List of state leaders in the 9th century

• Makuria (complete list) –

• Mikhael, King (c.785/794–804/813)
• Ioannes, King (early–mid 9th century)
• Zakharias III, King (mid 9th century)
• Georgios I, King (late 9th–early 10th century)

• Rustamid dynasty (complete list) –

• ʿAbdu l-Wahhab ibn Abd ar-Rahman, Imam (788–824)
• Aflah ibn ʿAbdi l-Wahhab, Imam (824–872)
• Abu Bakr ibn Aflah, Imam (872–874)
• Muhammad Abu l-Yaqzan ibn Aflah, Imam (874–894)
• Yusuf Abu Hatim ibn Muhammad Abi l-Yaqzan, Imam (894–895, 899–906)
• Yaʿqub ibn Aflah, Imam (895–899)

• Aghlabid Emirs[1]

• Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab ibn Salim (800–812)
• Abdallah I ibn Ibrahim (812–817)
• Ziyadat Allah I ibn Ibrahim(817–838)
• al-Aghlab Abu Iqal ibn Ibrahim (838–841)
• Muhammad I ibn al-Aghlab Abi Affan (841–856)
• Ahmad ibn Muhammad (856–863)
• Ziyadat Allah II ibn Muhammad (863)
• Abu 'l-Gharaniq Muhammad II ibn Ahmad (863–875)
• Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II ibn Ahmad (875–902)

• Barghawata (complete list) –

• Ilyâs ibn Sâlih, King (792–842)[2]
• Yunus ibn Ilyas, King (c.842–888)
• Abu Ghafir Muhammad, King (c.888–917)

• Idrisid dynasty of Morocco (complete list) –

• Idris II, Sultan (791–828)
• Muhammad ibn Idris, Sultan (828–836)
• Ali ibn Idris, Sultan (836–848)
• Yahya ibn Muhammad, Sultan (848–864)
• Yahya ibn Yahya, Sultan (864–874)
• Ali ibn Umar, Sultan (874–883)
• Yahya ibn Al-Qassim, Sultan (883–904)

• Kingdom of Nekor (complete list) –

• Sa'id I ibn Idris, King (760–803)
• Salih II ibn Sa'id, King (803–864)
• Sa'id II ibn Salih, King (864–916)

• Tibetan Empire (complete list) –

• Sadnalegs, Emperor (800/804–815)
• Ralpacan, Emperor (815–836)
• Langdarma, Emperor (836–842)

Turks

• Uyghur Khaganate (complete list) –

• Ai tengride ülüg bulmïsh alp qutlugh ulugh bilge, Khagan (795–808)
• Ai tengride qut bulmïsh külüg bilge, Khagan (808–821)
• Kün tengride ülüg bulmïsh alp küchlüg bilge, Khagan (821–824)
• Ai tengride qut bulmïsh alp bilge, Khagan (824–832)
• Ai tengride qut bulmïsh alp külüg bilge, Khagan (832–839)
• Kürebir, Khagan (839–840)
• Öge, Khagan (841–847)

China

• Tang dynasty (complete list) –

• Dezong, Emperor (780–805)
• Shunzong, Emperor (805)
• Xianzong, Emperor (806–820)
• Muzong, Emperor (821–824)
• Jingzong, Emperor (824–826)
• Wenzong, Emperor (826–840)
• Wuzong, Emperor (840–846)
• Xuānzong, Emperor (846–859)
• Yizong, Emperor (859–873)
• Xizong, Emperor (873–888)
• Zhaozong, Emperor (888–904)

Japan

• Heian period Japan (complete list) –

• Kanmu, Emperor (781–806)
• Heizei, Emperor (806–809)
• Saga, Emperor (809–823)
• Junna, Emperor (823–833)
• Ninmyō, Emperor (833–850)
• Montoku, Emperor (850–858)
• Seiwa, Emperor (858–876)
• Yōzei, Emperor (876–884)
• Kōkō, Emperor (884–887)
• Uda, Emperor (887–897)
• Daigo, Emperor (897–930)

Korea: North–South States Period

• Balhae (complete list) –

• Gang, King (794–809)
• Jeong, King (809–812)
• Hui, King (812–817)
• Gan, King (817–818)
• Seon, King (818–830)
• Dae Ijin, King (830–857)
• Dae Geonhwang, King (857–871)
• Dae Hyeonseok, King (871–894)
• Dae Wihae, King (894–906)

