List of state leaders in the 16th century

Angola

• Kingdom of Kongo (complete list) –

Kilukeni dynasty

• João I, Manikongo (1470–1509)
• Afonso I, Manikongo (1509–c.1542)
• Pedro I, Manikongo (c.1543–1545)
• Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi, Manikongo (1545–1561)
• Afonso II, Manikongo (1561)
• Bernardo I, Manikongo (1561–1567)
• Henrique I, Manikongo (1567–1568)

Kwilu dynasty

• Álvaro I, Manikongo (1568–1587)
• Álvaro II, Manikongo (1587–1614)

• Kingdom of Matamba (complete list) –

• Kambolo Matamba, King (fl.1590s)

• Portuguese Angola (complete list) –

Colony, 1575–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Cameroon

• Kingdom of Bamum (complete list) –

• Mengap, Mfon (1498–1519)
• Ngouh I, Mfon (1519–1544)
• Fifen, Mfon (1544–1568)
• Ngouh II, Mfon (1568–1590)
• Ngapna, Mfon (1590–1629)

Chad

• Sultanate of Bagirmi (complete list) –

• Birni Besse, Mbangi (1522–1536)
• Lubatko, Mbangi (1536–1548)
• Malo, Mbangi (1548–1568)
• ‘Abdallah, Mbangi (1568–1608)

Congo: Belgian

• Kuba Kingdom (complete list)[1] –

• Lushanjela Shanga, Nyim (16th century)
• Bo Shanga, Nyim (16th century)
• Shamba Bolongongo, Nyim (c.1600)

• Kingdom of Lunda (complete list) –

• Nkonda Matit, Mwaantaangaand (late 16th century)

Congo: French

• Kingdom of Loango (complete list) –

• Moe Poaty I Kamangou, King (16th or 17th century)

São Tomé and Príncipe

• Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (complete list) –

Colony, 1470–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Great Lakes area

Burundi

• Kingdom of Burundi (complete list) –

• Ntare I Rushatsi Cambarantama, King (c.1530–c.1550)
• Mwezi I Baridamunka, King (c.1550–c.1580)
• Mutaga I Mutabazi, King (c.1580–c.1600)

Rwanda

• Kingdom of Rwanda (complete list) –

• Ndahiro II Cyamatare, Mwami (1477–1510)
• Ruganzu II Ndoli, Mwami (1510–early 16th century)
• Karemera Rwaka, Mwami (16th century)
• Mutara I Nsoro III Semugeshi, Mwami (16th century)
• Kigeli II Nyamuheshera, King (1576–1609)

Uganda

• Buganda (complete list) –

• Kayima, Kabaka (c.1494–c.1524)
• Nakibinge, Kabaka (c.1524–c.1554)
• Mulondo, Kabaka (c.1555–1564)
• Jemba, Kabaka (c.1564–c.1584)
• Suuna I, Kabaka (c.1584–c.1614)

Horn of Africa area

Eritrea

• Medri Bahri –

• Bahr negus Yeshaq, Bahri Negassi (?–1578)

Ethiopia

• Ethiopian Empire: Solomonic dynasty (complete list) –

• Na'od, Emperor (1494–1508)
• Dawit II, Emperor (1508–1540)
• Gelawdewos, Emperor (1540–1559)
• Menas, Emperor (1559–1563)
• Sarsa Dengel, Emperor (1563–1597)
• Yaqob, Emperor (1597–1603, 1604–1606)

• Kingdom of Garo (complete list)[2] –

• Ambiraj, Tato (1567–1600)

• Kingdom of Kaffa (complete list)[3] –

• Sadi, King (1495–1530)
• Madi Gafine/Gafo, King (1530–1565)
• Bong-he, King (1565–1605)

• Ennarea (complete list)[4] –

• Kaba Seyon, Hinnare-tato (c.1450–1530)
• Sepenihi, Hinnare-tato (mid 16th century)
• La'ashonhi, Hinnare-tato (c.1570–1580)
• Badancho, Hinnare-tato (c.1580–1603)

Somalia

• Warsangali Sultanate (complete list) –

• Garaad Ali Dable, King (1491–1503)
• Garaad Liban, King (1503–1525)
• Garaad Yuusuf, King (1525–1555)
• Garaad Mohamud III, King (1555–1585)
• Garaad Abdale, King (1585–1612)

Madagascar

• Merina Kingdom (complete list) –

• Rangita, Queen (1520–1530)
• Rafohy, Queen (1530–1540)
• Andriamanelo, King (1540–1575)
• Ralambo, King (1575–1612)

Ifriqiya

• Hafsid dynasty (complete list) –

• Muhammad IV, Khalif (1494–1526)
• Muhammad V, Khalif (1526–1543)
• Ahmad III, Khalif (1543–1570)
• Muhammad VI, Khalif (1574–1574)
• Jafari "Jafari the Clean" Yahya, Khalif (1574–1581)
• Alem Nafirr, Khalif (1581)

Egypt

• Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo (complete list) –

• al-Mustamsik, Caliph (1497–1508, 1516–1517)
• al-Mutawakkil III, Caliph (1508–1516, 1517)

Sudan

• Funj Sultanate of Sennar (complete list) –

• Amara Dunqas, Sultan (1503–1533/4)[5][6]
• Nayil, Sultan (1533/4–1550/1)
• Abd al-Qadir I, Sultan (1550/1–1557/8)
• Abu Sakikin, Sultan (1557/8–1568)
• Dakin, Sultan (1568–1585/6)
• Dawra, Sultan (1585/6–1587/8)
• Tayyib, Sultan (1587/8–1591)
• Unsa I, Sultan (1591–1603/4)

Morocco

• Wattasid dynasty of Morocco (complete list) –

• Muhammad ibn Yahya, Sultan (1472–1505)
• Muhammad ibn Muhammad, Sultan (1505–1524)
• Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Sultan (1524–1545, 1545–1547)
• Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Sultan (1545–1547)
• Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Sultan (1524–1545, 1545–1547)

• Saadi dynasty of Morocco (complete list) –

• Muhammad ash-Sheikh, Sultan (1549–1554, 1554–1557)
• Abdallah al-Ghalib, Sultan (1557–1574)
• Muhammad al-Mutawakkil, Sultan (1574–1576)
• Abd al-Malik I, Sultan (1576–1578)
• Ahmad al-Mansur, Sultan (1578–1603)

Mozambique

• Portuguese Mozambique (complete list) –

Colony, 1498–1972

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Benin

• Abomey (complete list) –

• Do-Aklin, ruler (c.1600)

• Benin Empire (complete list) –

• Ozolua, Oba (1480–1504)[7]
• Esigie, Oba (1504–1547)
• Orhogbua, Oba (1547–1580)
• Ehengbuda, Oba (1580–1602)

Burkina Faso

• Mossi Kingdom of Nungu (complete list) –

• Gima, Nunbado (1470–1520)
• Gori, Nunbado (1520–1553)
• Bogora, Nunbado (1553–1571)
• Kampadiboaghi, Nunbado (1571–1615)

Cape Verde

• Portuguese Cape Verde (complete list) –

Colony, 1462–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Guinea-Bissau

• Kaabu –

• Sama Koli, ruler (1537–?)

• Portuguese Guinea (complete list) –

Colony, 1474–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Niger

• Dendi Kingdom (complete list) –

• Muhammad Gao, Askiya (1592)
• Nuh I, Askiya (c.1592–1599)[8]
• al-Mustafa, Askiya (c.1600)

Nigeria

• Bornu Empire (Kanem–Bornu) (complete list) –

• Idris Katarkamabi, Mai (1487–1509)[9]
• Muhammad V Aminami, Mai (1509–1538)
• Ali II of Bornu, Mai (1538–1539)
• Dunama V Ngumarsmma, Mai (1539–1557)
• Dala, Mai (1557–1564)
• Idris Alooma, Mai (1564–1596)[10]
• Muhammed VI Bukalmarami, Mai (1596–1612)

• Oyo Empire (complete list) –

• Onigbogi, Alaafin (c.1500–?)
• Ofirin, Alaafin (16th century)
• Eguguojo, Alaafin (16th century)
• Orompoto, Alaafin (?–c.1600)

• Sultanate of Kano (complete list) –

• Abdullahi dan Rumfa, Sultan (1499–1509)
• Muhammad Kisoki, Sultan (1509–1565)
• Yakubu, Sultan (1565)
• Abu-Bakr Kado, Sultan (1565–1573)
• Muhammad Shashere, Sultan (1573–1582)
• Muhammad Zaki, Sultan (1582–1618)

• Kingdom of Nri (complete list) –

• Eze Nri Anyamata, King (1465–1511)
• Eze Nri Fenenu, King (1512–1582)
• Eze Nri Agụ, King (1583–1676)

Senegal

Apartment of the Maad Saloum (king of Saloum) in 1821.

• Jolof / Wolof Empire (complete list) –

• Bukaar Biye-Sungule, Buur-ba (1492–1527)
• Birayma Dyeme-Kumba, Buur-ba (1527–1543)
• Leele Fuli Fak, Buur-ba (1543–1549)
• al-Buri Penda, Buur-ba (1549–1566)
• Lat-Samba, Buur-ba (1566–1597)
• Gireun Buri Dyelen, Buur-ba (1597–1605)

• Cayor (complete list) –

• Detie Fu Ndiogu, ruler (1549–?)

