List of state leaders in the 15th century

Angola

• Kingdom of Kongo: Kilukeni (complete list) –

• Nanga, Manikongo (1410s)
• Nlaza, Manikongo (1430s)
• Nkuwu a Ntinu, Manikongo (1450s–1470)
• João I, Manikongo (1470–1509)

Cameroon

• Kingdom of Bamum (complete list) –

• Nchare Yen, Mfon (1394–1418)
• Ngoupou, Mfon (1418–1461)
• Monjou, Mfon (1461–1498)
• Mengap, Mfon (1498–1519)

São Tomé and Príncipe

• Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (complete list) –

Colony, 1470–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Great Lakes area

Rwanda

• Kingdom of Rwanda (complete list) –

• Cyilima Rugwe, Mwami (?–c.1378)
• Kigeli I Mukobanya, Mwami (1378–1418)
• Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi, Mwami (15th century)
• Yuhi wa II Gahima II, Mwami (15th century)
• Ndahiro II Cyamatare, Mwami (1477–1510)

Uganda

• Buganda (complete list) –

• Kimera, Kabaka (c.1374–c.1404)
• Ttembo, Kabaka (c.1404–c.1434)
• Kiggala, Kabaka (c.1434–c.1464, c.1484–c.1494)
• Kiyimba, Kabaka (c.1464–c.1484)
• Kayima, Kabaka (c.1494–c.1524)

Horn of Africa area

Ethiopia

• Ethiopian Empire: Solomonic dynasty (complete list) –

• Dawit I, Emperor (1382–1413)
• Tewodros I, Emperor (1413–1414)
• Yeshaq I, Emperor (1414–1429)
• Andreyas, Emperor (1429–1430)
• Takla Maryam, Emperor (1430–1433)
• Sarwe Iyasus, Emperor (1433)
• Amda Iyasus, Emperor (1433–1434)
• Zara Yaqob, Emperor (1434–1468)
• Baeda Maryam I, Emperor (1468–1478)
• Eskender, Emperor (1478–1494)
• Amda Seyon II, Emperor (1494)
• Na'od, Emperor (1494–1508)

• Kingdom of Kaffa (complete list)[1] –

• Shongetato (also known as the Girra king), King (1425–1460)
• Odhe/Addiotato, King (1460–1495)
• Sadi or Shaddi/Shaditato, King (1495–1530)

• Kingdom of Kaffa (complete list)[2] –

• Shongetato (also known as the Girra king), King (1425–1460)
• Odhe/Addiotato, King (1460–1495)
• Sadi or Shaddi/Shaditato, King (1495–1530)

• Ennarea (complete list)[3] –

• Kaba Seyon, Hinnare-tato (c.1450–1530)

Somalia

• Warsangali Sultanate (complete list) –

• Garaad Siciid, King (1392–1409)
• Garaad Ahmed, King (1409–1430)
• Garaad Siciid II, King (1430–1450)
• Garaad Mohamud II, King (1450–1479)
• Garaad Ciise II, King (1479–1487)
• Garaad Omar, King (1487–1495)
• Garaad Ali Dable, King (1491–1503)

Egypt

• Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo (complete list) –

• al-Musta'in, Caliph (1406–1414)
• al-Mu'tadid II, Caliph (1414–1441)
• al-Mustakfi II, Caliph (1441–1451)
• al-Qa'im, Caliph (1451–1455)
• al-Mustanjid, Caliph (1455–1479)
• al-Mutawakkil II, Caliph (1479–1497)
• al-Mustamsik, Caliph (1497–1508, 1516–1517)

Ifriqiya

• Hafsid dynasty (complete list) –

• Abd al-Aziz II, Khalif (1394–1434)
• Muhammad III, Khalif (1434–1436)
• Uthman, Khalif (1436–1488)
• Abu Zakariya Yahya, Khalif (1488–1489)
• Abd al-Mu'min (Hafsid), Khalif (1489–1490)
• Abu Yahya Zakariya, Khalif (1490–1494)
• Muhammad IV, Khalif (1494–1526)

Morocco

• Morocco (complete list) –

Marinid dynasty

• Abu Said Uthman III, Sultan (1398–1420)
• Abd al-Haqq II, Sultan (1420–1465)

Idrisid interlude

• Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey, Sultan (1465–1471)

Wattasid dynasty

• Muhammad ibn Yahya, Sultan (1472–1505)

Mozambique

• Portuguese Mozambique (complete list) –

Colony, 1498–1972

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Benin

• Benin Empire (complete list) –

• Orobiru, Oba (1397–1434)[4]
• Uwaifiokun, Oba (1434–1440)
• Ezoti, Oba (1473–1474) [5]
• Ewuare I, Oba (1440–1473)
• Olua, Oba (1475–1480)
• Ozolua, Oba (1480–1504)

Burkina Faso

• Mossi Kingdom of Nungu (complete list) –

• Tenin, Nunbado (1395–1425)
• Tokurma, Nunbado (1425–1470)
• Gima, Nunbado (1470–1520)

Cape Verde

• Portuguese Cape Verde (complete list) –

Colony, 1462–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Guinea-Bissau

• Portuguese Guinea (complete list) –

Colony, 1474–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Nigeria

• Bornu Empire (Kanem–Bornu)[6] (complete list) –

• Bir III, Mai (1383–1415)
• Uthman III Kaliwama, Mai (1415–1415)
• Dunama III, Mai (1415–1417)
• Abdallah III Dakumuni, Mai (1417–1425)
• Ibrahim II, Mai (1425–1433)
• Kaday III, Mai (1433–1434)
• Ahmad Dunama IV, Mai (1434–1438)
• Muhammad II, Mai (1438)
• Amr, Mai (1438–1439)
• Muhammad III, Mai (1439)
• Ghazi, Mai (1439–1444)
• Uthman IV, Mai (1444–1449)
• Umar II, Mai (1449–1450)
• Muhammad IV, Mai (1450–1455)
• Ali Gazi, Mai (1455–1487)
• Idris Katarkamabi, Mai (1487–1509)

• Oyo Empire (complete list) –

• Kori, Alaafin (c.1400–?)
• Oluaso, Alaafin (?–c.1500)

• Sultanate of Kano (complete list) –

• Kanejeji, Sultan (1390–1410)
• Umaru, Sultan (1410–1421)
• Daud, Sultan (1421–1438)
• Abdullah Burja, Sultan (1438–1452)
• Dakauta, Sultan (1452)
• Atuma, Sultan (1452)
• Yaquled (1452–1463)
• Muhammad Rumfa, Sultan (1463–1499)
• Abdullahi dan Rumfa, Sultan (1499–1509)

• Kingdom of Nri (complete list) –

• Eze Nri Ọmalonyeso, King (1391–1464)
• Eze Nri Anyamata, King (1465–1511)

Senegal

• Jolof / Wolof Empire (complete list) –

• N'Diklam Sare, Buur-ba (1390–1420)
• Tyukuli N'Diklam, Buur-ba (1420–1440)
• Leeyti Tyukuli, Buur-ba (1440–1450)
• N'Dyelen Mbey Leeyti, Buur-ba (1450–1465)
• Birayma N'dyeme Eter, Buur-ba (1465–1481)
• Tase Daagulen, Buur-ba (1481–1488)
• Birayma Kuran Kan, Buur-ba (1488–1492)
• Bukaar Biye-Sungule, Buur-ba (1492–1527)

• Saloum (complete list) –

• Mbegan Ndour, Maad Saloum (c.1493)[7]