• Later Silla (complete list) –

• Aejang, King (800–809)
• Heondeok, King (809–826)
• Heungdeok, King (826–836)
• Huigang, King (836–838)
• Minae, King (838–839)
• Sinmu, King (839)
• Munseong, King (839–857)
• Heonan, King (857–861)
• Gyeongmun, King (861–875)
• Heongang, King (875–886)
• Jeonggang, King (886–887)
• Jinseong, King (887–897)
• Hyogong, King (897–912)

Indonesia: Java

• Medang Kingdom: Shailendra dynasty/Sanjaya dynasty (complete list) –

• Samaragrawira, King (800—819)
• Samaratungga, King (812—833)
• Pramodhawardhani, Queen (833—856)
• Rakai Pikatan, King (838—850)
• Balaputra, King (835–860)
• Balitung, King (899–911)

• Sunda Kingdom (complete list) –

• Pucukbumi Darmeswara, Maharaja (795–819)
• Prabu Gajah Kulon Rakeyan Wuwus, Maharaja (819–891)
• Prabu Darmaraksa, Maharaja (891–895)
• Windusakti Prabu Dewageng, Maharaja (895–913)

Malaysia: Peninsular

• Kedah Sultanate (complete list) –

• Maha Jiwa, Maharaja (c.788–832)
• Karma II, Maharaja (c.832–880)
• Darma Raja II, Maharaja (c.880–956)[3]

Thailand

• Ngoenyang (complete list) –

• Lao Gab, King (8th–9th century)

Vietnam

• Champa (complete list) –

• Indravarman I, King (c.787–c.803)

Bengal

• Chandra dynasty –

• Vanraja Chavda, King (c.765–780)
• Yogaraja, King (c.806–841)
• Ratnaditya, King (c.842–845)
• Vairisimha, King (c.845–856)
• Kshemaraja, King (c.856–880)
• Chamunda or Bhuyada, King (c.881–908)

• Mallabhum (complete list) –

• Kharga Malla, King (841–862)

• Pala Empire (complete list) –

• Dharmapala, King (8th–9th century)
• Devapala, King (9th century)
• Mahendrapala, King (9th century)
• Shurapala I, King (9th century)
• Vigrahapala I, King (9th century)
• Narayanapala, King (9th–10th century)

India

• Chola dynasty (complete list) –

• Vijayalaya Chola, King (848–891)
• Aditya Chola I, King (891–907)

• Western Ganga dynasty (complete list) –

• Shivamara II, King (788–816)
• Rachamalla I, King (816–843)
• Ereganga Neetimarga, King (843–870)
• Rachamalla II, King (870–907)

• Gurjara-Pratihara (complete list) –

• Nagabhata II, King (800–833)
• Ramabhadra, King (833–836)
• Mihira Bhoja, King (836–885)
• Mahendrapala I, King (885–910)

• Kalachuris of Tripuri:[4] –

• Lakshmana-raja, King (825–850)
• Kokalla I, King (850–890)
• Shankaragana II, King (890–910)

• Paramara dynasty of Malwa (complete list) –

• The Pallava dynasty has two chronologies of rulers.
• Dantivarman, King (late 8th–early 9th century)[5]
• Nandivarman III, King (mid 9th century)[5]
• Nirupathungan, King (late 9th century, only in Aiyangar chronology)
• Aparajitavarman, King (882/879–897)[5]
• The Pallava dynasty has two chronologies of rulers.
• Upendra, King (c.800–c.818)
• Vairisimha I, King (9th century)
• Siyaka I, King (9th century)
• Vakpati I, King (9th–10th century)

• Rashtrakuta dynasty (complete list) –

• Govinda III, King (793–814)
• Amoghavarsha, King (814–878)
• Krishna II, King (878–914)

Sri Lanka

• Anuradhapura Kingdom, Sri Lanka (complete list) –

• Mahinda II, King (787–807)
• Dappula II, King (807–812)
• Mahinda III, King (812–816)
• Aggabodhi VIII, King (816–827)
• Dappula III, King (827–843)
• Aggabodhi IX, King (843–846)
• Sena I, King (846–866)
• Sena II, King (866–901)

Mesopotamia

• Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad (complete list) –

• Harun al-Rashid, Caliph (786–809)
• al-Amin, Caliph (809–813)
• al-Ma'mun, Caliph (813–833)
• al-Mu'tasim, Caliph (833–842)
• al-Wathiq, Caliph (842–847)
• al-Mutawakkil, Caliph (847–861)
• al-Muntasir, Caliph (861–862)
• al-Musta'in, Caliph (862–866)
• al-Mu'tazz, Caliph (866–869)
• al-Muhtadi, Caliph (869–870)
• al-Mu'tamid, Caliph (870–892)
• al-Mu'tadid, Caliph (892–902)