• Saloum (complete list) –

• Malaw tane Joof, (variation: Maléotane Diouf - French spelling in Senegal), Maad Saloum (1567)[11]

Kazakhstan

• Moghulistan, (complete list) –

• Ahmad Alaq, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1487–1503)
• Mahmud, Khan of Western Moghulistan (1487–1508)
• Mansur, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1503–1508), of All Moghulistan (1508–1514), of Eastern Moghulistan (1514–1548)
• Shah, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1543–1560)
• Muhammad ibn Mansur, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1570)

• Kazakh Khanate (complete list) –

• Burunduk, Khan (1480–1511)
• Kasym, Khan (1511–1521)
• Mamash, Khan (1521–1523)
• Tahir, Khan (1523–1533)
• Buidash, Khan (1533–1534)
• Qozhamqut, Khan (1534–1535)
• Togym, Khan (1535–1537)
• Khaqnazar, Khan (1538–1580)
• Shygai, Khan (1580–1582)
• Tauekel, Khan (1582–1598)
• Esim, Khan (1598–1628)

• Kara Del

• Šamba, Khan (1492-1493, 1497-1505)
• Beyazıt, Khan (1505-1513)

Russia

• Great Horde (complete list) –

• Shayk Ahmad, Khan (1481–1498, 1499–1502)

Tajikistan

• Yarkent Khanate, Western Moghulistan (complete list) –

• Said, Khan (1514–1533)
• Abdurashid, Khan (1533–1560)
• Abdul Karim, Khan (1560–1591)
• Muhammad, Khan (1591–1610)

Tibet

• Guge[12]

• sTod tsha 'Phags pa lha, King (c.1485–post-1499)
• Shakya 'od, King (early 16th century)
• Jig rten dBang phyug Pad kar lde, King (fl.1537–1555)
• Ngag gi dBang phyug, King (16th century)
• Nam mkha dBang phyug, King (16th century)
• Khri Nyi ma dBang phyug, King (late 16th century)
• Khri Grags pa'i dBang phyug, King (c.1600)

• Phagmodrupa dynasty[13] (complete list) –

• Ngawang Tashi Drakpa, Monarch (1499–1554)
• Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen, Monarch (1554–1556/1557)
• Ngawang Tashi Drakpa, Monarch (1556/57–1564)
• Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen, Monarch (1576–1603/1604)

• Rinpungpa[14] (complete list) –

• Donyo Dorje, Monarch (c.1479–1512)
• Ngawang Namgyal, Monarch (1512–1544)
• Dondup Tseten Dorje, Monarch (1544–?)
• Ngawang Jigme Drakpa, Monarch (?–1565)

• Tsangpa[15] (complete list) –

• Karma Tseten, Monarch (1565–1599)
• Khunpang Lhawang Dorje, Monarch (c.1582–1605/1606)
• Karma Thutob Namgyal, Monarch (c.1586–1610)
• Karma Tensung, Monarch (1599–1611)

Uzbekistan

The battle between Shah Ismail I and Muhammad Shaybani in 1510.

• Muhammad Shayabak, Khan (1500–1510)
• Kochkunju Muhammad bin Abul-Khayr, Khan (1512–1531)
• Abu Sa'id bin Kochkunju, Khan (1531–1534)
• Ubaydullah, Khan (1534–1539)
• Abdullah I, Khan (1539–1540)
• Abdal-Latif bin Kochkunju, Khan (1540–1552)
• Nawruz Ahmed, Khan (1552–1556)
• Pir Muhammad I, Khan (1556–1561)
• Iskander bin Jani Beg, Khan (1561–1583)
• Abdullah II, Khan (1583–1598)
• Abdul-Mo'min bin Abdullah, Khan (1598)
• Pir Muhammad, Khan (1598–1599)
• Baqi Muhammad, Khan (1599–1605)

• Khanate of Khiva (complete list) –

• Ilbars I, Khan (1511–1518)
• Sultan Haji, Khan (1518–1519)
• Hasan Quli, Khan (1519–1524)
• Sufyan, Khan (1529–1535)
• Bujugha, Khan (1524–1529)
• Avnik, Khan (1535–1538)
• Qal, Khan (1539–1549)
• Aqatay, Khan (1549–1557)
• Dust Muhammad, Khan (1557–1558)
• Haji Muhammad I, Khan (1558–1602)

China: Ming dynasty

• Ming dynasty (complete list) –

• Hongzhi, Emperor (1487–1505)
• Zhengde, Emperor (1505–1521)
• Jiajing, Emperor (1521–1567)
• Longqing, Emperor (1567–1572)
• Wanli, Emperor (1572–1620)

Japan

• Ashikaga shogunate of Japan

• Emperors (complete list) –

• Go-Kashiwabara, Emperor (1500–1526)
• Go-Nara, Emperor (1526–1557)
• Ōgimachi, Emperor (1557–1586)

• Shōguns –

• Yoshizumi, Shōgun (1493–1508)
• Yoshitane, Shōgun (1508–1521)
• Yoshiharu, Shōgun (1521–1545)
• Yoshiteru, Shōgun (1545–1565)
• Yosihide, Shōgun (1564–1568)
• Yoshiaki, Shōgun (1568–1573)

• Azuchi–Momoyama period Japan

• Emperors (complete list) –

• Ōgimachi, Emperor (1557–1586)
• Go-Yōzei, Emperor (1586–1611)

• Ryukyu Kingdom: Second Shō Dynasty –

Tributary state of the Ming dynasty, 1429–1644

• Shō Shin, King (1477–1526)
• Shō Sei, King (1526–1555)
• Shō Gen, King (1556–1572)
• Shō Ei, King (1573–1588)
• Shō Nei, King (1589–1620)

Korea

• Joseon (complete list) –

• Yeonsangun, King (1494–1506)
• Jungjong, King (1506–1544)
• Injong, King (1544–1545)
• Myeongjong, King (1545–1567)
• Seonjo, King (1567–1608)

Mongolia

• Northern Yuan dynasty (complete list) –

• Dayan, Khan (1478–1516)
• Bars Bolud Jinong, Khan (1516–1519)
• Bodi Alagh, Khan (1519–1547)
• Daraisung Guden, Khan (1547–1557)
• Tümen Jasagtu, Khan (1557–1592)
• Buyan Sechen, Khan (1592–1603)

Brunei

• Bruneian Empire (complete list) –

• Bolkiah, Sultan (1485–1524)
• Abdul Kahar, Sultan (1524–1530)
• Saiful Rijal, Sultan (1533–1581)
• Shah Berunai, Sultan (1581–1582)
• Muhammad Hassan, Sultan (1582–1598)
• Abdul Jalilul Akbar, Sultan (1598–1659)

Cambodia

• Kingdom of Cambodia: Middle Period (complete list) –

• Thommo Reachea I, King (1476–1504)
• Srey Sukonthor, King (1504–1512)
• Sdach Korn, King (1512–1521)
• Ang Chan I, King (1516–1566)
• Barom Reachea I, King (1566–1576)
• Chey Chettha I, King (1576–1594)
• Preah Ram I, King (1594–1596)
• Preah Ram II, King (1596–1597)
• Barom Reachea II, King (1597–1599)
• Barom Reachea III, King (1599–1600)
• Ponhea Nhom, King (1600–1603)

Indonesia

Indonesia: Java

• Sunda Kingdom (complete list) –

• Sri Baduga, Maharaja (1482–1521)
• Prabu Surawisesa Jayaperkosa, Maharaja (1521–1535)
• Ratu Dewata, Maharaja (1535–1543)
• Ratu Sakti, Maharaja (1543–1551)
• Nilakendra, Maharaja (1551–1567)
• Raja Mulya, Maharaja (1567–1579)

• Majapahit: Rajasa dynasty (complete list) –

• Prabu Udara, King (1489–1517)

• Tuban –

• Raden Arya Wilatikta, King (fl.1513)
• Kyai Arya Ngrasena, King (early 16th century)
• Kyai Arya Gegelang, King (early 16th century)
• Kyai Arya Batubang, King (mid 16th century)
• Pangeran Arya Balewot, King (mid 16th century)
• Pangeran Sekar Tanjung, King (late 16th century)
• Pangeran Ngangsar, King (late 16th century)
• Pangeran Arya Pamalad, King (fl.1587)
• Arya Salempe, King (16th/17th century)

• Demak Sultanate (complete list) –

• Raden Patah, Sultan (1475–1518)
• Pati Unus, Sultan (1518–1521)
• Trenggana, Sultan (1521–1546)
• Sunan Mukmin, Sultan (1546–1549)
• Arya Penangsang, Sultan (1549–1554)

• Giri –

• Sunan Giri, Sultan (1485–1506)
• Sunan Dalem, Sultan (1506–1545/46)
• Sunan Seda Margi, Sultan (1545/46–1548)
• Sunan Prapen, Sultan (1548–1605)

• Kingdom of Pajang (complete list) –

• Joko Tingkir, Sultan (c.1568–1586)

• Kalinyamat Sultanate –

• Hadlirin, Sultan (1527–1549)
• Ratu Kalinyamat, Queen (1549–1579)
• Pangeran Arya Jepara, Raja (1579–1599)

• Duchy of Surabaya (complete list) –

• Kyai Sinuhun Ngampeldenta, Adipati (fl.c.1500)[16]
• Pecat Tanda Terung, Adipati (fl.c.1513)
• Pangeran Tundungmusuh, Adipati (16th century)
• Pangeran Lena, Adipati (16th century)
• Pangeran Jebuk, Adipati (16th century)
• Pangeran Wanakrama, Adipati (late 16th century)
• Panembahan Rama, Adipati (16th/17th century)
• Pangeran Surabaya, Adipati (16th/17th century)

• Blambangan Kingdom (complete list) –

• Bima Koncar/Minak Sumedhe, King (15th/16th century)[17]
• Menak Pentor, King (fl.1513)
• Santaguna, King (fl.c.1575)
• N.N., King (fl.1588)
• N.N., King (?–1597)

• Pasuruan –

• Menak Sepetak, King (fl.1513)[18]
• Adipati Dengkol, King (16th century)

• Banten Sultanate (complete list) –

• Maulana Hasanuddin (c.1552–1570)[19]
• Maulana Yusuf, Sultan (c.1570–1580)
• Maulana Muhammad, Sultan (c.1580–1596)
• Pangeran Ratu, Sultan (1596–1651)

• Sultanate of Cirebon (complete list) –

• Sunan Gunungjati, Sultan (1479–1568)
• Fatahillah, General (1568–1570)
• Panembahan Ratu, Sultan (c.1570–1649)

• Bangkalan –

• Ki Pragalba, Sultan (?–1531)[20]
• Raden Pratanu, Sultan (1531–1592/96)
• Raden Kara, Sultan (1592/6–1621)

• Sumenep –

• Raden Tumenggung Kanduruwan, Sultan (?–1579)[21]
• Pangeran Ellor I, Sultan (c.1579–?)
• Pangeran Wetan, Sultan (c.1600)

• Mataram Sultanate (complete list) –

• Senopati, Sultan (1587–1601)