Kazakhstan

• Western Chagatai Khanate (complete list) –

From 1370 on, the Chagatai Khans were puppets of Timur

• Mahmud, Khan (1384–1402)

• Moghulistan, Eastern Chagatai Khanate (complete list) –

• Shams-i-Jahan, Khan (1399–1408)
• Muhammad Khan (Khan of Moghulistan), Khan (1408–1415)
• Naqsh-i-Jahan, Khan (1415–1418)
• Awais Khan, Khan (1418–1421)
• Sher Muhammad, Khan (1421–1425)
• Awais Khan, Khan (1425–1429)
• Satuq Khan, Khan (1429–1434)
• Esen Buqa II, Khan (1429–1462)

• Moghulistan, (complete list) –

• Yunus, Khan of Western Moghulistan (1462–1469)
• Dost Muhammad, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1462–1468)
• Kebek Oghlan, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1469)
• Yunus, Khan of All Moghulistan (1469–1487)
• Ahmad Alaq, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1487–1503)
• Mahmud, Khan of Western Moghulistan (1487–1508)

• Kazakh Khanate (complete list) –

• Kerei, Khan (1456–1473)
• Janibek, Khan (1473–1480)
• Burunduk, Khan (1480–1511)

• Kara Del

• Engke Temür, Khan (1393–1405)

Vassal of China, 1404–1430s

• Toqto, Khan (1405–1411)
• Mengli Temür, Khan (1411–1425)

Vassal of the Northern Yuan dynasty, 1430s–1455

• Budaširi, Khan (1425–1439)
• Khalīl sulṭān, Khan (1439–1457)

Vassal of China, 1455–1457

• Bürege, Khan (1457–1460)
• Nugandaširi, Khan (1460–1472)
• Baγ Temür, Rival Khan (1466–1472)
• Qanšin, Khan (1472–1488)
• Engke Bolad, Khan (1488–1492, 1493–1497)
• Šamba, Khan (1492–1493, 1497–1505)

Russia

• Golden Horde (complete list) –

• Shadi Beg, Khan (1399–1407), actual ruler was Edigu
• Pulad, Khan (1407–1410), actual ruler was Edigu
• Temür, Khan (1410–1412)
• Jalal ad-Din khan, Khan (1411–1412)
• Karim Berdi ibn Tokhtamysh, Khan (1412–1414)
• Kebek ibn Tokhtamysh, Khan (1414)
• Chokra ibn Akmyl, Khan (1414–1417)
• Jabbar Berdi, Khan (1417–1419)
• Olugh Mokhammad, Khan (1419–1421, 1428–1433)
• Dawlat Berdi, Khan (1419–1421, 1427–1432)
• Baraq, Khan (1422–1427)
• Seyid Akhmed, Khan (1433–1435)
• Küchük Muhammad, Khan (1435–1459)

• Great Horde (complete list) –

• Mahmud, Khan (1459–1465)
• Ahmed, Khan (1465–1481)
• Shayk Ahmad, Khan (1481–1498, 1499–1502)
• Murtada, Khan (1498–1499)

• White Horde (complete list) –

• Baraq, Khan (1423–1428)
• Muhammed, Khan (1428–1431)
• Mustafa, Khan (1431–1446)

Tibet

• Guge[8]

• rNam rgyal lde, King (1396?–1424)
• Nam mkha'i dBang po Phun tshogs lde, King (1424–1449)
• rNam ri Sang rgyas lde, King (1449–?)
• bLo bzang Rab brtan, King (?–c.1485)
• sTod tsha 'Phags pa lha, King (c.1485–post–1499)

• Phagmodrupa dynasty[9] (complete list) –

• Drakpa Gyaltsen, Monarch (1385–1432)
• Drakpa Jungne, Monarch (1432–1445)
• Kunga Lekpa, Monarch (1448–1481)
• Ngagi Wangpo, Monarch (1481–1491)
• Tsokye Dorje, Monarch (1491–1499)
• Ngawang Tashi Drakpa, Monarch (1499–1554)

• Rinpungpa[10] (complete list) –

• Norzang, Monarch (1435–1466)
• Kunzang, Monarch (1466–c.1479)
• Donyo Dorje, Monarch (c.1479–1512)

Uzbekistan

• Khanate of Bukhara: Shaybanid dynasty –

• Abu'l-Khayr, Khan (1428–1468)
• Abul-Khayr, Khan (1428–1468)
• Shah Budagh, Khan (1468)
• Muhammad Shayabak, Khan (1500–1510)

China: Ming dynasty

• Ming dynasty (complete list) –

• Jianwen, Emperor (1398–1402)
• Yongle, Emperor (1402–1424)
• Hongxi, Emperor (1424–1425)
• Xuande, Emperor (1425–1435)
• Yingzong, Emperor (1435–1449, 1457–1464)
• Jingtai, Emperor (1449–1457)
• Yingzong, Emperor (1435–1449, 1457–1464)
• Chenghua, Emperor (1464–1487)
• Hongzhi, Emperor (1487–1505)

Japan: Main

• Ashikaga shogunate of Japan

• Emperors (complete list) –

• Go-Komatsu, Emperor (1392–1412)
• Shōkō, Emperor (1412–1428)
• Go-Hanazono, Emperor (1428–1464)
• Go-Tsuchimikado, Emperor (1464–1500)

• Shōguns –

• Yoshimochi, Shōgun (1395–1423)
• Yoshikazu, Shōgun (1423–1425)
• Yoshinori, Shōgun (1428–1441)
• Yoshikatsu, Shōgun (1442–1443)
• Yoshimasa, Shōgun (1449–1474)
• Yoshihisa, Shōgun (1474–1489)
• Yoshitane, Shōgun (1490–1493)
• Yoshizumi, Shōgun (1493–1508)

Japan: Ryukyu

• Chūzan: Ryukyu Kingdoms of the Sanzan period –

Tributary state of the Ming dynasty

• Bunei, Chief (1398–1406)

• Nanzan: Ryukyu Kingdoms of the Sanzan period –

Tributary state of the Ming dynasty

• Oueishi, Chief (1388–1402)
• Ououso, Chief (1403–1413)
• Tafuchi, Chief (1413–1414)
• Taromai, Chief (1415–1429)

• Hokuzan: Ryukyu Kingdoms of the Sanzan period –

Tributary state of the Ming dynasty

• Hananchi, Chief (1401–1416)

• Ryukyu Kingdom –

First Shō Dynasty

• Shō Shishō, Chief (1406–1421)
• Shō Hashi, Chief (1422–1429), King (1429–1439)

Tributary state of the Ming dynasty, 1429–1644

• Shō Chū, King (1439–1444)
• Shō Shitatsu, King (1444–1449)
• Shō Kinpuku, King (1449–1453)
• Shō Taikyū, King (1454–1460)
• Shō Toku, King (1460–1469)

Second Shō Dynasty

• Shō En, King (1469–1476)
• Shō Sen'i, King (1477)
• Shō Shin, King (1477–1526)

Korea

• Joseon (complete list) –

• Taejong, King (1400–1418)
• Sejong the Great, King (1418–1450)
• Munjong, King (1450–1452)
• Danjong, King (1452–1455)
• Sejo, King (1455–1468)
• Yejong, King (1468–1469)
• Seongjong, King (1469–1494)
• Yeonsangun, King (1494–1506)