Persia

• Saffarid dynasty (complete list) –

• Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, Amir (861–879)
• Amr ibn al-Layth, Amir (879–901)

• Samanid Empire (complete list) –

• Nuh ibn Asad, Amir (819–841)
• Yahya ibn Asad, Amir (819–855)
• Ahmad ibn Asad, Amir (819–864)
• Ilyas ibn Asad, Amir (819–856)
• Ibrahim ibn Ilyas, Amir (856–867)
• Nasr I, Amir (864–892)
• Isma'il ibn Ahmad, Amir (892–907)

• First Bulgarian Empire (complete list) –

• Kardam, Khan (777–803)
• Krum, Khan (803–814)
• Omurtag, Khan (814–831)
• Malamir, Khan (831–836)
• Presian I, Khan (836–852)
• Boris I, Knyaz (852–889)
• Vladimir, Knyaz (889–893)
• Simeon I, Emperor (893–927)

• Byzantine Empire (complete list) –

• Irene, Regent (780–790, 792–797), Empress (797–802)
• Nikephoros I, Emperor (802–811)
• Staurakios, Co-Emperor (802–811), Emperor (811)
• Michael I Rangabe, Emperor (811–813)
• Theophylact, Co-Emperor (811–813)
• Leo V the Armenian, Emperor (813–820)
• Constantine (Symbatios), Junior Emperor (813–820)
• Michael II the Amorian, Emperor (820–829)
• Theophilos, Emperor (829–842)
• Michael III, Emperor (842–867)
• Basil I the Macedonian, Emperor (867–886)
• Leo VI the Wise, Co-Emperor (870–886), Emperor (886–912)

• Emirate of Crete (complete list) –

• Abu Hafs Umar al-Iqritishi, Emir (827/828–c.855)
• Shu'ayb ibn Umar, Emir (c.855–880)
• Abu Abdallah Umar ibn Shu'ayb, Emir (c.880–895)
• Muhammad ibn Shu'ayb al-Zarkun, Emir (c.895–910)

• Duchy of Croatia (complete list) –

• Trpimir I, Duke (845–864)
• Domagoj, Duke (864–876)
• Iljko, Duke (876–878)
• Zdeslav, Duke (878–879)
• Muncimir, Duke (892–910)

Great Britain: Scotland

• Dál Riata (complete list) –

• Caustantín mac Fergusa, King (unknown)
• Conall mac Taidg, King (c.805–807)
• Conall mac Áedáin, King (c.807–811)
• Domnall mac Caustantín, King (c.811–835)
• Óengus II, King (unknown)
• Eóganán mac Óengusa, King (unknown)
• Áed mac Boanta, King (c.835–839)
• Alpín mac Echdach, King (unknown)
• Cináed mac Ailpín, King (unknown)

• Picts (complete list) –

• Constantine (I), King (789–820)
• Óengus II, King (820–834)
• Drest IX, King (834–837)
• Eóganan, King (837–839)
• Uurad, competitor King (839–842)
• Bridei VI, competitor King (842–843)
• Ciniod II, competitor King (843)
• Bridei VII, competitor King (843–845)
• Drest X, competitor King (845–848)

• The Picts, traditionally The Scots (complete list) –

• Kenneth MacAlpin, King (843–858)
• Domnall mac Ailpí, or Donald I, King (858–862)
• Causantín mac Cináeda, or Constantine I (II), King (862–877)
• Áed mac Cináeda, King (877–878)
• Giric, King (878–889)
• Eochaid, disputed King (c.878–889)
• Donald II, King (889–900)
• Constantine II (III), King (900–943)

• Kingdom of Strathclyde / Alt Clut (complete list) –

• Cynan, King (798–816)
• Dumnagual IV, King (816–?)
• Constantine, King (? 859)
• Neithon, King (859–?)
• Artgal, King (?–872)
• Run, King (872–878)
• Eochaid, King (uncertain)
• Donald I, King (889–900)
• Donald II, King (889–900)
• Constantine II (III), King (900–943)

Great Britain: Northumbria

• Kingdom of Northumbria (complete list) –

• Eardwulf, King (796–806/808)
• Ælfwald II, King (806/808–808/810)
• Eanred, King (810–841)
• Æthelred II, King (840/841–844, 858–862)
• Redwulf, King (844)
• Osberht, King (844–848/849, 867)
• Ælla II, King (862/863–867)