Indonesia: Sumatra

• Samudera Pasai Sultanate (complete list) –

• Adlullah, Sultan (1495–1506)
• Muhammad Syah III, Sultan (1506–1507)
• Abdullah, Sultan (1507–1509)
• Ahmad V, Sultan (1509–1514)
• Zainal Abidin IV, Sultan (1514–1517)

• Aceh Sultanate (complete list) –

• Ali Mughayat Syah, Sultan (c.1514–1530)
• Salahuddin, Sultan (1530–c.1537/39)
• Alauddin al-Kahar, Sultan (c.1537/39–1571)
• Ali Ri'ayat Syah I, Sultan (1571–1579)
• Muda, Sultan (1579)
• Sri Alam, Sultan (1579)
• Zainul Abidin, Sultan (1579)
• Alauddin Mansur Syah, Sultan (1579–1585/86)
• Buyung, Sultan (1585/86–1589)
• Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal, Sultan (1589–1604)

• Johor Sultanate (complete list) –

• Alauddin Riayat Shah II, Sultan (1528–1564)
• Muzaffar Shah II, Sultan (1564–1570)
• Abdul Jalil Shah I, Sultan (1570–1571)
• Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II, Sultan (1571–1597)
• Alauddin Riayat Shah III, Sultan (1597–1615)

• Sultanate of Langkat –

• Panglima Dewa Shahdan, Raja (1568–1580)
• Panglima Dewa Sakti, Raja (1580–1612)

• Riau-Lingga Sultanate (complete list) –

• Alauddin Riayat Shah II, Sultan (1528–1564)
• Muzaffar Shah II, Sultan (1564–1570)
• Abdul Jalil Shah I, Sultan (1570–1571)
• Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II, Sultan (1571–1597)
• Alauddin Riayat Shah III, Sultan (1597–1615)

Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)

• Negara Daha –

• Mangkubumi, Maharaja (15th/16th century)
• Tumenggung, Maharaja (?–1526)

• Sultanate of Banjar (complete list) –

• Suriansyah, Sultan (1520–1546)
• Rahmatullah, Sultan (1546–1570)
• Hidayatullah I, Sultan (1570–1595)
• Mustain Billah, Sultan (1595–1638)

• Sultanate of Sambas (complete list) –

• Timbang Paseban, Governor, Sultan (1600–1609)

• Sultanate of Bulungan –

• Datuk Mencang (Seorang bangsawan dari Brunei), beristrikan Asung Luwan, ruler (1555–1594)
• Singa Laut, Menantu dari Datuk Mencang, ruler (1594–1618)

Indonesia: Sulawesi

• Sultanate of Gowa –

• Batara Gowa, King (15th/16th century)
• Pakere Tau Tunijallo ri Passukki, King (c.1510)
• Tumapa'risi', King (c.1510–1546)
• Lakiung, King (1546–1565)
• Marompa, King (1565)
• Bontolangkasa, King (late 16th century)
• Tuni Pasulu, King (c.1593)
• Alau'ddin, Sultan (1593–1639)

• Luwu –

• Risaolebbi, Datu (1465–1507)
• Dewaraja, Datu (1507–1541)
• Tosangkawana, Datu (1541–1556)
• Maoge, Datu (1556–1571)
• E Tenri Rawe’, Datu (1571–1587)
• Andi Pattiware’ Daeng Parabung, Datu (1587–1615)

Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands

• Bali Kingdom: Gelgel (complete list) –

• Dalem Ketut, King (c.1520)
• Dalem Baturenggong, King (mid 16th century)
• Dalem Bekung, King (fl.1558–1578/1630s)
• Dalem Seganing, King (c.1580–1623 or ?–1650)

Indonesia: Maluku Islands

• Sultanate of Bacan (complete list) –

• Muhammad Bakir, Sultan (c.1500)[22]
• Zainal Abidin, Sultan (pre-1512–c.1557)
• Bayansirullah/ Dom João, Sultan (c.1557–1578/79)
• Dom Henrique, Sultan (1578/79–1581)
• Alauddin I, Sultan (1581–c.1609)

• Sultanate of Jailolo –

• Kaicil Yusuf, Sultan (fl.1514–1521)[23]
• Kaicil Firuz Alauddin, Sultan (c.1532–1536)
• Katarabumi, Sultan (1536–1552)
• Kaicili Guzarate, Sultan (1552–?)

• Sultanate of Tidore (complete list) –

• Jamaluddin/Ciri Leliati, Sultan (1495–1512)[24]
• Al-Mansur I, Sultan (before 1512–1526)
• Amiruddin Iskandar Dul-Karna’in, Sultan (1526–c.1560)
• Kie Mansur, Sultan (c.1560–?)
• Kaicili Bungua, Sultan (fl.1570)
• Gaua, Iskandar Sani, Sultan (pre-1582)
• Gapi Baguna, Sultan (pre-1582–1599)
• Mole Majimu, Sultan (1599–1627)

• Sultanate of Ternate (complete list) –

• Bayanullah, Sultan (1500–1522)
• Hidayatullah, Sultan (1522–1529)
• Abu Hayat, Sultan (1529–1533)
• Tabariji, Sultan (1533–1534)
• Khairun Jamil, Sultan (1535–1570)
• Babullah Datu Shah, Sultan (1570–1583)
• Said Barakat Shah, Sultan (1583–1606)

Laos

• Lan Xang (complete list) –

• Somphou, King (1496–1501)
• Visoun, King (1500–1520)
• Photisarath I, King (1520–1548)
• Setthathirath, King (1548–1571)
• Sen Soulintha, King (1571–1575)
• Voravongsa I, King (1575–1579)
• Sen Soulintha, King (1511–1580)
• Nakhon Noi, King (1582–1583)
• Nokeo Koumane, King (1591–1598)
• Voravongsa II, King (1598–1622)

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia

• Kedah Sultanate (complete list) –

• Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah I, Sultan (1473–1506)
• Mahmud Shah II, Sultan (1506–1547)
• Mudzaffar Shah III, Sultan (1547–1602)

• Kelantan Sultanate (complete list) –

Jambi dynasty

• Mansur Shah, Sultan (1467–1522)
• Gombak, Sultan (1522–1526)
• Ahmad Shah, Sultan (1526–1547)
• Mansur Shah, Sultan (1547–1561)
• Ibrahim, Sultan (1561–1565, 1570–1579)
• Umar bin Raja Ahmad, Raja (1565–1570)

Champa dynasty

• Addil ud-din, Sultan (1579–1597, 1602–1605)
• Muhammad ibni al-Marhum Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan (1597–1602)

• Malacca Sultanate

• Sultans –

• Mahmud Shah, Sultan (1488–1511, 1513–1528)
• Ahmad Shah, Sultan (1511–1513)

• Bendaharas –

• Tun Perpatih Putih, Bendahara (1498–1500)
• Tun Mutahir of Malacca, Bendahara (1500–1510)
• Paduka Tuan, Bendahara (1510–1511)

• Pahang Sultanate (complete list) –

• Abdul Jamil Shah, Sultan (1495–1512)
• Mansur Shah I, Sultan (1495–1519)
• Mahmud Shah, Sultan (1519–1530)
• Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1530–1540)
• Zainal Abidin Shah, Sultan (1540–1555)
• Mansur Shah II, Sultan (1555–1560)
• Abdul Jamal Shah, Sultan (1560–1575)
• Abdul Kadir Alauddin Shah, Sultan (1575–1590)
• Ahmad Shah II, Sultan (1590–1592)
• Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah, Sultan (1592–1614)

• Johor Sultanate (complete list) –

• Alauddin Riayat Shah III, Sultan (1597–1615)

• Perak Sultanate: Malacca dynasty (complete list) –

• Muzaffar Riayat Shah I, Sultan (1528–1549)
• Mansur Shah I, Sultan (1549–1577)
• Ahmad Tajuddin Shah, Sultan (1577–1584)
• Tajul Ariffin Shah, Sultan (1584–1594)
• Alauddin Riayat Shah I, Sultan (1594–1603)

Malaysian Borneo

• Sultanate of Sarawak –

• Tengah, Sultan (1599–1641)

Myanmar / Burma

• Kingdom of Ava (complete list) –

• Minkhaung II, King (1480–1501)
• Thihathura II, Co-King (1485–1501)
• Shwenankyawshin, King (1501–1527)
• Thohanbwa, King (1527–1542)
• Hkonmaing, King (1542–1545)
• Mobye Narapati, King (1545–1551)
• Sithu Kyawhtin, King (1551–1555)

• Mongyang State –

• Sawlon, Saopha (1500s–1533)

• Hanthawaddy Kingdom (complete list) –

• Binnya Ran II, King (c.1492–1526)
• Takayutpi, King (1526–1539)
• Smim Sawhtut, King (1550)
• Smim Htaw, King (1550–1552)

• Prome Kingdom (complete list) –

• Bayin Htwe, King (1526–1532)
• Narapati, King (1532–1539)
• Minkhaung, King (1539–1542)

• Kingdom of Mrauk U (complete list) –

• Salingathu, King (1494–1502)
• Raza, King (1502–1513)
• Gazapati, King (1513–1515)
• Saw O, King (1515)
• Thazata, King (1515–1521)
• Minkhaung, King (1521–1531)
• Min Bin, King (1531–1554)
• Dikkha, King (1554–1556)
• Saw Hla, King (1556–1564)
• Sekkya, King (1564–1572)
• Phalaung, King (1572–1593)
• Razagyi, King (1593–1612)

• Toungoo dynasty (complete list) –

• Mingyi Nyo, King (1510–1530)
• Tabinshwehti, King (1530–1550)
• Bayinnaung, King (1550–1581)
• Nanda, King (1581–1599)
• Nyaungyan, King (1599–1605)

Philippines

• Tondo (complete list) –

• Dayang Kalangitan, Queen (1450–c.1515)
• Sulaiman, Rajah (early 1500s)
• Ysmeria,[25] Princess (early 1500s)
• Matanda, Rajah (c.1521–1572)
• Lakandula, Lakan (c.1558–1571)
• Sulayman, Rajah (1571–1575)
• Magat Salamat, Datu (1575–1589)

• Rajahnate of Butuan (complete list) –

• Siagu, Rajah (?–1521)

• Namayan (complete list) –

• Tagkan, Lakan (15th/16th century)
• Palaba, ruler (mid 16th century)
• Laboy, ruler (mid 16th century)
• Kalamayin, Rajah (1570s)

