete list) –

• Frederick Augustus (1836–1854)

• Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg –

• Alexius (1796–1834)

• Principality of Anhalt-Dessau –

• Leopold III (1751–1817)

• Principality of Anhalt-Köthen –

• Augustus Christian Frederick (1789–1812)

• Electorate of Brandenburg –

• Frederick William III (1797–1840)

• Electorate of Saxony –

• Frederick Augustus III (1763–1827)

• Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld –

• Francis (1800–1806)

• Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach –

• Karl August (1758–1828)

• Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg –

• Ernest II (1772–1804)

• Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen –

• Frederick (1780–1826)

• Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen –

• George I (1763–1803)

• Duchy of Saxe-Weimar –

• Karl August (1758–1828)

Swabian

• Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg (complete list) –

• Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, Prince-bishop (1768–1803)

• Margraviate/ Grand Duchy of Baden (List of rulers of Baden) –

• Charles Frederick (1738–1811)

• Breisgau () –

• Prince-Provostry of Ellwangen (complete list) –

• Clemens Wenceslaus, Prince-provost (1787–1803)

• Princely Abbey of Kempten (complete list) –

• de:Castolus Reichlin von Meldegg, Prince-abbot (1793–1803)

• Duchy/ Electorate of Württemberg (complete list) –

• Frederick I, Duke (1797–1803), Elector (1803–1805), King (1805–1816)

• Kingdom of Württemberg (complete list) –

• Frederick I, Duke (1797–1803), Elector (1803–1805), King (1805–1816)
• William I, King (1816–1864)
• Charles I, King (1864–1891)
• William II, King (1891–1918)

• Kingdom of Romania

• Kings (complete list) –

• Charles I, King (1881–1914)

• Prime ministers (complete list) –

• Ion C. Brătianu, Prime minister (1881, 1881–1888)
• Dimitrie Brătianu, Prime minister (1881)
• Theodor Rosetti, Prime minister (1881–1888)
• Lascăr Catargiu, Prime minister (1888–1889)
• Gheorghe Manu, Prime minister (1889–1891)
• Ion Emanuel Florescu, Prime minister (1891)
• Lascăr Catargiu, Prime minister (1891–1895)
• Dimitrie Sturdza, Prime minister (1895–1896)
• Petre S. Aurelian, Prime minister (1896–1897)
• Dimitrie Sturdza, Prime minister (1897–1899)
• Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, Prime minister (1899–1900)
• Petre P. Carp, Prime minister (1900–1901)

• Russian Empire

• Monarchs (complete list) –

• Paul, Emperor (1796–1801)
• Alexander I, Emperor (1801–1825)
• Nicholas I, Emperor (1825–1855)
• Alexander II, Emperor (1855–1881)
• Alexander III, Emperor (1881–1894)
• Nicholas II, Emperor (1894–1917)

• Heads of government (complete list) –

• Alexander Vorontsov, de facto head of government (1802–1804)
• Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, de facto head of government (1804–1806)
• Andrei Yakovlevich Budberg, de facto head of government (1806–1807)
• Nikolay Rumyantsev, de facto head of government (1807–1810), Chairman of the committee of ministers (1810–1812)
• Nikolai Saltykov, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1812–1816)
• Pyotr Lopukhin, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1816–1827)
• Viktor Kochubey, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1827–1834)
• Nikolay Novosiltsev, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1834–1838)
• Illarion Vasilchikov, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1838–1847)
• Vasily Levashov, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1847–1848)
• Alexander Chernyshyov, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1848–1856)
• Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1856–1861)
• Dmitry Bludov, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1861–1864)
• Pavel Gagarin, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1865–1872)
• Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1872–1879)
• Pyotr Valuyev, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1879–1881)
• Mikhail Reitern, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1881–1887)
• Nikolai Bunge, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1887–1895)
• Ivan Durnovo, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1895–1903)

• Denmark–Norway (complete list / complete list) –

• Christian VII, King (1766–1808)
• Frederick VI, King (1808–1839)

• Denmark

• Monarchs (complete list) –

• Frederick VI, King (1808–1839)
• Christian VIII, King (1839–1848)
• Frederik VII, King (1848–1863)
• Christian IX, King (1863–1906)

• Prime ministers (complete list) –

• Adam Wilhelm Moltke, Prime minister (1848–1852)
• Christian Albrecht Bluhme, Prime minister (1852–1853)
• Anders Sandøe Ørsted, Prime minister (1853–1854)
• Peter Georg Bang, Prime minister (1854–1855), Council president (1855–1856)
• Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ, Council president (1856–1857)
• Carl Christian Hall, Council president (1857–1859)
• Carl Edvard Rotwitt, Council president (1859–1860)
• Carl Christian Hall, Council president (1860–1863)
• Ditlev Gothard Monrad, Council president (1863–1864)
• Christian Albrecht Bluhme, Council president (1864–1865)
• Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs, Council president (1865–1870)
• Ludvig Holstein-Holsteinborg, Council president (1870–1874)
• Christen Andreas Fonnesbech, Council president (1874–1875)
• Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup, Council president (1875–1894)
• Tage Reedtz-Thott, Council president (1894–1897)
• Hugo Egmont Hørring, Council president (1897–1900)
• Hannibal Sehested, Council president (1900–1901)