• Norse era Northumbria / Scandinavian York (complete list) –

• Ecgberht, King (867–872)
• Ricsige, King (872–876)
• Halfdan Ragnarsson, King (876–877)
• Interregnum
• Guthfrith I, King (c.883–895)
• Siefredus, King (c.895–900)
• Cnut, King (c.900–905)

Great Britain: England

• The Britons (complete list) –

• Cynan Dindaethwy, King (798–816)
• Merfyn Frych, King (825–844)
• Rhodri ap Merfyn, King (844–878)
• Anarawd ap Rhodri, King (878–916)

• Kingdom of East Anglia (complete list) –

• Cœnwulf, King (?–821), also King of Kent and of Mercia
• Ceolwulf, King (821–823), also King of Kent and of Mercia
• Beornwulf, King (823–826), also King of Mercia
• Æthelstan, King post-827–840s)
• Æthelweard, King (840s–854)
• Edmund the Martyr, King (855–869)
• Oswald, Sub-King (870s)
• Æthelred II, Sub-King (870s)
• Guthrum, King (879–890)
• Eohric, King (890–902)

• Kingdom of Essex (complete list) –

• Sigered

• King (798–812)
• Duke (812–825)

• Kingdom of Kent (complete list) –

• Cuthred, King (797/798–807)
• Coenwulf, King (fl. 809)
• Ceolwulf I, King (fl. 822–823)
• Baldred, King (?–825)
• Egbert, King (825–839)
• Æthelwulf, King (825–858)
• Æthelstan, King (fl. 839–851)
• Æthelberht, King (fl. 855–866)
• Æthelred, King (866–871)

• Mercia (complete list –

• Coenwulf, King (796–821), also King of Kent and of East Anglia
• Ceolwulf I, King (821–823), also King of Kent and of East Anglia
• Beornwulf, King (823–826), also King of East Anglia
• Ludeca, King (826–827)
• Wiglaf, King (827–829, 830–839)
• Ecgberht, King (829–830)
• Wigmund, King (c.840)
• Ælfflæd, Regent (c.840)
• Beorhtwulf, King (840–852)
• Burgred, King (852–874)
• Ceolwulf II, King (874–c.879)
• Æthelred II, Lord (c.881–911)

• Kingdom of Wessex (complete list) –

• Beorhtric, King (786–802)
• Egbert, King (802–839)
• Æthelwulf, King (839–858)
• Æthelbald, King (858–860)
• Æthelberht, King (860–865)
• Æthelred, King (865–871)
• Alfred the Great, King (871–899)
• Edward the Elder, King (899–924)

Great Britain: Wales

• Kingdom of Gwynedd (complete list) –

• Cynan Dindaethwy ap Rhodri, King (c.798–816)
• Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog, King (814–825)
• Merfyn Frych, King (825–844)
• Rhodri the Great, King (844–878)
• Anarawd ap Rhodri, King (878–916)

• Seisyllwg –

• Meurig ap Dyfnwal, King (770–807)
• Gwgon ap Meurig, King (808–872)
• Cadell ap Rhodri, King (872–909)

• Kingdom of Powys (complete list) –

• Cadell ap Brochfael, King (773–808)
• Cyngen ap Cadell, King (808–854)
• Rhodri Mawr, King (854–878)
• Merfyn ap Rhodri, King (878–900)
• Llywelyn ap Merfyn, King (900–942)

Ireland

• Ireland (complete list) –

• Áed Oirdnide, High King (793–817)
• Conchobar mac Donnchada, High King (819–833)
• Fedelmid mac Crimthainn, High King (836–841)
• Niall Caille, High King (832–846)
• Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid, High King (846–860)
• Áed Findliath, High King (861–876)
• Flann Sinna, High King (877–914)

• Kingdom of Ailech (complete list) –

• Áed Oirdnide mac Néill, King (788–819)
• Murchad mac Máele Dúin, King (819–823)
• Niall Caille mac Áeda, King (823–846)
• Máel Dúin mac Áeda, King (846–?)
• Áed Findliath mac Néill, King (c.855–879)
• Murchad mac Máele Dúin, King (879–887)
• Flaithbertach mac Murchado, King (887–896)
• Domnall mac Áeda, King (887–915)
• Niall Glúndub mac Áeda, King (896–919)

• Connachta (complete list) –

• Muirgius mac Tommaltaig, King (796–815)
• Diarmait mac Tommaltaig, King (815–833)
• Cathal mac Muirgiussa, King (833–839)
• Murchad mac Áedo, King (839–840)
• Fergus mac Fothaid, King (840–843)
• Conchobar mac Taidg Mór, King (872–882)
• Áed mac Conchobair, King (882–888)
• Tadg mac Conchobair, King (888–900)
• Cathal mac Conchobair, King (900–925)