• Dailisan, Datu (c.1563)

• Madja-as (complete list) –

• Padojinog, Datu (15th/16th century)
• Kabnayag, Datu (?–1565)
• Lubay, Datu (16th century)

• Rajahnate of Maynila (complete list) –

• Salalila, Rajah (pre-1521)
• unnamed, Queen (c.1521)
• Matanda, Rajah (pre-1521–1572)
• Sulayman, Rajah (c.1571)

• Rajahnate of Cebu –

• Parang the Limp, Rajah (15th/16th century)
• Humabon, Rajah (c.1521)
• Tupas, Rajah (?—1565)

• Sultanate of Sulu (complete list) –

• Kamal ud-Din, Sultan (1480–1505)
• Ala ud-Din, Sultan (?)
• Amir ul-Umara, Sultan (1505–1527)
• Muizz ul-Mutawadi-in, Sultan (1527–1548)
• Nasir ud-Din I, Sultan (1548–1568)
• Muhammad ul-Halim, Sultan (1568–1596)
• Batarah Shah Tengah, Sultan (1596–1608)

• Sultanate of Maguindanao (complete list) –

• Sharif Kabungsuwan, Sultan (1520–1543)
• Maka-alang Saripada, Sultan (1543–?)
• Datu Bangkaya, Sultan (?–1578)
• Dimasangcay Adel, Sultan (1578–1585)
• Gugu Sarikula, Sultan (1585–1597)
• Kapitan Laut Buisan, Sultan (1597–1619)

• Spanish East Indies, part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines (complete list) –

Colony, 1565–1901

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Thailand

• Lan Na (complete list) –

Mangrai dynasty

• Kaeo or Mueangkaeo, King (1495–1525)
• Ket or Muangketklao, King (1525–1538, 1543–1545)
• Saikham, King (1538–1543)
• Chiraprapha, Queen (1545–1546)
• Setthathirat, King (1546–1547)
• Mekuti, King (1551–1558)

Burmese rule

• Mekuti, independent King (1551–1558), King (1558–1564)
• Wisutthithewi, King (1565–1578)
• Nawrahta Minsaw, King (1579–1607/08)

• Ayutthaya Kingdom (complete list) –

Suphannaphum dynasty

• Ramathibodi II, King (1491–1529)
• Borommarachathirat IV, King (1529–1533)
• Ratsadathirat, King (1533/34)
• Chairachathirat, King (1534–1546)
• Yotfa, King (1546–1548)
• Worawongsathirat, King (1548)
• Maha Chakkraphat, King (1548–1564, 1568–1564)
• Mahinthrathirat, Vassal King (1564–1568), King (1569)

Sukhothai dynasty

• Mahathammarachathirat, King of Sukhothai (1548–1569), King of Ayutthaya (1569–1590)
• Naresuan, King of Sukhothai (1570–1590), King of Ayutthaya (1590–1605)

Vietnam

• Later Lê dynasty (complete list) –

• Lê Hiến Tông, Emperor (1497–1504)
• Lê Túc Tông, Emperor (1504–1504)
• Lê Uy Mục, Emperor (1505–1509)
• Lê Tương Dực, Emperor (1510–1516)
• Lê Quang Trị, Emperor (1516–1516)
• Lê Chiêu Tông, Emperor (1516–1522)
• Lê Bảng, Emperor (1518–1519)
• Lê Do, Emperor (1519–1519)
• Lê Cung Hoàng, Emperor (1522–1527)

• Mạc dynasty (complete list) –

• Mạc Thái Tổ, Emperor (1527–1529)
• Mạc Thái Tông, Emperor (1530–1540)
• Mạc Hiến Tông, Emperor (1541–1546)
• Mạc Chính Trung, Emperor (1546–1547)
• Mạc Tuyên Tông, Emperor (1546–1561)
• Mạc Mậu Hợp, Emperor (1562–1592)
• Mạc Toàn, Emperor (1592)
• Mạc Kính Chỉ, Emperor (1592–1593)
• Mạc Kính Cung, Emperor (1593–1625)

• Revival Lê dynasty (complete list) –

• Lê Trang Tông, Emperor (1533–1548)
• Lê Trung Tông, Emperor (1548–1556)
• Lê Anh Tông, Emperor (1556–1573)
• Lê Thế Tông, Emperor (1573–1599)
• Lê Kính Tông, Emperor (1600–1619)

• Nguyễn lords (complete list) –

• Nguyễn Hoàng, Lord (1558–1613)

• Trịnh lords (complete list) –

• Trịnh Kiểm, Lord (1545–1570)
• Trịnh Tùng, Lord (1570–1623)

Bengal

• Hussain Shahi dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate (complete list) –

• Alauddin Husain Shah, Sultan (1494–1519)
• Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah, Sultan (1519–1533)
• Alauddin Firuz Shah II, Sultan (1533)
• Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan (1533–1538)

• Muhammad Shah dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate (complete list) –

• Muhammad Khan Sur, Sultan (1554–1555
• Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II, Sultan (1555–1561
• Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah, Sultan (1561–1563
• Ghiyasuddin Shah III, Sultan (1563–1564)[26]

• Karrani dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate (complete list) –

• Taj Khan Karrani, Sultan (1564–1566)
• Sulaiman Khan Karrani, Sultan (1566–1572)
• Bayazid Khan Karrani, Sultan (1572)
• Daud Khan Karrani, Sultan (1572–1576)

• Bhurshut (complete list) –

• Maharaja Rudranarayan, Maharaja (16th century)
• Bhavashankari, Maharaja (16th century)

• Jaintia Kingdom

• Prabhat Roy, King (1500–1516)
• Majha Gosain, King (1516–1532)
• Burha Parbat Ray, King (1532–1548)
• Bar Gosain, King (1548–1564)
• Bijay Manik, King (1564–1580)
• Pratap Ray, King (1580–1596)
• Dhan Manik, King (1596–1612)

• Mallabhum (complete list) –

• Chandra Malla, King (1460–1501)
• Bir Malla, King (1501–1554)
• Dhari Malla, King (1554–1565)
• Bir Hambir, King (1565–1620)

• Twipra Kingdom

• Dhanya Manikya, King (1463-1515)

Maldives

• Sultanate of the Maldives: Hilaaly dynasty (complete list) –

• Hassan VII, Sultan (1510–1511)
• Sharif Ahmed, Sultan (1511–1513)
• Ali III, Sultan (1513)
• Kalu Mohamed, Sultan (1513–1529)
• Hassan VIII, Sultan (1529–1549)
• Mohamed III, Sultan (1549–1551)
• Hassan IX, Sultan (1551–1552)
• Aboobakuru II, Sultan (1554–1557)
• Ali IV, Sultan (1557–1558)
• Dom Manoel, King (1558–1573)
• Dom Manoel, King (1573–1583)
• Dom João, King (1583–1603)

Nepal

• Gorkha Kingdom –

• Dravya Shah, King (1559–1570)
• Purna Shah, King (1570–1605)
• Ganesh Pande, Kaji(Minister) (1559-1606)

Sri Lanka

• Kingdom of Sitawaka (complete list) –

• Mayadunne, King (1521-1581)
• Rajasinha I, King (1581-1593)

• Portuguese Ceylon (complete list) –

Colony, 1505–1658

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

• Kingdom of Kandy (complete list) –

• Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu, King (1473–1511)
• Jayaweera Astana, King (1511–1551)
• Karaliyadde Bandara, King (1551–1581)
• Dona Catherina, Queen (1581–1581)
• Rajasinha I, King (1581–1591)
• Vimaladharmasuriya I, King (1590–1604)

• Kingdom of Kotte (complete list) –

• Parakramabahu VIII, King (1484-1518)
• Dharma Parakramabahu IX, King (1509-1528)
• Vijayabahu VII, King (1509-1521)
• Bhuvanekabahu VII, King (1521-1551)
• Dharmapala, King (1551-1597)

• Kingdom of Sitawaka (complete list) –

• Mayadunne, King (1521-1581)
• Rajasinha I, King (1581-1593)

• Jaffna Kingdom (complete list) –

• Singai Pararasasegaram, King (1478–1519)
• Cankili I, King (1519–1561)
• Puviraja Pandaram, King (1561–1565)
• Periyapillai, King (1565–1582)
• Kasi Nayinar Pararacacekaran, King (1565-1570)
• Puviraja Pandaram, King (1582–1591)
• Ethirimana Cinkam, King (1591–1616)

Turkey

• Ottoman Empire

• Sultans –

• Bayezid II, Sultan (1481–1512)
• Selim I, Sultan (1512–1520)
• Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan (1520–1566)
• Selim II, Sultan (1566–1574)
• Murad III, Sultan (1574–1595)
• Mehmed III, Sultan (1595–1603)

• Grand Viziers –

• Yakub Pasha, Grand Vizier (1499–1501)
• Mesih Pasha, Grand Vizier (1501)
• Hadim Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1501–1503)
• Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1503–1506)
• Hadim Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1509–1511)
• Koca Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1511–1512)
• Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1512–1515)
• Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1515–1516)
• Hadım Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1516–1517)
• Yunus Pasha, Grand Vizier (1517)
• Piri Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1517–1523)
• Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1523–1536)
• Ayas Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1536–1539)
• Lütfi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1539–1541)
• Hadım Suleiman Pasha, Grand Vizier (1541–1544)
• Rüstem Pasha, Grand Vizier (1544–1553)
• Kara Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1553–1555)
• Rüstem Pasha, Grand Vizier (1555–1561)
• Semiz Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1561–1565)
• Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1565–1579)
• Şemsi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1579–1580)
• Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1580)
• Koca Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1580–1582)
• Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha, Grand Vizier (1582–1584)
• Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha, Grand Vizier (1584–1585)
• Hadim Mesih Pasha, Grand Vizier (1585–1586)
• Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha, Grand Vizier (1586–1589)
• Koca Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1589–1591)
• Serdar Ferhad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1591–1592)
• Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha, Grand Vizier (1592–1593)
• Koca Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1593–1595)
• Serdar Ferhad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1595)
• Lala Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1595)
• Koca Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1595–1596)
• Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1596)
• Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1596)
• Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1596–1597)
• Hadım Hasan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1597–1598)
• Cerrah Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1598–1599)
• Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1599–1601)