Mongolia

• Alliance of the Four Oirat (complete list) –

• Batula, leader (1399–1408)
• Togoon Taishi, leader (1408–1438)
• Esen, leader (1438–1454)
• Amasanj, leader (1454–1455)
• Ishtömör (Ush-Temür), leader (1455–1469)

• Northern Yuan dynasty (complete list) –

• Gün Temür, Khan (1400–1402)
• Örüg Temür, Khan (1402–1408)
• Öljei Temür, Khan (1408–1412)
• Delbeg, Khan (1412–1415)
• Oyiradai, Khan (1415–1425)
• Adai, Khan (1425–1438)
• Tayisung Toghtoa Bukha, Khan (1433–1452)
• Agbarjin, Khan (1453)
• Esen taishi, Khan (1453–1454)
• Markörgis, Khan (1454–1465)
• Molon, Khan (1465–1466)
• Manduul, Khan (1475–1478)
• Dayan, Khan (1478–1516)

Brunei

• Bruneian Empire (complete list) –

• Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1368–1402)
• Abdul Majid Hassan, Sultan (1402–1408)
• Ahmad, Sultan (1408–1425)
• Sharif Ali, Sultan (1425–1432)
• Sulaiman, Sultan (1432–1485)
• Bolkiah, Sultan (1485–1524)

Cambodia

• Khmer Empire (complete list) –

• In Reachea, King (1394–c.1421)
• Ponhea Yat, King of Khmer Empire (1405–1431), King of Cambodia (1431–1463)

• Kingdom of Cambodia: Middle Period (complete list) –

• Ponhea Yat, King of Khmer Empire (1405–1431), King of Cambodia (1431–1463)
• Noreay Ramathipatei, King (1463–1469)
• Reachea Ramathipatei, King (1469–1475)
• Srei Soriyotei II, King (1472–1475)
• Thommo Reachea I, King (1476–1504)

Indonesia

Indonesia: Java

• Sunda Kingdom (complete list) –

• Prabu Raja Wastu, Maharaja (1371–1475)
• Prabu Susuk tunggal, Maharaja (1475–1482)
• Sri Baduga, Maharaja (1482–1521)

• Majapahit: Rajasa dynasty (complete list) –

• Wikramawardhana,[11]^:241 King (1389–1429)
• Suhita, Queen (1429–1447)[11]^:242
• Kritavijaya, King (1447–1451)[11]^:242
• Rajasavardhana,[11]^:242 King (1451–1453)
• Bhre Wengker, Purvavisesha,[11]^:242 King (1456–1466)
• Singhavikramavardhana,[11]^:242 King (1466–1468/78[12]^(p18))
• Bhre Kertabhumi, King (1468–1478)
• Girindrawardhana, King (1478–1489)
• Prabu Udara, King (1489–1517)

• Tuban –

• Sira Lena, King (14th/15th century)
• Raden Arya Dikara, King (15th century)
• Arya Teja, King (15th century)

• Sultanate of Cirebon (complete list) –

• Cakrabuana, Prince (1445–1479)
• Sunan Gunungjati, Sultan (1479–1568)

Indonesia: Sumatra

• Samudera Pasai Sultanate (complete list) –

• Zainal Abidin I, Sultan (1349–1406)
• Nahrasyiyah, Queen (1406–1428)
• Zainal Abidin II, Sultan (1428–1438)
• Shalahuddin, Sultan (1438–1462)
• Ahmad II, Sultan (1462–1464)
• Abu Zaid Ahmad III, Sultan (1464–1466)
• Ahmad IV, Sultan (1466–1466)
• Mahmud, Sultan (1466–1468)
• Zainal Abidin III, Sultan (1468–1474)
• Muhammad Syah II, Sultan (1474–1495)
• Al-Kamil, Sultan (1495–1495)
• Adlullah, Sultan (1495–1506)

Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)

• Negara Daha –

• Sari Kaburangan, Maharaja (15th century)
• Sukarama, Maharaja (15th century)
• Mangkubumi, Maharaja (15th/16th century)

Indonesia: Sulawesi

• Gowa-Tallo –

• I Puang Lowe Lembang, King (14th/15th century)
• I Tuniatabanri, King (15th century)
• Karampang ri Gowa, King (15th century)
• Tunatangka Lopi, King (15th century)
• Batara Gowa, King (15th/16th century)

• Luwu –

• Tanra Balusu, Datu (1365–1402)
• Toampanangi, Datu (1402–1426)
• Batara Guru II, Datu (1426–1458)
• La Mariawa, Datu (1458–1465)
• Risaolebbi, Datu (1465–1507)

Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands

• Bali Kingdom: Samprangan (complete list) –

• Dalem Samprangan, King (14th/15th century)

Indonesia: Maluku Islands

• Sultanate of Bacan (complete list) –

• Muhammad Bakir, Sultan (c.1500)[13]

• Sultanate of Tidore (complete list) –

• Matagena, King (1372–1405)[14]
• Jamaluddin/Ciri Leliati, Sultan (1495–1512)

• Sultanate of Ternate (complete list) –

• Komala Pulu/ Bessi Muhammad Hassan, King (1377–1432)
• Marhum/ Gapi Baguna II, King (1432–1486)
• Zainal Abidin, Sultan (1486–1500)
• Bayanullah, Sultan (1500–1522)

Laos

• Lan Xang (complete list) –

• Samsenethai, King (1373–1416)
• Lan Kham Deng, King (1416–1428)
• Phommathat, King (1428–1429)
• Yukhon, King (1429–1430)
• Khon Kham, King (1430–1432)
• Kham Tam Sa, King (1432)
• Lusai, King (1432–1433)
• Khai Bua Ban, King (1433–1436)
• Kham Keut, King (1436–1438)
• Nang Keo Phimpha, Queen (1438)
• Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo, King (1442–1480)
• Souvanna Banlang, King (1479–1486)
• La Sen Thai, King (1485–1496)
• Somphou, King (1496–1501)

Malaysia: Peninsular

• Old Pahang Kingdom –

• Parameswara Teluk Chini, Maharaja (c.1411)
• Dewa Sura, Maharaja (?–1454)

• Kedah Sultanate (complete list) –

• Sulaiman Shah I, Sultan (1373–1423)
• Ataullah Muhammad Shah I, Sultan (1423–1473)
• Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah I, Sultan (1473–1506)

• Kelantan Sultanate: Jambi dynasty (complete list) –

• Baki Shah, Sultan (1362–1418)
• Sadik Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1418–1429)
• Iskandar Shah, Sultan (1429–1467)
• Mansur Shah, Sultan (1467–1522)

• Malacca Sultanate

• Sultans –

• Parameswara, Raja of Singapura (1389–1398), Sultan of Malacca (1400–1414)
• Megat Iskandar Shah, Sultan (1414–1424)
• Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1424–1444)
• Abu Syahid Shah, Sultan (1444–1446)
• Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1445–1459)
• Mansur Shah, Sultan (1459–1477)
• Alauddin Riayat Shah, Sultan (1477–1488)
• Mahmud Shah, Sultan (1488–1511, 1513–1528)

• Bendaharas –

• Tun Perpatih Permuka Berjajar, Bendahara (1400–1412)
• Tun Perpatih Sedang, Bendahara (?–1445)
• Tun Ali, Bendahara (1445–1456)
• Tun Perak, Bendahara (1456–1498)
• Tun Perpatih Putih, Bendahara (1498–1500)

• Pahang Sultanate (complete list) –

• Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1470–1475)
• Ahmad Shah, Sultan (1475–1495)
• Abdul Jamil Shah, Sultan (1495–1512)
• Mansur Shah I, Sultan (1495–1519)

Myanmar / Burma

• Kingdom of Ava (complete list) –

• Minkhaung I, King (1400–1421)
• Thihathu, King (1421–1425)
• Min Hla, King (1425)
• Kale Kye-Taung Nyo, King (1425–1426)
• Mohnyin Thado, King (1426–1439)
• Minye Kyawswa I, King (1439–1442)
• Narapati I, King (1442–1468)
• Thihathura, King (1468–1480)
• Minkhaung II, King (1480–1501)
• Thihathura II, Co-King (1485–1501)

• Mongyang State –

• Sawlon the Elder,[note 1] Saopha (c.1482–?)