• Leinster (complete list) –

• Fínsnechta Cethardec, King (795–808)
• Muiredach mac Brain (died 818), King (808–818)
• Muiredach mac Ruadrach, King (818–829)
• Cellach mac Brain, King (829–834)
• Bran mac Fáeláin, King (834–838)
• Túathal mac Máele-Brigte, King (851–854)
• Ruarc mac Brain, King (854–862)
• Muirecán mac Diarmata, King (862–863)
• Dúnlaing mac Muiredaig, King (863–869)
• Ailill mac Dúnlainge (died 871), King (869–871)
• Domnall mac Muirecáin, King (871–884)
• Muiredach mac Brain, King (884–885)
• Cerball mac Muirecáin, King (885–909)

• Kingdom of Meath (complete list) –

• Muiredach mac Domnaill Midi, King (799–802)
• Diarmait mac Donnchado, King (802–803)
• Conchobar mac Donnchado, King (803–833)
• Niall mac Diarmato, King (?–826)
• Máel Ruanaid mac Donnchada Midi, King (833–843)
• Fland mac Maele Ruanaid, King (843–845)
• Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid, King (845–862)
• Lorcán mac Cathail, King (862–864)
• Conchobar mac Donnchado, King (?–864)
• Donnchad mac Aedacain, King (864–877)
• Flann Sinna mac Maíl Sechnaill, King (877–916)

• Uí Maine (complete list) –

• Dub Dá Leithe mac Tomaltach, King (?–816)
• Cathal mac Murchadh, King (794–816)
• Cathal mac Ailell, King (834–844)
• Mughroin mac Sochlachan, King (?–904)

• Ulaid / Ulster (complete list) –

• Eochaid mac Fiachnai, King (790–810)
• Cairell mac Fiachnai, King (810–819)
• Máel Bressail mac Ailillo, King (819–825)
• Muiredach mac Eochada, King (825–839)
• Matudán mac Muiredaig, King (839–857)
• Lethlobar mac Loingsig, King (857–873)
• Cathalán mac Indrechtaig, King (857–871)
• Ainbíth mac Áedo, King (873–882)
• Eochocán mac Áedo, King (882–883)
• Airemón mac Áedo, King (882–886)
• Fiachnae mac Ainbítha, King (886–886)
• Bécc mac Airemóin, King (886–893)
• Muiredach mac Eochocáin, King (893–895)
• Máel Mocheirge mac Indrechtaig, King (893–896)
• Aitíth mac Laigni, King (896–898)
• Cenn Etig mac Lethlobair, King (896–900)
• Áed mac Eochocáin, King (898–919)

• East Francia, later Kingdom of Germany (complete list) –

• Louis the German, King (843–876)
• Louis the Younger, King (880–882)
• Charles the Fat, King (882–887)
• Arnulf, King (887–899)
• Louis the Child, King (899–911)

• Duchy of Alsace (see also) –

• Charles, Duke (829–831)
• Hugh, Duke (867–885)

• Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg (complete list) –

• Adalbero, Prince-bishop (887–909)

• Duchy of Bavaria (complete list) –

• Louis II the German, King (817–843)
• Carloman, King (876–880)
• Louis III the Younger, King (880–882)
• Charles the Fat, King (882–887)
• Engeldeo, Margrave (890–895)
• Luitpold, Margrave (895–907)

• Bohemians –

• Lech, Prince (?–805)

• Duchy of Bohemia (complete list) –

• Bořivoj I (c.867–c.889)
• Spytihněv I (c.894–915)

• March of Carinthia –

• Gundachar, Margrave (858–863), Prefect (863–869)

• Duchy of Franconia (complete list) –

• Henry, Margrave (882–892)

• County of Hainaut (complete list) –

• Reginar I, Count (870–898, 908–915)
• Sigard, Count (898–908)

• County of Frisia / County of Holland (complete list) –

• Gerolf, Count (880–896)
• Dirk I, Count (896–931)

• Lotharingia (complete list) –

• Lothair II, King (855–869)
• Charles the Bald, King (869–870)
• Louis the Younger, King (880–882)
• Charles the Fat, King (882–887)
• Arnulf of Carinthia, King (887–895)
• Zwentibold, King (895–900)
• Louis the Child, King (900–911)