Yemen

• Kathiri State of Seiyun –

• Badr ibn 'Abdallah, Sultan (c.1516–c.1565)

• Yemeni Zaidi State –

• al-Mansur al-Qasim, Imam (1597-1620)

Scotland

• Kingdom of Scotland (complete list) –

• James IV, King (1488–1513)
• James V, King (1513–1542)
• Mary I, Queen (1542–1567)
• James VI, King (1567–1625)

Ireland

• Leinster (complete list) –

• Muircheartach mac Donnchadh mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1478–1512)
• Art Buidhe mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1512–1517)
• Gerald mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1517–1523)
• Muiris mac Domhnall Riabhach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1523–1531)
• Muircheartach mac Art Buidhe mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1531–1547)
• Muiris mac Domhnall Riabhach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1523–1531)
• Murchadh mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1531–1557)
• Criomthann mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1557–1582)
• Domhnall Spáinneach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1582–1603)

Holy Roman Empire in Germany

• Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany

• Emperors Elect, Kings –

• Maximilian I, Emperor Elect (1508–1519), King (1486–1519)
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1530–1556), King (1519–1556)
• Ferdinand I, Emperor Elect (1558–1564), King (1531–1564)
• Maximilian II, Emperor Elect (1564–1576), King (1562–1576)
• Rudolph II, Emperor Elect (1576–1612), King (1575–1612)

• Reichsvizekanzlers: Vice Chancellors –

• Balthasar Merklin, Vice Chancellor (1527–1531)
• Matthias von Held, Vice Chancellor (1531–1541)
• Johann von Naves, Vice Chancellor (1541–1547)
• Jakob von Jonas, Vice Chancellor (1547–1558)
• Georg Sigmund Seld, Vice Chancellor (1559–1563)
• Johann Ulrich Zasius, Vice Chancellor (1566–1570)
• Siegmund Vieheuser, Vice Chancellor (1577–1587)
• Jacob Kurz von Senftenau, Vice Chancellor (1587–1594)
• Johann Wolfgang Freymann, Vice Chancellor (1594–1597)
• Rudolf Coraduz von und zu Nußdorf, Vice Chancellor (1597–1606)

Bohemia, Hungary

• Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)/(1526–1867) (complete list, complete list) –

• Vladislaus II, King of Bohemia (1471–1516), of Hungary (1490–1516)
• Louis, King (1516–1526)
• John, contested King of Hungary (1526–1540)
• John Sigismund, contested King of Hungary (1540–1551, 1556–1570)
• Ferdinand I, King (1526–1564)
• Maximilian, King of Bohemia (1562–1576), of Hungary (1564–1576)
• Rudolph II, King of Bohemia (1576–1611), of Hungary (1576–1608)

Poland

• Kingdom of Poland (complete list) –

• John I Albert, King (1492–1501)
• Alexander, King (1501–1506), Grand Duke (1492–1506)
• Sigismund I the Old, King (1506–1548), Grand Duke (1506–1548)
• Sigismund II Augustus, King (1530–1572), Grand Duke (1530–1572)

• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: Kingdom of Poland (complete list) –

• Sigismund II Augustus, King and Grand Duke (1530–1572)
• Henry of Valois, King and Grand Duke (1573–1575)
• Anna Jagiellon, Queen and Grand Duchess (1575–1586)
• Stephen Báthory, King and Grand Duke (1576–1586)
• Sigismund III Vasa, King and Grand Duke (1587–1632)

Prussia

• State of the Teutonic Order (complete list) –

• Frederick, Duke of Saxony, Grand Master (1497–1510)
• Albert, Grand Master (1510–1525), Duke (1525–1568)

• Duchy of Prussia (complete list) –

• Albert, Grand Master (1510–1525), Duke (1525–1568)
• Albert Frederick, Duke (1568–1618)

Austrian

• Archduchy of Austria (complete list) –

• Ladislaus I the Posthumous, Duke (1440–1453), Archduke (1453–1457)
• Frederick V the Peaceful, Archduke (1457–1493)
• Maximilian I the Last Knight, Archduke (1493–1519)
• Charles I, Archduke (1519–1521)
• Ferdinand I, Archduke (1521–1564)
• Maximilian II, Archduke (1564–1576)
• Rudolf V, Archduke (1576–1608)

• Prince-Bishopric of Brixen (complete list) –

• Melchior von Meckau, Prince-bishop (1488–1509)
• Christoph of Schroffenstein, Prince-bishop (1509–1521)
• Sebastian Sprenz, Prince-bishop (1521–1525)
• George of Austria, Prince-bishop (1525–1539)
• Bernardo Clesio, Prince-bishop (1539)
• Christoph Fuchs of Fuchsberg, Prince-bishop (1539–1542)
• Cristoforo Madruzzo, Prince-bishop (1542–1578)
• Johann Thomas of Spaur, Prince-bishop (1578–1591)
• Andrew of Burgau, Prince-bishop (1591–1600)

• Duchy of Carinthia (complete list) –

• Maximilian I, Duke (1493–1519)
• Charles I, Duke (1519–1521)
• Ferdinand I, Duke (1521–1564)
• Charles II, Duke (1564–1590)
• Ferdinand II, Duke (1590–1637)

• Prince-Bishopric of Chur (complete list) –

• Heinrich V. von Hewen, Prince-bishop (1491–1505)
• Paul Ziegler, Administrator (1505–1509), Administrator (1509–1541)
• Lucius Iter, Prince-bishop (1541–1549)
• Thomas Planta, Prince-bishop (1549–1565)
• Beatus a Porta, Prince-bishop (1565–1581)
• Peter de Raschèr, Prince-bishop (1581–1601)

• Principality of Heitersheim of the Knights Hospitaller (complete list) –

• Duchy of Styria (complete list) –

• Maximilian I, Duke (1493–1519)
• Charles I, Duke (1519–1521)
• Ferdinand I, Duke (1521–1564)
• Charles II, Duke (1564–1590)
• Ferdinand II, Duke (1590–1637)

• Prince-Bishopric of Trent (complete list) –

• Ulrich IV von Liechtenstein, Prince-bishop (1493–1505)
• George II von Neideck, Prince-bishop (1505–1514)
• Bernardo Clesio, Prince-bishop (1514–1539)
• Cristoforo Madruzzo, Prince-bishop (1539–1567)
• Ludovico Madruzzo, Prince-bishop (1567–1600)
• Carlo Gaudenzio Madruzzo, Prince-bishop (1600–1629)

• County of Tyrol (complete list) –

• Maximilian I, Count (1490–1519)

Bavarian

• Duchy of Bavaria: Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Munich, Bavaria-Dachau (complete list) –

• Sigismund, co-Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1460–1467), Duke of Bavaria-Dachau (1467–1501)
• George I the Rich, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut (1479–1503)
• Albert IV the Wise, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1465–1505), of Bavaria (1505–1508)
• William IV the Steadfast, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1460–1508), of Bavaria-Landshut (1503–1508), of Bavaria (1508–1550)
• Louis X, co-Duke (1516–1545)
• Albert V the Magnanimous, Duke (1550–1579)
• William V the Pious, Duke (1579–1597)
• Maximilian I, Duke (1597–1623), Elector (1623–1651)

• Berchtesgaden Prince-Provostry (complete list) –

• Balthasar Hirschauer, Provost (1496–1508)
• Gregor Rainer, Provost (1508–1522)
• Wolfgang I Lenberger, Provost (1523–1541)
• Wolfgang II Griestätter, Provost (1541–1559), Prince-provost (1559–1567)
• Jakob II Putrich, Prince-provost (1567–1594)
• Ferdinand of Bavaria, Prince-provost (1594–1650)

• Imperial County of Ortenburg (complete list) –

• Wolfgang, Count (1490–1519)
• Ulrich II, Count (1519–1524)
• Christoph, Count (1524–1551)
• Joachim, Count (1551–1600)
• Henry VII, Count (1600–1603)

• Pappenheim (complete list) –

• William, Lord (1482–1508)
• Joachim, Lord (1508–1536)
• Wolfgang I, Lord (1536–1558)
• Christopher, Lord (1558–1569)
• Wolfgang II, Lord (1558–1585)
• Philip, Lord (1558–1619)

• Palatinate-Sulzbach (complete list) –

• Karl Theodor, Count Palatine and Duke of Palatinate-Sulzbach (1733–1799)

Burgundian

• County of Burgundy (complete list) –

• Philip VI the Handsome, Count (1482–1506)
• Charles II, Count (1506–1556)
• Philip VII, Count (1556–1598)
• Isabella Clara Eugenia, Countess, and [Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Albert]], Count (1598–1621)

• Duchy of Brabant (complete list) –

• Philip III, Duke (1494–1506)
• Charles II, Duke (1506–1555)
• Philip IV, Duke (1555–1598)
• Isabella Clara Eugenia, Duchess, Albert, Duke (1598–1621)

• Duchy of Guelders (complete list) –

• Charles II, Duke (1492–1538)
• William II, Duke (1538–1543)
• Charles V, Duke (1543–1555)
• Philip II, Duke (1555–1598)

• Duchy of Luxemburg (complete list) –

• Philip II, Duke (1482–1506)
• Charles III, Duke (1506–1556)
• Philip III, Duke (1556–1598)
• Isabella Clara Eugenia, Duchess, and Albert, Duke (1598–1621)

• Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht (complete list) –

• Frederick IV of Baden, Prince-bishop (1496–1517)
• Philip of Burgundy (1517–1524)
• Henry of the Palatinate, Prince-bishop (1524–1528)

Franconian

• County of Castell (complete list) –

• George I, Count (1498–1528)
• Wolfgang I, Count (1498–1546)
• Conrad II, Count (1546–1577)
• Frederick XI, Count (1546–1552)
• Henry IV, Count (1546–1595)
• George II, Count (1546–1597)

partitioned into Castell-Remlingen and Castell-Rüdenhausen

• Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg (complete list) –

• Lorenz von Bibra, Prince-bishop (1495–1519)
• Konrad von Thüngen, Prince-bishop (1519–1540)
• Conrad von Bibra, Prince-bishop (1540–1544)
• Melchior Zobel von Giebelstadt, Prince-bishop (1544–1558)
• Friedrich von Wirsberg, Prince-bishop (1558–1573)
• Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, Prince-bishop (1573–1617)

