Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia

Victor Emmanuel I (Vittorio Emanuele; 24 July 1759 – 10 January 1824) was the Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia (1802–1821).

Victor Emmanuel I
Victor Emanuel I in Coronation Robes
King of Sardinia and Duke of Savoy
Reign4 June 1802 – 12 March 1821
PredecessorCharles Emmanuel IV
SuccessorCharles Felix
Born(1759-07-24)24 July 1759
Royal Palace of Turin, Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia
Died10 January 1824(1824-01-10) (aged 64)
Castle of Moncalieri, Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia
Burial
ConsortMaria Teresa of Austria-Este
Issue
among others...
Maria Beatrice, Duchess of Modena
Maria Teresa, Duchess of Parma
Maria Anna, Empress of Austria
Maria Christina, Queen of the Two Sicilies
Full name
Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia
HouseHouse of Savoy
FatherVictor Amadeus III of Sardinia
MotherMaria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain
ReligionRoman Catholicism

Biography

Victor Emmanuel was the second son of King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain, daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese.

Victor Emmanuel was known from birth as the Duke of Aosta. From 1792 to 1796, Aosta's father had taken an active part in the struggle of the old powers against the revolutionary forces in France but was defeated and forced to make peace, signing the Treaty of Paris. The old king died shortly thereafter, and in December 1798, his eldest son and successor, Charles Emmanuel IV, was faced with a French occupation and eventually annexation, of his mainland territories.

Charles Emmanuel and his family were forced to withdraw to Sardinia, which was the only part of his domains not conquered by the French. Charles Emmanuel himself took little interest in the rule of Sardinia, living with his wife on the mainland in Naples and Rome until his wife's death in 1802, which led the childless Charles Emmanuel to abdicate the throne in favour of his younger brother.

Aosta took the throne on 4 June 1802 as Victor Emmanuel I. He ruled Sardinia from Cagliari for the next twelve years, during which time he constituted the Carabinieri, a Gendarmerie corps, still existing as one of the main branches of the military of Italy.

Victor Emmanuel could return to Turin only in 1814, his realm reconstituted by the Congress of Vienna, with the addition of the territories of the former Republic of Genoa. The latter became the seat of the Sardinian Navy. Victor Emmanuel abolished all the freedoms granted by the Napoleonic Codices and restored a fiercely oppressive rule: he restored the Regie Costituzioni of Victor Amadeus II and the Jus commune, strengthened customs barriers, refused to grant a liberal constitution, entrusted education to the Church and reintroduced laws concerning labour and the justice system which discriminated against Jews and Waldensians.

He nurtured expansionist ambitions in Lombardy, where nationalist anti-Austrian sentiments had developed, promoted largely by the bourgeoisie. This led to conflict with Austria. In March 1821, a liberal revolution exploded in Italy, largely the work of the Carbonari and it seemed that the anti-Austrian attitude of the revolutionaries matched that of Victor Emmanuel.

However, Victor Emmanuel was not willing to grant a liberal constitution as desired by the revolutionaries, so he abdicated in favor of his brother, Charles Felix on 13 March 1821. Because Charles Felix was in Modena at the time, Victor Emmanuel temporarily entrusted the regency to Charles Albert, who was second in line to the throne.

Thereafter Victor Emmanuel lived in a number of cities until 1824, when he returned to the Castle of Moncalieri, where he died. He is buried in the Basilica of Superga.

Family and children

On 21 April 1789, he married Archduchess Maria Teresa of Austria-Este, daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Modena (who was the son of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor).

They had six daughters and one son who died very young:

  1. Maria Beatrice Victoria Josepha of Savoy (December 6, 1792–September 15, 1840), married her uncle Francis IV, Archduke of Austria and Duke of Modena
  2. Maria Adelaide Clothilde Xaveria Borbonia of Savoy (October 1, 1794–August 2, 1795)
  3. Charles Emanuel (September 3, 1796–August 9, 1799) died of smallpox.
  4. A daughter (1800–1801)
  5. Maria Teresa Fernanda Felicitas Gaetana Pia of Savoy (September 19, 1803–July 16, 1879), married Charles II, Duke of Parma (1799–1883)
  6. Maria Anna Ricarda Carlotta Margherita Pia of Savoy (September 19, 1803–May 4, 1884), married Ferdinand I of Austria
  7. Maria Cristina Carlotta Giuseppina Gaetana Elise of Savoy (November 14, 1812–January 21, 1836), married Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies

As a descendant of Henrietta of England he carried the Jacobite claim to the thrones of England and Scotland.

Ancestry

See also

References

  1. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 26.

References

  • Segre, A. (1928). Vittorio Emanuele I. Turin.
Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia
Born: 24 July 1759 Died: 10 January 1824
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Charles Emmanuel IV
King of Sardinia
1802–1821
Succeeded by
Charles Felix
Titles in pretence
Preceded by
Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia
Jacobite succession
1819–1824
Succeeded by
Maria Beatrice of Savoy
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