• Prince-Bishopric of Mainz (complete list) –

• Richholf, Prince-archbishop (787–813)
• Adolf, Prince-archbishop (813–826)
• Odgar, Prince-archbishop (826–847)
• Rabanus Maurus, Prince-archbishop (848–856)
• Karl, Prince-archbishop (856–863)
• Ludbert, Prince-archbishop (863–889)
• Sunderhold, Prince-archbishop (889–891)
• Hatto I, Prince-archbishop (891–913)

• Great Moravia (complete list) –

• Mojmir I, Duke (c.830–846)
• Rastislav, Duke (846–870)
• Slavomir, Duke (871)
• Svatopluk I, Duke (870–871, (871–pre-885), King (pre-885–894)
• Mojmír II, Duke (894–906)

• Margraviate of the Nordgau –

• Ernest, Margrave (?–861)[6]
• Rodold, Margrave (861–c.880)[6]
• Engeldeo, Margrave (c.880–895)[6]
• Luitpold, Margrave (895–903)

• Obotrites (complete list) –

• Thrasco, Prince (?–c.795-810)
• Slavomir, Prince (pre-810–819)
• Ceadrag, Prince (819–post-826)
• Selibur, Prince (9th century?)

• Duchy of Saxony (complete list) –

• Abo, Duke (fl.c.785–811)
• Widukind, Duke (fl.c.777–810)
• Liudolf I, Duke (850–864/866)
• Bruno, Duke (864/866–880)
• Otto I, Duke (880–912)

• March of Pannonia (complete list) –

• Radbod, Margrave/Prefect (833–854)
• Carloman of Bavaria, Margrave/Prefect (856–?)
• William, co-Margrave (?–871)
• Engelschalk I, co-Margrave (?–871)
• Aribo, Margrave (871–909)
• Engelschalk II, Margrave in opposition (c.871–893)
• Luitpold, Margrave (893–907)

• Sorbs –

• Miliduch, Duke (fl.790–806)
• Tunglo, Duke (?–826)
• Czimislav, King (fl.830–840)
• Čestibor, King (c.840–859)
• Slavibor, Prince (c.859–894)
• Dragomir, Prince (894–?)

• Prince-Bishopric of Speyer (complete list) –

• Goddank, Prince-bishop (881–895/898)
• Einhard, Prince-bishop (895/898–913)

• Landgraviate of Sundgau –

• Hugo, Graf, Count (866–869)
• Liutfrid, Count (876–902)

• Duchy of Thuringia (complete list) –

• Thachulf, Duke (849–873)
• Radulf II, Duke (874–880)
• Poppo, Duke (880–892)
• Egino, Duke (882–886)
• Conrad, Duke (892–906)

• Elector-Bishopric of Trier (complete list) –

• Radbod, Prince-bishop (898–915)

• Prince-Bishopric of Worms (complete list) –

• Gunzo, Prince-bishop (859–872)
• Adelhelm, Prince-bishop (873–890)
• Dietlach, Prince-bishop (890–914)

• Volga Bulgaria (complete list) –

• Tuqyi, ruler (765–815)
• Aidar, ruler (815–865)
• Şilki, Iltäbär (865–882)
• Batyr Mö'min, ruler (882–895)
• Almış, Emir (895–925)

• Khazar Khaganate (complete list) –

Ashina dynasty: Khazar Khagans

• Khan-Tuvan, Khagan (c.825–830)
• Tarkhan, Khagan (840s)
• Zachariah, Khagan (c.861)

Bulanid dynasty

• Obadiah, ruler (c.786–809)
• Hezekiah, ruler (mid 9th-century)
• Manasseh I, ruler (mid 9th-century)
• Chanukkah, ruler (mid 9th-century)
• Isaac, ruler (late 9th-century)
• Zebulun, ruler (late 9th-century)
• Manasseh II, ruler (late 9th-century)
• Nisi ben Menasseh, ruler (late 9th-century)
• Aaron I, ruler (c.900)

• Lower Pannonia –

• Vojnomir, Duke (791–c.810)
• Ljudevit, Duke (810–823)
• Ratimir, Duke (829–838)
• Braslav, Duke (880–c.887, 894–897)

• Principality of Lower Pannonia (complete list) –

• Pribina, Prince (846–861)
• Kocel, Prince (c.861–c.876)

• Sweden (complete list) –

• Björn Ironside, King (early 9th century)
• Erik Björnsson, King (early 9th century)
• Erik Refilsson, King (early 9th century)
• Anund Uppsale, King (early 9th century)
• Björn at Hauge, King (c.829–831)
• Olof I of Sweden, King (mid 9th century)
• Erik Anundsson, King (mid 9th century)