• Kingdom of Norway (1814) (complete list) –

• Christian VIII, Regent (1814), King (1814)

• Union between Sweden and Norway

• Monarchs (complete list / complete list) –

• Charles XIII/II, King (1814–1818)
• Charles XIV/III John, King (1818–1844)
• Oscar I, King (1844–1859)
• Charles XV/IV, King (1859–1872)
• Oscar II, King (1872–1905)

• Prime ministers: Sweden (complete list) –

• Louis Gerhard De Geer, Prime minister (1876–1880)
• Arvid Posse, Prime minister (1880–1883)
• Carl Johan Thyselius, Prime minister (1883–1884)
• Robert Themptander, Prime minister (1884–1888)
• Gillis Bildt, Prime minister (1888–1889)
• Gustaf Åkerhielm, Prime minister (1889–1891)
• Erik Gustaf Boström, Prime minister (1891–1900)
• Fredrik von Otter, Prime minister (1900–1902)

• Norwegian prime ministers in Stockholm (complete list) –

• Otto Richard Kierulf, Prime minister (1873–1884)
• Wolfgang Wenzel von Haffner, Acting Prime minister (1884)
• Carl Otto Løvenskiold, Prime minister (1884)
• Ole Richter, Prime minister (1884–1888)
• Hans Georg Jacob Stang, Prime minister (1888–1889)
• Gregers Gram, Prime minister (1889–1891)
• Otto Blehr, Prime minister (1891–1893)
• Gregers Gram, Prime minister (1893–1898)
• Otto Blehr, Prime minister (1898–1902)

• Heads of government in Norway (complete list) –

First ministers in Christiania, Norway

• Frederik Gottschalk von Haxthausen, First Minister (1814)
• Marcus Gjøe Rosenkrantz, First Minister (1814–1815)
• Mathias Sommerhielm, First Minister (1815–1822)
• Jonas Collett, First Minister (1822–1836)
• Nicolai Johan Lohmann Krog, First Minister (1836–1855)
• Jørgen Herman Vogt, First Minister (1855–1858)
• Hans Christian Petersen, First Minister (1858–1861)
• Frederik Stang, First Minister (1861–1873)

Prime ministers in Christiania, Norway

• Frederik Stang, Prime minister (1873–1880)
• Christian August Selmer, Prime minister (1880–1884)
• Christian Homann Schweigaard, Prime minister (1884)
• Johan Sverdrup, Prime minister (1884–1889)
• Emil Stang, Prime minister (1889–1891)
• Johannes Steen, Prime minister (1891–1893)
• Emil Stang, Prime minister (1893–1895)
• Francis Hagerup, Prime minister (1895–1898)
• Johannes Steen, Prime minister (1898–1902)

• Gustavian era Sweden (up to 1814) (complete list) –

• Gustav IV Adolf (1792–1809)
• Charles XIII/II, King (1809–1818)

• Kingdom of Italy

• Monarchs (complete list) –

• Victor Emmanuel II, King (1861–1878)
• Umberto I, King (1878–1900)
• Victor Emmanuel III, King (1900–1946)

• Prime ministers (complete list) –

• Camillo Benso, Prime minister (1861)
• Bettino Ricasoli, Prime minister (1861–1862)
• Urbano Rattazzi, Prime minister (1862)
• Luigi Carlo Farini, Prime minister (1862–1863)
• Marco Minghetti, Prime minister (1863–1864)
• Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, Prime minister (1864–1866)
• Bettino Ricasoli, Prime minister (1866–1867)
• Urbano Rattazzi, Prime minister (1867)
• Luigi Federico Menabrea, Prime minister (1867–1869)
• Giovanni Lanza, Prime minister (1869–1873)
• Marco Minghetti, Prime minister (1873–1876)
• Agostino Depretis, Prime minister (1876–1878)
• Benedetto Cairoli, Prime minister (1878)
• Agostino Depretis, Prime minister (1878–1879)
• Benedetto Cairoli, Prime minister (1879–1881)
• Agostino Depretis, Prime minister (1881–1887)
• Francesco Crispi, Prime minister (1887–1891)
• Antonio Starabba, Prime minister (1891–1892)
• Giovanni Giolitti, Prime minister (1892–1893)
• Francesco Crispi, Prime minister (1893–1896)
• Antonio Starabba, Prime minister (1896–1898)
• Luigi Pelloux, Prime minister (1898–1900)
• Giuseppe Saracco, Prime minister (1900–1901)