Electoral Rhenish

• County/ Duchy of Arenberg (complete list) –

• Eberhard IV (1496–1531)

• Elector-Bishopric of Mainz (complete list) –

• Berthold von Henneberg, Archbishop-elector (1484–1504)
• Jakob von Liebenstein, Archbishop-elector (1504–1508)
• Uriel von Gemmingen, Archbishop-elector (1508–1514)
• Albert of Brandenburg, Archbishop-elector (1514–1545)
• Sebastian von Heusenstamm, Archbishop-elector (1545–1555)
• Daniel Brendel von Homburg, Archbishop-elector (1555–1582)
• Wolfgang von Dalberg, Archbishop-elector (1582–1601)

• Electoral Palatinate (complete list) –

Palatinate-Neuburg

Palatinate-Simmern

Palatinate-Veldenz

Palatinate-Veldenz-Gutenberg

Palatinate-Veldenz-Lützelstein

Palatinate-Zweibrücken

Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld

Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein

• Philip I the Upright, Elector (1476–1508)
• John I, Count Palatine of Simmern (1480–1509)
• Alexander I the Lame, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1489–1514)
• Philip I the Warlike, co-Count Palatine of Neuburg (1505–1541)
• Otto Henry I the Magnanimous, Count Palatine of Neuburg (1505–1557)
• Louis V the Pacific, Elector (1508–1544)
• John II, Count Palatine of Simmern (1509–1557)
• Louis II the Younger, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1514–1532)
• Robert I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1532–1543)
• Robert I, Count Palatine of Veldenz (1543–1544)
• Wolfgang I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1532–1569)
• Wolfgang I, Count Palatine of Neuburg (1557–1569)
• Frederick III the Wise, Elector (1544–1556)
• George John I the Astute, Count Palatine of Veldenz (1560–1592)
• Otto Henry I the Magnanimous, Elector (1556–1559)
• Frederick III the Pious, Count Palatine of Simmern (1557–1559)
• Frederick III the Pious, Elector (1559–1576)
• George, Count Palatine of Simmern (1559–1569)
• Richard, Count Palatine of Simmern (1569–1598)
• John I the Lame, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1569–1604)
• Frederick I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein (1569–1597)
• Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1569–1604)
• Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (1569–1600)
• Philip Louis, Count Palatine of Neuburg (1569–1604)
• Louis VI the Careless, Elector (1576–1583)
• Frederick IV the Righteous, Elector (1583–1610)
• Anna of Sweden, Regent (1592–1598)
• George Gustavus, Count Palatine of Veldenz (1598–1634)
• John Augustus, Count Palatine of Veldenz-Lützelstein (1598–1611)
• Louis Philip I, Count Palatine of Veldenz-Gutenberg (1598–1601)
• George John II, Count Palatine of Veldenz-Gutenberg (1598–1654)

• Elector-Bishopric of Trier (complete list) –

• Johann II of Baden, Archbishop-elector (1456–1503)
• Jakob von Baden, Archbishop-elector (1503–1511)
• Richard von Greiffenklau zu Vollrads, Archbishop-elector (1511–1531)
• Johann von Metzenhausen, Archbishop-elector (1531–1540)
• Johann Ludwig von Hagen, Archbishop-elector (1540–1547)
• John of Isenburg-Grenzau, Archbishop-elector (1547–1556)
• Johann von der Leyen, Archbishop-elector (1556–1567)
• Jakob von Eltz-Rübenach, Archbishop-elector (1567–1581)
• Johann von Schönenberg, Archbishop-elector (1581–1599)
• Lothar von Metternich, Archbishop-elector (1599–1623)

Lower Rhenish–Westphalian

• Duchy of Cleves, County of Mark (complete list, complete list) –

• John II the Pious, Duke of Cleves, Countof Mark (1481–1521)
• John III the Peaceful, Duke of Cleves, Count of Mark (1521–1539)
• William the Rich, Duke of Cleves, Count of Mark (1539–1592)
• John William, Duke of Cleves, Count of Mark (1592–1609)

• Essen Abbey (complete list) –

• Meina von Daun-Oberstein, Princess-Abbess (1489–1521)
• Margarete II von Beichlingen, Princess-Abbess (1521–1534)
• Sibylle von Montfort, Princess-Abbess (1534–1551)
• Katharina von Tecklenburg, Princess-Abbess (1551–1560)
• Maria von Spiegelberg, Princess-Abbess (1560–1561)
• Irmgard von Diepholz, Princess-Abbess (1561–1575)
• Elisabeth VI von Manderscheid-Blankenheim-Gerolstein, Princess-Abbess (1575–1578)
• Elisabeth VII von Sayn, Princess-Abbess (1578–1588)
• Elisabeth VIII von Manderscheid-Blankenheim, Princess-Abbess (1588–1598)
• Margarete Elisabeth von Manderscheid-Blankenheim, Princess-Abbess (1598–1604)

• Herford Abbey (complete list) –

• Bonizet of Limburg-Stirum, Abbess (1494–1524)
• Anna II of Limburg, Abbess (1524–1565)
• Margaret II of Lippe, Abbess (1565–1578)
• Felicitas I of Eberstein, Abbess (1578–1586)
• Magdalene I of Lippe, Abbess (1586–1604)

• Limburg-Styrum (complete list)

• Styrum (complete list) –

• Prince-Bishopric of Münster (complete list) –

• Conrad II of Rietberg, Prince-bishop (1497–1508)
• Eric II of Saxe-Lauenburg, Prince-bishop (1508–1522)
• Frederick III, Prince-bishop (1522–1532)
• Eric of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, Prince-bishop (1532–1532)
• Francis von Waldeck, Prince-bishop (1532–1553)
• William of Ketteler, Prince-bishop (1553–1557)
• Bernhard of Raesfeld, Prince-bishop (1557–1566)
• John II of Hoya, Prince-bishop (1566–1574)
• John William, Prince-bishop (1574–1585)
• Ernest of Bavaria, Prince-bishop (1585–1612)

• County of Sayn (complete list) –

• Gerard III, co-Count (1493–1506)
• Sebastian I, Count (1493–1598)
• John IV, co-Count (1498–1529)
• John V, co-Count (1529–1560)
• Sebastian II, co-Count (1529–1573)
• Adolph, co-Count (1560–1568)
• Herman, co-Count (1560–1571)
• Henry IV, co-Count (1560–1606)

• County of Wied (complete list) –

• William III (Count of Mörs), Count (1487–1526)
• John I, Count (1526–1533)
• Philip, Count (1533–1535)
• John II, Count (1535–1581)
• Herman I, Count (1581–1591)
• William IV, Count (1581–1612)

Upper Rhenish

• Duchy of Bar (complete list) –

• René II, Duke (1483–1508)

• Prince-Bishopric of Basel (complete list) –

• Caspar von Mühlhausen, Prince-bishop (1479–1502)
• Christoph von Utenheim, Prince-bishop (1502–1527)
• Philippe von Gundelsheim, Prince-bishop (1527–1533)
• Melchior von Lichtenfels, Prince-bishop (1554–1575)
• Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee, Prince-bishop (1575–1608)

• Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt (complete list) –

• Ernst Ludwig (1678–1739)

• Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (complete list) –

• Karl (1670–1730)

• Leiningen-Westerburg (complete list: de) –

• Reinhard I, Count (?–1522)
• Kuno II, Count (1522–1547)

• Westerburg-Leiningen-Westerburg (de:complete list) –

• Reinhard II, Count (1547–1584)
• Albrecht Philipp, Count (1584–1597)
• Johann Ludwig, Count (1597)

• Westerburg-Leiningen-Leiningen (complete list: de) –

• Philipp I, Count (1547–1597)
• Louis, Count (1597–1622)

• Leiningen-Schaumburg (de:complete list) –

• George I, Count (1547–1586)
• Philipp Jacob, Count (1586–1612)

• Leiningen-Hardenburg (de:complete list) –

• Emich VIII, Count (1495–1535)[27]
• Emich IX, Count (1535–1541)
• Johann Philipp I, Count (1539–1562)[27]
• Emich XII, Count (1562–1607)

• Duchy of Lorraine (complete list) –

• René II, Duke (1473–1508)
• Antoine, Duke (1508–1544)
• Francis I, Duke (1544–1545)
• Charles III, Duke (1545–1608)

• Salm-Salm (complete list) –

• Nicholas Leopold (1738–1770)

• Prince-Bishopric of Speyer (complete list) –

• Ludwig of Helmstädt, Prince-bishop (1478–1504)
• Philip I of Rosenberg, Prince-bishop (1504–1513)
• George, Count Palatine by Rhine, Prince-bishop (1513–1529)
• Philip II of Flersheim, Prince-bishop (1529–1552)
• Rudolf of Frankenstein, Prince-bishop (1552–1560)
• Marquard Freiherr of Hattstein, Prince-bishop (1560–1581)
• Eberhard of Dienheim, Prince-bishop (1581–1610)

• County of Waldeck-Landau, Newer Line –

• John I, Count (1539–1567)
• Philip VI, Count (1567–1579)
• Francis III, Count (1579–1597)

• County of Waldeck-Eisenberg –

• Philip II, Regent (1475–1486), Count (1486–1524)
• Philip III, Count (1524–1539)
• Wolrad II, Count (1539–1578)
• Josias I, Count (1578–1588)
• Christian, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1588–1607), of Waldeck-Wildungen (1607–1637)

• County of Waldeck-Widlungen, Older Line –

• Henry VIII, Count of Waldeck-Waldeck (1475–1486), of Waldeck-Widlungen (1486–1512)
• Philipp IV, Count (1513–1574)
• Daniel, Count (1574–1577)
• Henry IX, Count (1577)
• Günther, Count (1577–1585)
• Wilhelm Ernst, Count (1585–1598)

• Prince-Bishopric of Worms (complete list) –

• Johann von Dalberg, Prince-bishop (1482–1503)
• Reinhard von Rüppurr, Prince-bishop (1503–1523)
• Henry of the Palatinate, Prince-bishop (1523–1552)
• Dietrich von Rothenstein, Prince-bishop (1552–1580)
• Georg von Schönenberg, Prince-bishop (1580–1595)
• Philipp von Rothenstein, Prince-bishop (1595–1604)