• Hanthawaddy Kingdom (complete list) –

• Razadarit, King (1384–1421)
• Binnya Dhammaraza, King (1421–1424)
• Binnya Ran I, King (1424–1446)
• Binnya Waru, King (1446–1451)
• Binnya Kyan, King (1451–1453)
• Leik Munhtaw, King (1453–1454)
• Shin Sawbu, Queen (1454–1471)
• Dhammazedi, King (1471–1492)
• Binnya Ran II, King (c.1492–1526)

• Prome Kingdom (complete list) –

• Thado Minsaw, King (1482–1526)

• Kingdom of Mrauk U (complete list) –

• Saw Mon, King (1429–1433)
• Khayi, King (1433–1459)
• Ba Saw Phyu, King (1459–1482)
• Dawlya, King (1482–1492)
• Ba Saw Nyo, King (1492–1494)
• Ran Aung, King (1494)
• Salingathu, King (1494–1502)

Philippines

• Tondo (complete list) –

• Gambang, Rajah (c.1390–1417)
• Suko, Rajah (1417–1430)
• Lontok, Rajah (1430–1450)
• Dayang Kalangitan, Queen (1450–c.1515)

• Madja-as (complete list) –

• Kalantiaw, Datu (1365–1437)
• Manduyog, Datu (1437–?)
• Padojinog, Datu (15th/16th century)

• Rajahnate of Cebu –

• Bantug, Rajah (c.15th century)
• Parang the Limp, Rajah (15th/16th century)

• Caboloan (complete list) –

• Kamayin, King (1406–1408)
• Taymey, King (1408–1409)
• Liyu, King (1409–?)

• Sultanate of Sulu (complete list) –

• Sharif ul-Hāshim, Sultan (1405–?)
• Kamal ud-Din, Sultan (1480–1505)

Thailand

• Lan Na: Mangrai dynasty (complete list) –

• Saenmueangma, King (1385–1401)
• Samfangkaen, King (1402–1441)
• Tilokkarat, King (1441–1487)
• Yotchiangrai, King (1487–1495)
• Kaeo or Mueangkaeo, King (1495–1525)

• Sukhothai Kingdom (complete list) –

• Maha Thammaracha III, King (1400–1419)
• Maha Thammaracha IV, King (1419–1438)

• Ayutthaya Kingdom (complete list) –

Uthong dynasty

• Ramrachathirat, King (1395–1409)

Suphannaphum dynasty

• Intharacha, King (1409–1424)
• Borommarachathirat II, King (1424–1448)
• Borommatrailokkanat, King (1448–1488)
• Borommaracha III, King (1488–1491)
• Ramathibodi II, King (1491–1529)

Vietnam

• Champa (complete list) –

• Jaya Simhavarman V, King (1400–1441)
• Maija Vijaya, King (1441–1446)
• Moho Kouei-Lai, King (1446–1449)
• Moho Kouei-Yeou, King (1449–1458)
• Moho P'an-Lo-Yue, King (1458–1460)
• P'an-Lo T'ou-Ts'iuan, King (1460–1471)

• Hồ dynasty (complete list) –

• Hồ Quý Ly, Emperor (1400–1401)
• Hồ Hán Thương, Emperor (1401–1407)

• Later Trần dynasty (complete list) –

• Giản Định Đế, Emperor (1407–1409)
• Trùng Quang Đế, Emperor (1409–1414)
• Trần Cảo, (puppet) Emperor (1426–1428)

• Later Lê dynasty (complete list) –

• Lê Lợi, Emperor (1428–1433)
• Lê Thái Tông, Emperor (1433–1442)
• Lê Nhân Tông, Emperor (1442–1459)
• Lê Nghi Dân, Emperor (1459–1460)
• Lê Thánh Tông, Emperor (1460–1497)
• Lê Hiến Tông, Emperor (1497–1504)

Bengal

• Ilyas Shahi dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate (complete list) –

• Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, Sultan (1390–1411)
• Saifuddin Hamza Shah, Sultan (1411–1412)
• Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah, Sultan (1412–1414)
• Raja Ganesha, Sultan (1414–1415)
• Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1415–1416)
• Raja Ganesha, Sultan (1416–1418)
• Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1418–1433)
• Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah, Sultan (1433–1435)
• Mahmud Shah, Sultan (1435–1459)
• Rukunuddin Barbak Shah, Sultan (1459–1474)
• Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah, Sultan (1474–1481)
• Sikandar Shah II, Sultan (1481)
• Jalaaluddin Fateh Shah, Sultan (1481–1487)

• Hussain Shahi dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate (complete list) –

• Alauddin Husain Shah, Sultan (1494–1519)

• Mallabhum (complete list) –

• Shiv Singh Malla, King (1370–1407)
• Madan Malla, King (1407–1420)
• Chandra Malla, King (1460–1501)

• Twipra Kingdom

• Dhanya Manikya, King (1463–1515)

Maldives

• Sultanate of the Maldives: Hilaaly Dynasty (complete list) –

• Nasiruddine, Sultan (1409–1411)
• Hassan II, Sultan (1411)
• Isa, Sultan (1411)
• Ibrahim I, Sultan (1411–1421)
• Osman II, Sultan (1421)
• Danna Mohamed, Sultan (1421)
• Yoosuf II, Sultan (1421–1443)
• Aboobakuru I, Sultan (1443)
• Hasan III, Sultan (1443–1467)
• Sayyid Mohamed, Sultan (1467)
• Hasan III, Sultan (1467–1468)
• Mohamed II, Sultan (1468–1480)
• Hassan IV, Sultan (1480)
• Omar II, Sultan (1480–1484)
• Hassan V, Sultan (1484–1485)
• Hassan IV, Sultan (1485–1491)
• Hassan VI, Sultan (1491–1492)
• Ibrahim II, Sultan (1492)
• Kalu Mohamed, Sultan (1492)
• Yoosuf III, Sultan (1492–1493)
• Ali II, Sultan (1493–1495)
• Kalu Mohamed, Sultan (1495–1510)

Sri Lanka

• Kingdom of Kandy (complete list) –

• Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu, King (1473–1511)

• Kingdom of Gampola (complete list) –

• Vira Alakesvara, King (1397–1409)
• Parakrama Bahu Epa, King (1409–1412)

• Kingdom of Kotte (complete list) –

• Parakramabahu VI, King (1412–1467)
• Jayabahu II, King (1467–1472)
• Bhuvanekabahu VI, King (1472–1480)
• Parakramabahu VII, King (1480–1484)
• Parakramabahu VIII, King (1484–1518)

• Jaffna Kingdom (complete list) –

• Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan, King (1380–1410)
• Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan, King (1410–1440)
• Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan, King (1440–1450)
• Bhuvanekabahu VI, King (1450–1467)
• Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan, King (1467–1478)
• Singai Pararasasegaram, King (1478–1519)