Holy Roman Empire in Italy

• Kingdom of Italy (complete list) –

Integrum: Simultaneous claimants

• Guy of Spoleto, King (889–894)
• Lambert of Spoleto, King (894–898)
• Arnulf of Carinthia, King (894–899)[7]
• Ratold, King (896)
• Lambert of Spoleto, King (896–898)
• Berengar I, King (887–924)

• Principality of Benevento (complete list) –

• Grimoald III, Prince (787–806)
• Grimoald IV, Prince (806–817)
• Sico I, Prince (817–832)
• Sicard, Prince (832–839)
• Radelchis I, Prince (839–851)
• Radelgar, Prince (851–854)
• Adelchis, Prince (854–878)
• Waifer, Prince (878–881)
• Radelchis II, Prince (881–884, 897–900)
• Aiulf II, Prince (884–890)
• Orso, Prince (890–891)
• Guy, Prince (895–897)
• Peter of Benevento, Regent (897)
• Radelchis II, Prince (881–884, 897–900)
• Atenulf I, Prince (900–910)

• March of Istria –

• John, Duke (c.804)

• Kingdom of Italy (complete list) –

• Pepin, King (781–810)
• Bernard, King (810–818)
• Louis I, King (818–822)
• Lothair I, King (822–855)
• Louis II, King (844–875)
• Charles II the Bald, King (875–877)
• Carloman, King (877–879)
• Charles III the Fat, King (879–887)

Integrum: Simultaneous claimants

• Berengar I, King (888–896)
• Guy of Spoleto, King (889–894)
• Lambert of Spoleto, King (891–896)
• Arnulf of Carinthia, King (894–899)[8]

• Ratold, sub-King (896)

• Berengar I, King (896–924)
• Lambert of Spoleto, King (896–898)
• Louis III of Provence, King (900–905)

• Papal States (complete list) –

• Pope Leo III (795–816)
• Leo III, Pope (795–816)
• Stephen IV, Pope (816–817)
• Paschal I, Pope (817–824)
• Eugene II, Pope (824–827)
• Valentine, Pope (827)
• Gregory IV, Pope (827–844)
• Sergius II, Pope (844–847)
• Leo IV, Pope (847–855)
• Benedict III, Pope (855–858)
• Nicholas I, Pope (858–867)
• Adrian II, Pope (867–872)
• John VIII, Pope (872–882)
• Marinus I, Pope (882–884)
• Adrian III, Pope (884–885)
• Stephen V, Pope (885–891)
• Formosus, Pope (891–896)
• Boniface VI, Pope (896)
• Stephen VI, Pope (896–897)
• Romanus, Pope (897)
• Theodore II, Pope (897)
• John IX, Pope (898–900)
• Benedict IV, Pope (900–903)

• Republic of Venice (complete list) –

• Giovanni Galbaio, Doge (787–804)
• Obelerio Antenoreo, Doge (804–811)
• Agnello Participazio, Doge (811–827)
• Giustiniano Participazio, Doge (827–829)
• Giovanni I Participazio, Doge (829–837)
• Pietro Tradonico, Doge (837–864)
• Orso I Participazio, Doge (864–881)
• Giovanni II Participazio, Doge (881–887)
• Pietro I Candiano, Doge (887–888)
• Pietro Tribuno, Doge (888–912)

Iberian Peninsula

• Kingdom of Asturias (complete list) –

• Alfonso II, King (791–842)
• Nepotian, King (842)
• Ramiro I, King (842–850)
• Ordoño I, King (850–866)
• Alfonso III, King (866–910)

• Emirate of Córdoba (complete list) –

• al-Hakam I, Emir (796–822)
• Abd ar-Rahman II, Emir (822–852)
• Muhammad I, Emir (852–886)
• Al-Mundhir, Emir (886–888)
• Abdallah ibn Muhammad, Emir (888–912)

Marca Hispanica

• County of Osona (complete list) –

• Borrell, Count (798–820)
• Rampon, Count (820–825)
• Bernard, Count (825–826)
• Aisso, Count (826–827)
• Guillemó, Count (826–827)

• County of Cerdanya (complete list) –

• Borrell, Count (798–820)
• Aznar Galíndez, Count (820–824)
• Galindo Aznárez, Count (824–834)
• Sunifred I, Count (834–848)
• Solomon, Count (848–869)
• Wilfred I the Hairy, Count (869–897)
• Miró II, Count (897–927)

• County of Urgell (complete list) –

• Borrell, Count (798–820)
• Aznar I Galíndez, Count (820–824)
• Galindo I Aznárez, Count (824–834)
• Sunifred I , Count (834–848)
• Solomon (or Miró), Count (848–870)
• Wilfred the Hairy, Count (870–897)
• Sunifred II , Count (898–948)