Lower Saxon

• Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (complete list) –

• John III, Prince-archbishop (1497–1511)
• Christopher the Spendthrift, Prince-archbishop (1511–1542/1547, 1549–1558)
• George of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Wolfenbüttel line), Prince-archbishop (1558–1566 )
• Henry III, Prince-archbishop (1568–1585)
• John Adolphus of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-archbishop (1589–1596)
• John Frederick, Prince-archbishop (1596–1634)

• Free City of Hamburg (complete list) –

• Johann Spreckelsen, Mayor (1512)
• Nicolaus Thode, Mayor (1517)
• Thidericus Hohusen, Mayor (1517)
• Mayorship unoccupied (1519–1520), Dietrich Hohusen, Second Mayor (1517–1546)[28]
• Erhard vom Holte, Mayor (1520–1529)[28]
• Hinrich Salsborg, Mayor (1523)
• Johann Hülpe, Mayor (1524)
• Johann Wetken, Mayor (1529–1533)[28]
• Paul Grote, Mayor (1531)
• Albert Westede, Mayor (1533–1538)[28]
• Johann Rodenborg, Mayor (1536)
• Peter von Spreckelsen, Mayor (1538–1553)[28]
• Jürgen Plate, Mayor (1546)
• Matthias Rheder, Mayor (1547)
• Ditmar Koel, Mayor (1548)
• Albert Hackmann, Mayor (1553–1580)[28]
• Mayorship unoccupied (1580–1581), Paul Grote, Second Mayor (1580–1584)[28]
• Lorenz Niebur, Mayor (1557)
• Hermann Wetken, Mayor (1564)
• Eberhard Moller, Mayor (1571)
• Paul Grote, Mayor (1580)
• Johann Niebur, Mayor (1557)[28]
• Nicolaus Vögeler, Mayor (1581)
• Joachim vom Kape, Mayor (1588)
• Diedrich von Eitzen, Mayor (1589)
• Mayorship unoccupied (1590–1591), Joachim von Kape, Second Mayor (1588–1594)[28]
• Erich von der Fechte, Mayor (1591–1613)[28]
• Joachim Bekendorp, Mayor (1593)
• Diederich vom Holte, Mayor (1595)
• Vincent Moller, Mayor (1599)

• Holstein-Glückstadt (complete list) –

• Friedrich V (1746–1766)

• Holstein-Gottorp (complete list) –

• Karl Peter Ulrich (1739–1762)

• Prince-bishopric of Lübeck (complete list) –

• Theodoric II, Prince-bishop (1492–1506)
• Wilhem Westphal, Prince-bishop (1506–1509)
• John VIII, Prince-bishop (1510–1523)
• Henry III, Prince-bishop (1523–1535)
• Detlev von Reventlow, Prince-bishop (1535–1535)
• Balthasar Rantzau, Prince-bishop (1536–1547)
• Jodokus Hodfilter, Prince-bishop (1547–1551)
• Theodoric III, Prince-bishop (1551–1554)
• sede vacante, Prince-bishop (1554–1556)
• Andreas von Barby, Prince-bishop (1556–1559)
• John IX, Prince-bishop (1559–1561)
• Eberhard II, Prince-bishop (1561–1586)
• John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-bishop (1586–1607)

• Prince-Archbishopric of Magdeburg and of Halberstadt (complete list) –

• Ernest II of Saxony, Prince-archbishop of Magdeburg (1475–1513), Administor of Halberstadt (1480–1513)
• Albert IV of Brandenburg, Prince-archbishop, Administor (1513–1545)
• John Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Prince-archbishop, Administor (1545–1551)
• Frederick IV of Brandenburg, Prince-archbishop, Administor (1551–1552)
• Sigismund of Brandenburg, Prince-archbishop, Administor (1552–1566)
• Joachim Frederick, Prince-archbishop (1566–1598)
• Christian William of Brandenburg, Prince-archbishop (1598–1631)

Upper Saxon

• Duchy of Saxony (complete list) –

• Albert III, Duke (1464–1500)
• George, Duke (1500–1539)
• Henry IV, Duke (1539–1541)
• Maurice, Duke (1541–1547)
• John Frederick I, Duke (1547–1554)
• John Frederick II, Duke (1554–1566)
• Johann Wilhelm, Duke (1566–1572)

• Barby-Barby (complete list) –

• Burchard IV, Count of Barby-Barby (1493–1506)

• Barby-Mühlingen (complete list) –

• Electorate of Brandenburg (complete list) –

• Joachim I Nestor, Elector (1499–1535)
• Joachim II Hector, Elector (1535–1571)
• John George, Elector (1571–1598)
• Joachim Frederick, Elector (1598–1608)

• Brandenburg-Ansbach (complete list) –

• Frederick the Elder, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1486–1536), of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1495–1515)
• George I the Pious, Regent of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1527–1541), Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1536–1543)
• Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg, Regent (1543–c.1548)
• Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, Regent (1543–c.1548)
• John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, Regent (1543–1547)
• Maurice, Elector of Saxony, Regent (1547–c.1548)
• George Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1543–1603), of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1553–1603)

• Brandenburg-Kulmbach (Brandenburg-Bayreuth) (complete list) –

• Frederick the Elder, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1486–1536), of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1495–1515)
• Casimir, Margrave (1515–1527)
• George I the Pious, Regent of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1527–1541), Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1536–1543)
• Albert Alcibiades, Margrave (1527–1553)
• George Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1543–1603), of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1553–1603)

• Brandenburg-Küstrin –

• John VIII, Margrave (1535–1571)

• Duchy of Pomerania, Pomerania-Wolgast, Pomerania-Barth (complete list) –

• Bogislaw X the Great, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast and Pomerania-Stettin (1474–1478), of Pomerania (1478–1523)
• George I, co-Duke of Pomerania (1523–1531)
• Barnim IX the Pious, co-Duke of Pomerania (1523–1532), Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (1532–1569)
• Philip I the Pious, co-Duke of Pomerania (1531–1532), Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (1532–1560)
• Ernst Ludwig the Fair, co-Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (1560–1569), Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (1569–1592)
• John Frederick the Strong, co-Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (1560–1569), co-Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (1569–1600)
• Barnim X the Younger, co-Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (1560–1569), Duke of Pomerania-Rügenwalde (1569–1603), of Pomerania-Stettin (1600–1603)
• Bogislaw XIII, co-Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (1560–1569), co-Duke of Pomerania-Barth (1569–1603), of Pomerania-Stettin (1603–1606)
• Philip Julius, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (1592–1625)

• Pomerania-Stettin, Pomerania-Rügenwalde (complete list) –

• Barnim IX the Pious, co-Duke of Pomerania (1523–1532), Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (1532–1569)
• John Frederick the Strong, co-Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (1560–1569), co-Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (1569–1600)
• Barnim X the Younger, co-Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (1560–1569), Duke of Pomerania-Rügenwalde (1569–1603), of Pomerania-Stettin (1600–1603)

• Saxe-Eisenach (complete list) –

• John William III (1698–1729)

• Saxe-Lauenburg (complete list) –

• John V,[29] Duke (1463–1507)
• Magnus I, Duke (1507–1543)
• Francis I,[30] Duke (1543–1571, 1573–1581)
• Magnus II,[31] Duke (1571–1573)
• Francis II,[32] Duke (1578–1619)
• Maurice, Duke (1581–1612)

• Saxe-Weimar (complete list) –

• William Ernest (1683–1728)

• Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (complete list) –

• Johann Friedrich (1744–1767)

• Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (complete list) –

• Heinrich XXXV (1740–1758)

• Stolberg-Stolberg (complete list) –

• Henry IX, Count of Stolberg-Stolberg (1455–1511)

• Landgraviate of Thuringia (complete list) –

• Frederick VI, Landgrave (1486–1525)
• John, Landgrave (1525–1532)
• John Frederick I, Landgrave (1532–1547)
• John Ernest, Landgrave (1542–1553)
• John Frederick II, Landgrave (1554–1566)
• John William, Landgrave (1554–1572)

Swabian

• Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg (complete list) –

• Friedrich von Hohenzollern, Prince-bishop (1486–1505)
• Heinrich von Lichtenau, Prince-bishop (1505–1517)
• Christoph von Stadion, Prince-bishop (1517–1543)
• Otto Truchsess von Waldburg, Prince-bishop (1543–1573)
• Johann Eglof von Knöringen, Prince-bishop (1573–1575)
• Marquard von Berg, Prince-bishop (1575–1591)
• Johann Otto von Gemmingen, Prince-bishop (1591–1598)
• Heinrich von Knöringen, Prince-bishop (1599–1646)

• Margraviate of Baden-Sausenberg (complete list) –

• Philip I, Margrave (1487–1503)

then inherited by Christoph I to unite Baden

• Margraviate of Baden/ Margraviate of Baden-Baden (complete list) –

• Christopher I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1475–1503), of Baden (1503–1515)
• Philip I, Margrave of Baden (1515–1533)
• Bernard III, co-Margrave of Baden (1515–1533), Margrave of Baden-Baden (1533–1536)
• Ernest I, co-Margrave of Baden (1515–1533), Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1533–1553)
• Franziska of Luxembourg-Ligny, Regent? (1536–1554)
• Philibert I, Margrave (1554–1569)
• Albert V, Duke of Bavaria, Regent (1569–c.1577)
• Philip III, Margrave (1569–1588)
• Edward Fortunatus, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (1575–1588), Margrave of Baden-Baden (1588–1596)
• Ernest Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1577–1604), of Baden-Baden (1594–1604), Regent of Baden-Hachberg (1590–1591)

• Margraviate of Baden-Durlach (or Baden-Pforzheim) (complete list) –

• Ernest I, co-Margrave of Baden (1515–1533), Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1533–1553)
• Bernard IV, Margrave (1552–1553)
• Charles II, Margrave (1553–1577)
• Louis VI, Elector Palatine, Regent (1577–1583)
• Anna of Veldenz, Regent (1577–1584)
• Louis III, Duke of Württemberg, Regents (1577–1584)
• Ernest Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1577–1604), of Baden-Baden (1594–1604), Regent of Baden-Hachberg (1590–1591)

• Margraviate of Baden-Hachberg (complete list) –

• James III, Margrave (1577–1590)
• Ernest Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1577–1604), of Baden-Baden (1594–1604), Regent of Baden-Hachberg (1590–1591)
• Ernest James, Margrave (1590–1591)