Turkey

• Ottoman Empire

• Sultans –

• Bayezid I, Sultan (1389–1402)
• Mehmed I, Sultan (1413–1421)
• Murad II, Sultan (1421–1444, 1446–1451)
• Mehmed II, Sultan (1444–1446, 1451–1481)
• Bayezid II, Sultan (1481–1512)

• Grand Viziers –

• Zagan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1453–1456)
• Veli Mahmud Pasha, Grand Vizier (1456–1466)
• Rum Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1466–1469)
• Ishak Pasha, Grand Vizier (1469–1472)
• Veli Mahmud Pasha, Grand Vizier (1472–1474)
• Gedik Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1474–1477)
• Karamani Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1477–1481)
• Ishak Pasha, Grand Vizier (1481–1482)
• Koca Davud Pasha, Grand Vizier (1482–1497)
• Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1497–1498)
• Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger, Grand Vizier (1498–1499)
• Yakub Pasha, Grand Vizier (1499–1501)

Yemen

• Kathiri State of Seiyun –

• Badr as-Sahab ibn al-Habrali Bu Tuwairik, Sultan (1395–1430)
• Muhammad ibn 'Ali, Sultan (c.1430–c.1450)
• Dscha'far ibn 'Abdallah, Sultan (c.1493)

Scotland

• Kingdom of Scotland (complete list) –

• Robert III, King (1390–1406)
• James I, King (1406–1437)
• James II, King (1437–1460)
• James III, King (1460–1488)
• James IV, King (1488–1513)

Ireland

• Leinster (complete list) –

• Art Óg mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1375–1417)
• Donnchadh mac Art mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1417–1478)
• Domhnall Riabhach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1478)
• Muircheartach mac Donnchadh mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1478–1512)

Holy Roman Empire in Germany

• Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany (complete list, complete list) –

• Rupert, King (1400–1410)
• Jobst of Moravia, contested King (1410–1411)
• Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1433–1437), King (1410–1437)
• Albert II, King (1438–1439)
• Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1452–1493), King (1440–1493)
• Maximilian I, Emperor Elect (1508–1519), King (1486–1519)

Bohemia

• Kingdom of Bohemia (complete list) –

• Wenceslaus IV, King (1378–1419)
• Sigismund, King (1419–1437)
• Albert, King (1437–1439)
• Ladislaus the Posthumous, King (1453–1457)
• George of Poděbrady, King (1458–1471)
• Matthias Corvinus, disputed King (1469–1490)
• Vladislaus II, King (1471–1516)

Hungary

• Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526) (complete list) –

• Sigismund, King (1387–1437)
• Albert, King (1437–1439)
• Ladislaus V, King (1440–1457)
• Vladislaus I, King (1440–1444)
• Matthias I, King (1458–1490)
• Vladislaus II, King (1490–1516)

Poland

• Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569) (complete list) –

• Władysław II Jagiełło, King (1386–1434)
• Władysław III of Varna, King (1434–1444)
• Casimir IV, King (1447–1492)
• John I Albert, King (1492–1501)

Austrian

• Duchy/ Archduchy of Austria (complete list) –

• Albert IV the Patient, Duke (1395–1404)
• Albert V, Duke (1404–1439)
• Ladislaus I the Posthumous, Duke (1440–1453), Archduke (1453–1457)
• Frederick V the Peaceful, Archduke (1457–1493)
• Maximilian I the Last Knight, Archduke (1493–1519)

• Prince-Bishopric of Brixen (complete list) –

• Ulrich Prustl, Prince-bishop (1396–1417)
• Sebastian Stempfl, Prince-bishop (1417–1418)
• Bertold of Bückelsburg, Prince-bishop (1418–1427)
• Ulrich Putsch, Prince-bishop (1427–1437)
• Georg of Stubai, Prince-bishop (1437–1443)
• Johann Röttel, Prince-bishop (1444–1450)
• Nicholas of Cusa, Prince-bishop (1450–1464)
• Francesco Gonzaga, Prince-bishop (1464–1488)
• Melchior von Meckau, Prince-bishop (1488–1509)

• Duchy of Carinthia (complete list) –

• William, Duke (1386–1406)
• Ernest, Duke (1406–1424)
• Frederick, Duke (1424–1493)
• Maximilian I, Duke (1493–1519)

• Fürstenberg-Baar (complete list) –

• Wolfgang, Count of Fürstenberg-Baar (1499–1509)

• Prince-Bishopric of Trent (complete list) –

• George I von Liechtenstein, Prince-bishop (1390–1419)
• Armand de Cilli, Prince-bishop (1421)
• Ernst Auer, Prince-bishop (1422)
• Henry IV Flechtel, Prince-bishop (1422–1423)
• Alexander of Masovia, Prince-bishop (1424–1444)
• Benedikt, Prince-bishop (1444–1446)
• Theobald von Wolkenstein, Prince-bishop (1444–1446)
• George II Haak von Themeswald, Prince-bishop (1446–1465)
• Johannes Hinderbach, Prince-bishop (1465–1486)
• Ulrich III von Frundsberg, Prince-bishop (1486–1493)
• Ulrich IV von Liechtenstein, Prince-bishop (1493–1505)

Bavarian

• Duchy of Bavaria (complete list) –

• Lower Bavaria, Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Munich, Bavaria-Ingolstadt, Bavaria-Dachau

• Albert I, co-Duke of Bavaria (1347–1349), of Lower Bavaria (1349–1353), of Bavaria-Straubing (1353–1404)
• William II, co-Duke of Bavaria-Straubing (1404–1417)
• Stephen III the Magnificent, co-Duke of Bavaria except Straubing (1375–1392), Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt (1392–1413)
• Louis VII the Bearded, Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt (1413–1443)
• Jacqueline, contested Duchess of Bavaria-Straubing (1417-1429)
• John III the Pitiless, contested Duke of Bavaria-Straubing (1417-1425)
• William III, co-Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1397–1435), of Bavaria-Straubing (1429–1435)
• Ernest, co-Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1397–1438), of Bavaria-Straubing (1429–1438)
• Louis VIII the Hunchback, Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt (1443–1445)
• Henry XVI the Rich, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut (1393–1450), of Bavaria-Ingolstadt (1447–1450)
• Albert III, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1438–1460)
• John IV, co-Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1460–1463)
• Sigismund, co-Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1460–1467), Duke of Bavaria-Dachau (1467–1501)
• Louis IX the Rich, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut (1450–1479)
• George I the Rich, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut (1479–1503)
• Albert IV the Wise, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1465–1505), of Bavaria (1505–1508)
• William IV the Steadfast, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1460–1508), of Bavaria-Landshut (1503–1508), of Bavaria (1508–1550)

• Bavaria-Dachau (complete list) –

• Sigismund (1467–1501)

• Pappenheim (complete list) –

• Haupt I, Lord (1387–1409)
• Haupt II, co-Lord (1409–1439)
• Sigismund, co-Lord (1409–1436)
• Henry, Lord (1439–1482)
• William, Lord (1482–1508)

Burgundian

• County of Burgundy (complete list) –

• Margaret II of Dampierre, Count (1384–1405)
• Philip IV the Bold, Count (1384–1404)
• John the Fearless, Count (1405–1419)
• Philip V the Good, Count (1419–1467)
• Charles I the Bold, Count (1467–1477)
• Mary the Rich, Countess, and Maximilian, Count (1477–1482)
• Philip VI the Handsome, Count (1482–1506)