Franks

• Frankish Empire (complete list) –

• Charlemagne, King (768–814), Holy Roman Emperor (800–814)
• Louis I the Pious, King and Holy Roman Emperor (813–840)

Middle Francia

• Middle Francia –

• Lothair I, King (843–855)

• Upper Burgundy (complete list) –

• Lothar II, King (855–869)
• Rudolph I, King (888–912)

• Lotharingia (complete list) –

• Lothair II, King (855–869)
• Charles the Bald, King (869–870)
• Louis the Younger, King (880–882)
• Charles the Fat, King (882–887)
• Arnulf of Carinthia, King (887–895)
• Zwentibold, King (895–900)
• Louis the Child, King (900–911)

West Francia

• West Francia (complete list) –

• Charles II, called the Bald, 843–877

• Aquitaine: Charles the Child, 855–866; Louis the Stammerer, 866–877
• Neustria: Louis the Stammerer, 856–877

• Louis II, called the Stammerer, 877–879
• Louis III, 879–882, jointly with
• Carloman II, 879–884
• Charles the Fat, 884–888, Emperor 881
• Odo,* 888–898

• Aquitaine: Ranulf II, 888–889 (Ramnulfid, not Carolingian)

• Charles the Simple, King (898–922)

• Duchy of Aquitaine (complete list) –

• William I (893–918)

• Duchy of Brittany (complete list) –

• Alan I (876–907)

• Duchy of Burgundy (complete list) –

• Richard the Justiciar (898–921)

• County of Toulouse (complete list) –

• William of Gellone, Count (790–806)
• Beggo, Count (806–816)
• Berengar, Count (816–835)
• Bernard of Septimania, Count (835–842)
• Acfred, Count (842–843)
• William of Septimania, Count (844–849)
• Fredelon, Count (844–852)
• Raymond I, Count (852–863)
• Humfrid, Count (863–865)
• Sunyer, Count (863–865)
• Bernard II, Count (865–877)
• Bernard III Plantapilosa, Count (877–886)
• Odo, Count (886–918)

• Duchy of Gascony (complete list) –

• Gassia II (893–c.930)

• Kingdom of Provence (complete list) –

• Louis the Blind (887–928) and Holy Roman Emperor (901–905)

• Auvergne (complete list) –

• Guerin of Provence, Count (819–839)
• Gerard, Count of Auvergne, Count (839–841)
• William I, Count (841–846)
• Bernard I, Count (846–858)
• William II of Aquitaine, Count (858–862, 918–926)
• Stephen, Count (862–863)
• Bernard Plantapilosa, Count (864–886)
• William I of Aquitaine, Count (886–918)

• Arminiya (complete list) –

• Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani, Emir (799–801)
• Asad ibn Yazid al-Shaybani, Emir (801–802)
• Muhammad ibn Yazid al-Shaybani, Emir (802–803)
• Khuzayma ibn Khazim, Emir (803–?)
• Asad ibn Yazid al-Shaybani, Emir (c. 810)
• Ishaq ibn Sulayman, Emir (c. 813)
• Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad, Emir (813–?)
• Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad, Emir (828–832)
• Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad, Emir (841)
• Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad, Emir (c. 842–844)
• Muhammad ibn Khalid, Emir (c. 842/844–?)
• Abu Sa'id Muhammad al-Marwazi, Emir (849–851)
• Yusuf ibn Abi Sa'id al-Marwazi, Emir (851–852)
• Muhammad ibn Khalid, Emir (857–862)
• Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani, Emir (862–863)
• Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani, Emir (870–878)

• Principality of Iberia (complete list) –

• Ashot I, Prince (813–830)
• Bagrat I, Prince (842/843–876)
• David I, Prince (876–881)
• Gurgen I, Prince (881–891)
• Adarnase IV, King (888–923)

• Principality of Kakheti (complete list) –

• Juansher, Prince (786–807)
• Grigol, Prince (786–827)
• Vache Kvabulidze, Prince (827–839)
• Samuel, Donauri, Prince (839–861)
• Gabriel, Donauri, Prince (861–881)
• Padla I Arevmaneli, Prince (881–893)
• Kvirike I, Prince (893–918)

• Principality of Hereti (complete list) –

• Sahl Smbatean, Prince (815–840)
• Adarnase I, Prince (840–865)
• Hama I, Prince (865–893)

• Hereti (complete list) –

• Adarnase II, King (897–943)