• Margraviate of Baden-Rodemachern (complete list) –

• Christopher II, Margrave (1556–1575)
• Edward Fortunatus, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (1575–1588), Margrave of Baden-Baden (1588–1596)
• Philip IV, Margrave (1588–1620)

• Prince-Bishopric of Constance (complete list) –

• Hugo von Hohenlandenberg, Prince-bishop (1496–1529; 1531/2)
• Balthasar Merklin, Prince-bishop (1530–1531)
• Johann von Lupfen, Prince-bishop (1532–1537)
• Johann von Weeze, Prince-bishop (1537–1548)
• Christoph Metzler, Prince-bishop (1549–1561)
• Mark Sittich von Hohenems, Prince-bishop (1561–1589)
• Margrave Andrew of Burgau, Prince-bishop (1589–1600)

• Prince-Provostry of Ellwangen (complete list) –

• Albrecht V of Rechberg, Prince-provost (1461–1502)
• Bernhard of Westerstetten, Prince-provost (1502–1503)
• Albrecht VI Thumb of Neuburg, Prince-provost (1503–1521)
• Henry of the Palatinate, Prince-provost (1551–1552)
• Otto Truchsess von Waldburg, Prince-provost (1553–1573)
• Christoph of Freyberg-Eisenberg, Prince-provost (1573–1584)
• Wolfgang of Hausen, Prince-provost (1584–1603)

• Hohenzollern-Hechingen (complete list) –

• Friedrich Ludwig (1735–1750)

• Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (complete list) –

• Joseph Friedrich (1715–1769)

• Princely Abbey of Kempten (complete list) –

• de:Johann von Riedheim 1481–1507)
• Johann Rudolf of Raitenau, Prince-abbot (1507–1523)
• de:Sebastian von Breitenstein 1523–1536)
• de:Wolfgang von Grünenstein 1536–1557)
• de:Georg von Gravenegg-Burchberg 1557–1571)
• Eberhard V of Stein, Prince-abbot (1571–1584)
• Adalbert IV of Hoheneck, Prince-abbot (1584–1587)
• de:Johann Erhard Blarer von Wartensee 1587–1594)
• Johann Adam Renner of Allmendingen, Prince-abbot (1594–1607)

• Duchy of Württemberg (complete list) –

• Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg, Duke (1498–1519, 1534–1550)
• Christoph, Duke of Württemberg, Duke (1550–1568)
• Louis III, Duke of Württemberg, Duke (1569–1593)
• Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg, Duke (1593–1608)

• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: Grand Duchy of Lithuania (complete list) –

• Sigismund II Augustus, King and Grand Duke (1530–1572)
• Henry of Valois, King and Grand Duke (1573–1575)
• Anna Jagiellon, Queen and Grand Duchess (1575–1586)
• Stephen Báthory, King and Grand Duke (1576–1586)
• Sigismund III Vasa, King and Grand Duke (1587–1632)

• Grand Duchy of Moscow (complete list) –

• Ivan III the Great, Grand prince (1462–1505)
• Vasily III, Grand prince (1505–1533)
• Ivan IV the Terrible, Grand prince (1533–1547), Tsar (1547–1584)

• Tsardom of Russia (complete list) –

• Ivan IV the Terrible, Grand prince (1533–1547), Tsar (1547–1584)
• Feodor I, Tsar (1584–1598)
• Boris Godunov, Tsar (1598–1605)

• Kalmar Union (complete list / complete list) –

• John, King (1483–1513)
• Christian II, King (1513–1523)

• Denmark–Norway (complete list / complete list) –

• Frederick I, King (1523–1533)
• Olav Engelbrektsson, Regent (1533–1537)
• Christian III, King (1537–1559)
• Frederick II, King (1559–1588)
• Christian IV, King (1588–1648)

States of Italy in 1494.

Holy Roman Empire in Italy

• Duchy of Mantua (complete list) –

• Vincenzo I Gonzaga (1587–1612)

• Duchy of Milan (complete list) –

• Louis XII of France, Duke (1499–1512)
• Maximilian Sforza, Duke (1512–1515)
• Francis I of France, Duke (1515–1521)
• Francesco II Sforza, Duke (1522–1535)

In 1535 the vacant duchy was annexed by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

• Philip, Prince of Asturias, Duke (1555–1598)

From 1556 to 1707 Milan was ruled in personal union with Spain.

• Papal States (complete list) –

• Alexander VI, Pope (1492–1503)
• Pius III, Pope (1503)
• Julius II, Pope (1503–1513)
• Leo X, Pope (1513–1521)
• Adrian VI, Pope (1522–1523)
• Clement VII, Pope (1523–1534)
• Paul III, Pope (1534–1549)
• Julius III, Pope (1550–1555)
• Marcellus II, Pope (1555)
• Paul IV, Pope (1555–1559)
• Pius IV, Pope (1559–1565)
• Pius V, Pope (1566–1572)
• Gregory XIII, Pope (1572–1585)
• Sixtus V, Pope (1585–1590)
• Urban VII, Pope (1590)
• Gregory XIV, Pope (1590–1591)
• Innocent IX, Pope (1591)
• Clement VIII, Pope (1592–1605)

• Duchy of Parma (complete list) –

• Ottavio Farnese (1549–1586)

• Duchy of Savoy (complete list) –

• Philibert II, Duke (1497–1504)
• Charles III, Duke (1504–1553)
• Emmanuel Philibert, Duke (1553–1580)
• Charles Emmanuel I, Duke (1580–1630)

• Grand Duchy of Tuscany (complete list) –

• Ferdinando I de' Medici (1587–1609)

Southern Italy

• Kingdom of Naples (complete list) –

• Frederick, King (1496–1501)

The Kingdom of Naples was ruled in personal union with France from 1501 to 1504 and then with Spain from 1504 to 1713.

Navarre

• Kingdom of Navarre (complete list) –

• Catherine, Queen (1483–1517)
• John III, King (1484–1516)
• Henry II, King (1517–1555)
• Jeanne III, Queen (1555–1572)
• Antoine, King (1555–1562)
• Henry III, King (1572–1610)

• County of Ribagorza (complete list) –

• John, Count (1485–1512)
• Alfonso, Count (1512–1533)
• Martin, Count (1533–1565, 1573–1581)
• John Alfonso, Count (1565–1573)
• Ferdinand, Count (1581–1592)
• Francis, Count (1592–1598)

Portugal

• Kingdom of Portugal (complete list) –

• Manuel I, King (1495–1521)
• John III, King (1521–1557)
• Sebastian I, King (1557–1578)
• Henry I, King (1578–1580)
• Philip I, King (1581–1598)
• Philip II, King (1598–1621)

Spain

• Habsburg Spain

• Monarchs (complete list) –

• Charles I, King (1516–1556)
• Philip II, King (1556–1598)
• Philip III, King (1598–1621)

• Anjou (complete list) –

• Louise, Duke (1476–1531)
• Henry II, Duke (1566–1576)

• Auvergne (complete list) –

• John III, Count of Auvergne, Count (1494–1501)
• Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne, Count (1501–1524)
• Catherine de' Medici, Count (1524–1589)
• Charles III, Duke of Lorraine, Count (1589–1608)

• Duchy of Brittany (complete list) –

• Anne, Duchess (1488–1514)
• Claude, Duchess (1514–1524)
• Francis III, Duke (1524–1536)
• Henry, Duke (1536–1547)

• County of Flanders (complete list) –

• Philip IV the Handsome, Count (1482–1506)
• Charles III, Count (1506–1555)
• Philip V, Count (1555–1598)
• Isabella Clara Eugenia, Countess (1598–1621)

• County of Maine (complete list) –

• Charles VI of Maine, Count (?–1611)

• Monaco (complete list) –

• Jean II, Lord (1494–1505)
• Lucien, Lord (1505–1523)
• Honoré I, Lord (1523–1581)
• Charles II, Lord (1581–1589)
• Ercole, Lord (1589–1604)

• Kingdom of Kartli (complete list) –

• Alexander I, King (1476–1511)
• George II the Bad, King (1511–1513)
• Leon, King (1520–1574)
• Alexander II (Ottoman vassal), King (1574–1602, 1602–1605)

Moctezuma II, from Historia de la conquista de México by Antonio de Solis

• Tenochtitlan (complete list) —
  • Ahuitzotl, 8th Hueyi Tlatoani (English: "Supreme Leader" or "Emperor") (1486-1502)[33]
  • Moctezuma II Xocoyotzin, 9th Hueyi Tlatoani (1502–1520)[33]
  • Cuitalahuac II, 10th Hueyi Tlatoani (1520)[33]
  • Cuauhtémoc, 11th Hueyi Tlatoani (1520–1521)[33]
  • Juan Velázquez Tlacotzin, Cihuacoatl (English: counselor) and first Tlatoani (1525-1526) after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire[34]
  • Andrés de Tapia Motelchiuh, Cuauhtlato (English: Eagle Captain) (1525–1530)[35]
  • Pablo Xochiquentzin, Cuauhtlato (1530–1536)[35]
  1. Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin, Tlatoani and first governor (Nueva España) (1538-1541)[35]
  • Diego de San Francisco Tehuetzquititzin, Tlatoani and second governor of Nueva España (New Spain) (1541-1554)[35]

• Tlaxcala Confederacy[36]
  • Tepeticpac
  • Ocotelolco
  • Maxixcatl, Tlatoani (d. 1520)
  • Lorenzo Maxixcatl
  • Tizatlan
  • Xicotencatl I, Tlatoani (1425-1522); Xicotencatl II, Tlacochcalcatl (prince and general), de facto ruler
  • Quiahuiztlan

• Zapotec civilization
  • Cocijoeza, Emperoor of Zaachila (1487-1529)[37]
  • Cosijopii I, King of Tehuantepec (1529-1563)[38]

Incas

• Inca Empire, Sapa Inca [39]

• Huayna Capac, Emperor (1493-1525)
• Huascar, Emperor (1493-1525)
• Huayna Capac, Emperor (1525-1532)
• Atahualpa, Emperor (1532-1533)

• Neo-Inca State

• Manco Inca Yupanqui, Emperor (1535-1544)
• Sayri Túpac, Emperor (1544-1558)
• Titu Cusi, Emperor (1558-1571)
• Túpac Amaru, Emperor (1571-1572)