• Duchy of Brabant (complete list) –

• Joanna, Duchess (1355–1406)
• Anthony, Duke of Brabant, Duke (1406–1415)
• John IV, Duke of Brabant, Duke (1415–1427)
• Philip I of Saint-Pol, Duke (1427–1430)
• Philip II the Good, Duke (1430–1467)
• Charles I the Bold, Duke (1467–1477)
• Mary, Duchess (1477–1482)
• Maximilian, Regent (1482–1494)
• Philip III, Duke (1494–1506)

• Duchy of Guelders (complete list) –

• William I, Duke (1379–1402)
• William II, Duke (1371–1377)
• Reginald IV, Duke (1402–1423)
• John II, Regent (1423–1436)
• Arnold, Duke (1423–1465, 1471–1473)
• Adolf, Duke (1465–1471)
• Charles I, Duke (1473–1477)
• Mary, Duchess (1477–1482)
• Maximillian I, Duke (1477–1482)
• Philip I, Duke (1482–1492)
• Charles II, Duke (1492–1538)

• County of Hainaut (complete list) –

• Albert I, Count (1388–1404)
• William IV, Count (1404–1417)
• Jacqueline, Countess (1417–1432)
• John III, Count (1418–1425)
• Philip the Good, Count (1432–1467)
• Charles the Bold, Count (1467–1477)
• Mary of Burgundy, Count (1477–1482)
• Philip the Handsome, Count (1482–1506)

• County of Holland (complete list) –

• John II, Count of Hainaut, Regent (1299), Count (1299–1304)

• Duchy of Luxemburg (complete list) –

• Jobst, Duke (1388–1411)
• Elisabeth, Duchess (1411–1443)
• Anthony, Duke (1411–1415)
• John II, Duke (1418–1425)
• Philip I, Duke (1443–1467)
• Charles II, Duke (1467–1477)
• Mary I, Duchess (1477–1482)
• Maximilian I, Duke (1477–1482)
• Philip II, Duke (1482–1506)

• Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht (complete list) –

• Frederik III van Blankenheim, Prince-bishop (1393–1423)
• Rudolf van Diepholt, Prince-bishop (1423–1455)
• Zweder van Culemborg, Prince-bishop (1425–1433)
• Walraven van Meurs, Prince-bishop (1434–1448)
• Gijsbrecht van Brederode, Prince-bishop (1455–1456)
• David of Burgundy, Prince-bishop (1456–1496)
• Frederick IV of Baden, Prince-bishop (1496–1517)

Franconian

Electoral Rhenish

• Elector-Bishopric of Mainz (complete list) –

• Johann II von Nassau, Archbishop-elector (1397–1419)
• Conrad III of Dhaun, Archbishop-elector (1419–1434)
• Dietrich Schenk von Erbach, Archbishop-elector (1434–1459)
• Diether von Isenburg, Archbishop-elector (1460–1461)
• Adolph II of Nassau, Archbishop-elector (1461–1475)
• Diether von Isenburg, Archbishop-elector ((restored) 1476–1482)
• Adalbert of Saxony, Archbishop-elector (1482–1484)
• Berthold von Henneberg, Archbishop-elector (1484–1504)

• Electoral Palatinate (complete list) –

Palatinate-Mosbach

Palatinate-Neumarkt

Palatinate-Simmern

Palatinate-Zweibrücken

• Robert III the Righteous, Elector (1398–1410)
• Louis III the Bearded, Elector (1410–1436)
• Stephen I, Count Palatine of Simmern (1410–1459)
• John I, Count Palatine of Neumarkt (1410–1443)
• Otto I, Count Palatine of Mosbach (1410–1461)
• Louis IV the Meek, Elector (1436–1449)
• Christopher I, Count Palatine of Neumarkt (1443–1448)
• Frederick I the Victorious, Elector (1449–1476)
• Frederick I the Pious, Count Palatine of Simmern (1459–1480)
• Louis I the Black, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1459–1489)
• Otto II the Mathematician, Count Palatine of Mosbach (1461–1490)
• Philip I the Upright, Elector (1476–1508)
• John I, Count Palatine of Simmern (1480–1509)
• Kaspar, co-Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1489–1490)
• Alexander I the Lame, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1489–1514)

• Elector-Bishopric of Trier (complete list) –

• Werner von Falkenstein, Archbishop-elector (1388–1417)
• Lenihan von Weideburg, Archbishop-elector (1417–1419)
• Otto von Ziegenhain, Archbishop-elector (1419–1430)
• Rhaban von Helmstadt, Archbishop-elector (1430–1438)
• Jakob von Sierk, Archbishop-elector (1439–1456)
• Johann II of Baden, Archbishop-elector (1456–1503)

Lower Rhenish–Westphalian

• Bentheim-Lingen (complete list) –

(1450–1555)

• Otto (1450–1508)

• Bentheim-Steinfurt (complete list) –

(1454–1803)

• Arnold II (1498–1544)

• Duchy of Cleves, County of Mark (complete list, complete list) –

• Adolph I, Duke of Cleves (1394–1448), Count of Mark (1398–1448)
• Gerhard, Regent (1437–1461)
• John I, Duke of Cleves, Count of Mark (1448–1481)
• John II the Pious, Duke of Cleves, Count of Mark (1481–1521)

• Essen Abbey (complete list) –

• Margarete I, Princess-Abbess (1413–1426)
• Elisabeth IV Stecke von Beeck, Princess-Abbess (1426–1445)
• Sophia I von Daun-Oberstein, Princess-Abbess (1445–1447)
• Elisabeth V von Saffenberg, Princess-Abbess (1447–1459)
• Sophia II von Gleichen, Princess-Abbess (1459–1489)
• Meina von Daun-Oberstein, Princess-Abbess (1489–1521)

• County of East Frisia (complete list) –

• Edzard I, the Great (1491–1528)

Upper Rhenish

• Duchy of Bar (complete list) –

• Robert, Duke (1354–1411)
• Edward III, Duke (1411–1415)
• Louis I, Duke (1415–1431)
• René I, Duke (1420s–1480)
• Yolanda, Duke (1480–1483)
• René II, Duke (1483–1508)

• Prince-Bishopric of Basel (complete list) –

• Humbrecht von Neuenburg, Prince-bishop (1399–1418)
• Hartmann II von Munchenstein, Prince-bishop (1418–1423)
• Johann IV von Fleckenstein, Prince-bishop (1423–1436)
• Friedrich von der Pfalz, Prince-bishop (1437–1451)
• Arnold von Rothburg, Prince-bishop (1451–1458)
• Johann V von Venningen, Prince-bishop (1458–1478)
• Caspar von Mühlhausen, Prince-bishop (1479–1502)

• Duchy of Lorraine (complete list) –

• Charles II, Duke (1390–1431)
• Isabella, Duchess suo jure (1431–1453), with René, Duke (1431–1453)
• John II, Duke (1453–1470)
• Nicholas I, Duke (1470–1473)
• Yolande, Duchess suo jure (1473)
• René II, Duke (1473–1508)

• Salm-Kyrburg (complete list) –

• John VII, Wild- and Rhinegrave of Salm-Kyrburg (1499–1531)

• County of Sayn (complete list) –

• John III, Count (1359–1403)
• Gerard I, Count (1403–1419)
• Theodore, Count (1419–1452)
• Gerard II, Count (1452–1493)
• Gerhard III, Count (1493–1506)

• Prince-Bishopric of Speyer (complete list) –

• Nikolaus I aus Wiesbaden, Prince-bishop (1388–1396)
• Raban of Helmstatt, Prince-bishop (1396–1438)
• Reinhard of Helmstatt, Prince-bishop (1438–1456)
• Siegfried III Freiherr of Venningen, Prince-bishop (1456–1459)
• Johann II Nix of Hoheneck, Prince-bishop (1459–1464)
• Matthias Freiherr of Rammingen, Prince-bishop (1464–1478)
• Ludwig of Helmstädt, Prince-bishop (1478–1504)

• Prince-Bishopric of Worms (complete list) –

• Echard von Dersch, Prince-bishop (1370–1405)
• Matthew of Kraków, Prince-bishop (1405–1410)
• Johann II von Fleckenstein, Prince-bishop (1410–1426)
• Eberhard III von Sternberg, Prince-bishop (1426–1427)
• Friedrich II von Domneck, Prince-bishop (1427–1445)
• Ludwig von Ast, Prince-bishop (1445)
• Reinhard I von Sickingen, Prince-bishop (1445–1482)
• Johann von Dalberg, Prince-bishop (1482–1503)

• County of Wied (complete list) –

• Frederick I, Count (1462–1487)
• William III (Count of Mörs), Count (1487–1526)

Lower Saxon

• Principality of Calenberg (complete list) –

• George William, Duke of Brunswick-Kalenberg (1648–1665)

• Duchy of Holstein (complete list) –

• Frederick I (1490–1533) and John I (1481–1513) in condominial rule

Upper Saxon

• Electorate of Saxony (complete list) –

• Frederick I, Duke and Elector (1423–1428)
• Frederick II, Duke and Elector (1428–1464)

• Duchy of Saxony (complete list) –

• Albert III, Duke (1464–1500)
• George, Duke (1500–1539)

• Margravate of Meissen (complete list) –

• William I, Margrave (1349–1407)
• George, Margrave (1381–1402)
• William II, Margrave (1381–1425)
• Frederick IV, Margrave (1381–1428)
• Frederick V, Margrave (1407–1440)

• Reuss-Lobenstein (complete list) –

• Heinrich II (1739–1782)

• Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg (complete list) –

• Eric III, Duke (1370–1401)
• Eric V, Duke (1401–1436.)
• John IV, Duke (1401–1411/1414)
• Bernard II,[note 2] Duke (1426–1463)
• John V,[note 3] Duke (1463–1507)

• Landgraviate of Thuringia (complete list) –

• Balthasar, Landgrave (1349–1406)
• Frederick IV, Landgrave (1406–1440)
• Frederick V, Landgrave (1440–1445)
• William II, Landgrave (1445–1482)
• Albert, Landgrave (1482–1485)
• Ernest, Landgrave (1482–1486)
• Frederick VI, Landgrave (1486–1525)

Swabian

• Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg (complete list) –

• Burkhard of Ellerbach, Prince-bishop (1373–1404)
• Eberhard II of Kirchberg, Prince-bishop (1404–1413)
• Friedrich of Grafeneck, Prince-bishop (1413–1414)
• Anselm of Nenningen, Prince-bishop (1414–1423)
• Peter of Schaumberg, Prince-bishop (1424–1469)
• John II, Prince-bishop (1469–1486)
• Friedrich von Hohenzollern, Prince-bishop (1486–1505)

• Ellwangen Abbey/ Prince-Provostry of Ellwangen (complete list/ complete list) –

• Siegfried Gerlacher, Prince-abbot (1401–1427)
• Johann of Holzingen, Prince-abbot (1427–1452)
• Johann of Hürnheim, Prince-abbot (1452–1460), Prince-provost (1460–1461)
• Albrecht V of Rechberg, Prince-provost (1461–1502)

• Gutenzell Abbey (complete list) –

• Franziska von Gall, Princess-Abbess of Gutenzell (1747–1759)

• Princely Abbey of Kempten (complete list) –

• Frederick VI of Hirschdorf, Prince-abbot (1382–1405)
• de:Friedrich VII von Laubenberg, Prince-abbot (1405–1434)
• Pilgrim II of Wernau, Prince-abbot (1434–1451)
• Gerwig II of Sulmentingen, Prince-abbot (1451–1460)
• Johann I of Wernau, Prince-abbot (1460–1481)
• de:Johann von Riedheim 1481–1507)

• Lindau Abbey (complete list) –

• Theresia Wilhelmine von Pollheim-Winkelhausen, Princess-Abbess of Lindau (1743–1757)

• Principality of Mindelheim (complete list) –

• Georg von Frundsberg (1478–1528)

• Öttingen-Wallerstein (complete list) –

• Ulrich II, Count of Ortenburg-Neuortenburg (1495–1524)

• County/ Duchy of Württemberg (complete list) –

• Eberhard III, Count (1392–1417)
• Eberhard IV, Count (1417–1419)
• Ludwig I, Count (1419–1450)
• Ulrich V, Count (1419–1480)
• Ludwig II, Count (1450–1457)
• Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg, Count (1459–1495), Duke (1495–1496)
• Eberhard II, Duke of Württemberg, Count of Württemberg-Stuttgart (1480–1482), Duke (1496–1498)
• Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg, Duke (1498–1519, 1534–1550)

• Grand Duchy of Moscow (complete list) –

• Vasily I, Grand prince (1389–1425)
• Vasily II, Grand prince (1425–1434)
• Yury of Zvenigorod, Grand prince (1434)
• Vasily Kosoy, Grand prince (1434–1435)
• Vasily II, Grand prince (1435–1446)
• Dmitry Shemyaka, Grand prince (1446–1447)
• Vasily II, Grand prince (1447–1462)
• Ivan III the Great, Grand prince (1462–1505)

• Kalmar Union (complete list / complete list) –

• Margaret I, Queen (1387–1412)
• Sigurd Jonsson, Regent (1389–1412)
• Eric of Pomerania, King (1389–1442)
• Christopher, King (1442–1448)
• Sigurd Jonsson, Regent (1448–1449)
• Charles I, King (1449–1450)
• Christian I, King (1450–1481)
• Jon Svaleson Smør, Regent (1481–1483)
• John, King (1483–1513)

States of Italy in 1494.

Holy Roman Empire in Italy

• Duchy of Ferrara (complete list) –

• Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara and of Modena (1471–1505)

• Margravate of Mantua (complete list) –

• Francesco II Gonzaga (1484–1519)

• Duchy of Milan (complete list)

• Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke (1395–1402)
• Gian Maria Visconti, Duke (1402–1412)

• Caterina Visconti, Regent (1402–1404)

• Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke (1412–1447)

• Golden Ambrosian Republic, unrecognised state

• Captains and Defenders (1447–1450)

• Duchy of Milan, restored

• Francesco I Sforza, Duke (1450–1466)
• Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke (1466–1476)
• Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Duke (1476–1494)

• Bona of Savoy, Regent (1476–1481)

• Ludovico Sforza, Regent (1481–1494), Duke (1494–1499)
• Louis XII of France, Duke (1499–1512)

• Duchy of Modena and Reggio (complete list) –

• Ercole II (1534–1559)

• Papal States (complete list) –

• Boniface IX, Pope (1389–1404)
• Innocent VII, Pope (1404–1406)
• Gregory XII, Pope (1406–1415)
• Martin V, Pope (1417–1431)
• Eugene IV, Pope (1431–1447)
• Nicholas V, Pope (1447–1455)
• Callixtus III, Pope (1455–1458)
• Pius II, Pope (1458–1464)
• Paul II, Pope (1464–1471)
• Sixtus IV, Pope (1471–1484)
• Innocent VIII, Pope (1484–1492)
• Alexander VI, Pope (1492–1503)

• Duchy of Savoy (complete list) –

• Amadeus VIII, Count (1391–1416), Duke (1416–1440)
• Louis, Duke (1440–1465)
• Amadeus IX, Duke (1465–1472)
• Philibert I, Duke (1472–1482)
• Charles I, Duke (1482–1490)
• Charles (II) John Amadeus, Duke (1490–1496)
• Philip II, Duke (1496–1497)
• Philibert II, Duke (1497–1504)

Southern Italy

• Kingdom of Naples (complete list)

• Ladislaus of Naples, King (1386–1389; 1399–1414)
• Joanna II of Naples, Queen (1414–1435)
• René of Anjou, King (1435–1442)
• Alfonso V of Aragon, King (1442–1458)
• Ferdinand I of Naples, King (1458–1494)
• Alfonso II of Naples, King (1494–1495)
• Ferdinand II of Naples, King (1495–1496)
• Frederick of Naples, King (1496–1501)

Iberian Peninsula: Christian

• Principality of Catalonia (complete list) –

• Martin the Humanist, Count (1396–1410)

• Kingdom of Navarre (complete list) –

• Charles III, King (1387–1425)
• Blanche I, Queen (1425–1441)
• John II, King (1425–1441 de jure; 1425–1479 de facto)
• Charles IV, King (1441–1461 de jure)
• Blanche II, Queen (1461–1464 de jure)
• Eleanor, King (1464–1479 de jure; 1479 de facto)
• Francis Phoebus, King (1479–1483)
• Catherine, Queen (1483–1517)

• County of Ribagorza (complete list) –

• Alfonso I, Count (1365–1412)
• Alfonso II, Count (1412–1422)
• Alfonso III, Count (1469–1485)
• John, Count (1485–1512)

• Kingdom of Portugal (complete list) –

• John I, King (1385–1433)
• Edward I, King (1433–1438)
• Afonso V, King (1438–1477, 1477–1481)
• John II, King (1477–1477, 1481–1495)
• Manuel I, King (1495–1521)

Marca Hispanica

• County of Cerdanya (complete list) –

• Isabella, Count (1375–1403)

• County of Urgell (complete list) –

• Peter II of Urgell, Count (1347–1408)
• James II of Urgell, Count (1408–1413)

• Anjou (complete list) –

• Louis II, Duke (1377–1417)
• Louis III, Duke (1403–1434)
• René, Duke (1409–1480)
• Louise, Duke (1476–1531)

• Auvergne (complete list) –

• Joan II, Countess of Auvergne, Countess (1394–1422)
• John, Duke of Berry, Count (1394–1416)
• Georges de la Tremoille, Count (1416–1422)
• Marie I, Countess of Auvergne, Countess (1422–1437)
• Bertrand V of La Tour, Count (1437–1461)
• Bertrand VI of La Tour, Count (1461–1494)
• John III, Count of Auvergne, Count (1494–1501)

• Duchy of Brittany (complete list) –

• John V, Duke (1399–1442)
• Francis I, Duke (1442–1450)
• Peter II, Duke (1450–1457)
• Arthur III, Duke (1457–1458)
• Francis II, Duke (1458–1488)
• Anne, Duchess (1488–1514)

• Duchy of Burgundy (complete list) –

• Philip II the Bold, Duke (1363–1404)
• John the Fearless, Duke (1404–1419)
• Philip III the Good, Duke (1419–1467)
• Charles the Bold, Duke (1467–1477)
• Mary, Duchess (1477–1482)

• County of Flanders (complete list) –

• Margaret III, Countess (1384–1405)
• John the Fearless, Count (1405–1419)
• Philip III the Good, Count (1419–1467)
• Charles II the Bold, Count (1467–1477)
• Mary the Rich, Countess (1477–1482)
• Philip IV the Handsome, Count (1482–1506)

• County of Maine (complete list) –

• Louis II, Count (1384–1417)
• Louis III, Count (1417–1434)
• René I of Naples, Count (1434–1441)
• Charles IV of Maine, Duke of Anjou, Count (1441–1472)
• Charles V of Maine, Duke of Anjou, Count (1480–1481)

• Monaco (complete list) –

• Louis, Lord (1395–1395, 1397–1402)
• Jean I, Lord (1395–1395, 1419–1454)
• Ambroise, Lord (1419–1427)
• Antonie, Lord (1419–1427)
• Catalan, Lord (1454–1457)
• Claudine, Lady (1457–1458)
• Lamberto, Lord (1458–1494)
• Jean II, Lord (1494–1505)

• Kingdom of Kartli (complete list) –

• George I, King (1465–1476)
• Alexander I, King (1476–1511)

Mexico

• Azcapotzalco
  • Tezozomoc, Tlatoani (English: Ruler or King)(c. 1370–1426)
  • Tayatzin, Tlatoani (1426)
  • Maxtla, Tlatoani (1426–1428 (1431?)
  • Temozomoc II, Tlatoani (1474–1499)
  • Don Carlos Oquiztzin, Tlatoani (1499–1520?)
• Mixtec
  • Mixtecs of Coixtlahuaca
  1. Dzawindanda / Atonal (II), (?–1458)[15]
• Tenochtitlan complete list —
  • Under the Tepanec suzerainty
  • Huitzilihuitl, 2nd Tlatoani (1395-c. 1417)[16]
  • Chimalpopoca, 3rd Tlatoani (1417–1426)[17]
  • Emperors of the Triple Alliance (Aztec Empire)
  • Itzcoatl, 4th Hueyi Tlatoani (English: Supreme Leader or Emperor)[18](1427–1440)[19]
  • Moteuczomatzin Ilhuicamina, 5th Hueyi Tlatoani ()[20]
  • Axayacatl, 6th Hueyi Tlatoani (1469–1481)[21]
  • Tizoc, 7th Hueyi Tlatoani (1481–1486)[22]
  • Ahuitzotl, Hueyi Tlatoani (1486–1502)[23]
• Tepanecapan
  1. Tetzotzomoc, Tlatoani (1367–1426)[24]
  2. Tayauh, Tlatoani (1426)[24]
  3. Maxtla, Tlatoani (1426–1428)[24]
• Tlacopan
  1. Totoquilhuaztli, Tlatoani (c.1400–1430)[25]
  2. Totoquilhuaztli, Tlatoani (1430–1469)[25]
  3. Chimalpopoca, Tlatoani (1469–?)[25]
• Zapotec civilization[26]
  1. Zaachila Yoo / Zachilla I, First king of Zaachila as Zapotec capital? (1386–1415)
  2. Zaachila II, King of Zaachila (1415–1454)
  3. Zaachila III, King of Zaachila (1454–1487)
  4. Cocijoeza / Cosijoeza, King of Zaachila (1487–1521)

Inca

• • Qosqo of the Incas[27]
  1. Yahuar Huacac, Inca (c.1380–1410)
  2. Viracocha, Inca (c.1410–1438)
  • Inca Empire[28]
  • Pachacuti, 9th Sapa Inca (English: "The Only Inca" or Emperor") (1418–1471/1472)
  1. Topa, (1471–1493)
  • Huayna Capac Sapa Inca (1493–1525)