Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)

Ghazi Mohammad Ayub Khan (Persian: غازی محمد ایوب خان‎) (Pashto: غازي محمد ايوب خان‎) (1857 – April 7, 1914) also known as The Victor of Maiwand or The Afghan Prince Charlie was, for a while, the governor of Herat Province in Emirate of Afghanistan. He was Emir of Afghanistan from October 12, 1879 to May 31, 1880.[2][3] He also the led the Afghan troops during the Second Anglo-Afghan War and defeated the British Indian Army at Battle of Maiwand. Following his defeat at Battle of Kandahar, Ayub Khan was deposed and exiled to British India.[4] However, Ayub Khan fled to Persia (now Iran). After negotiations in 1888 with Sir Mortimer Durand, the ambassador at Tehran, Ayub Khan became a pensioner of the British Raj and traveled to British India in 1888 and lived there until his death in 1914 in Lahore, Punjab.[1] He was buried in Peshawar and had eleven wives, fifteen sons and ten daughters.[5] Two of his grandson, Sardar Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi[6] and Sardar Muhammad Ismail Khan, were Brigadier in Pakistan Army.[4]

For the name, see Ayub Khan.
Mohammad Ayub Khan
Emir of Afghanistan
Ghazi Mohammad Ayub Khan
Emir of Afghanistan
Reign12 October 1879 – 31 May 1880
PredecessorMohammad Yaqub Khan
SuccessorAbdur Rahman Khan
Born1857
Kabul, Afghanistan
Died7 April 1914 (aged 56–57)
Lahore, British India[1]
Burial1914
Peshawar, British India
Full name
Mohammad Ayub Khan
DynastyBarakzai dynasty
FatherSher Ali Khan
MotherMomand

In Afghanistan, he is remembered as "National Hero of Afghanistan".[5]

Early life

His father was Sher Ali Khan and his mother was the daughter of an influential Mohmand chief of Lalpura, Saadat Khan.[7]

Second Anglo-Afghan war

Maiwand was the biggest defeat for the Anglo-Indian army in the second Anglo-Afghan war. He went on to besiege the better equipped British forces at Kandahar but did not succeed. On September 1, 1880, he was defeated and routed by forces led by General Frederick Roberts at the Battle of Kandahar, which saw the end of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.[7]

After second Anglo-Afghan war

A year later Ayub again tried to take Kandahar, this time from Amir Abdur Rahman Khan but again failed.

"Ayub Khan had an opportunity of realizing his strength as an independent ruler in Afghanistan [sic]. Certain tribes in Kushk district having revolted, he desired to send a force from Herat to punish them; but when he asked his men to march they refused, because he had not paid them for a long time." From The Twillingate Sun, Thursday, February 3, 1881.

He escaped to Persia (now Iran). After negotiations in 1888 with Sir Mortimer Durand, the ambassador at Tehran, Ayub Khan became a pensioner of the British Raj. A political officer, William Evans-Gordon, took charge of him on his arrival in India and escorted him with his entourage from Karachi to Rawalpindi.[8] He lived in India until his death in 1914.

Death

He died in Lahore in 1914[1] and is buried in Peshawar near the shrine of Sheikh Habib at Durrani graveyard in Peshawar, Pakistan.[5]

Legacy

In Afghanistan, he is remembered as "National Hero of Afghanistan". He had eleven wives, fifteen sons and ten daughters.[4]

Sardar Abdul Samad Khan Bahadur

Sardar Abdul Samad Khan Bahadur was the fifth son of Ayub Khan.[4] He was born in Rawalpindi, British India on 10 August 1893. He joined Punjab civil service in 1921 and became Magistrate of Punjab.[4] Later he served as city Magistrate of Delhi from 1941 to 1943 and Deputy Commissioner of Gujarat from 1943 to 1948. He retired from Indian Civil Service (ICS) in 1948 and migrated to Pakistan, where he was re-employed as PCS in 1949 and served as Deputy Commissioner of Sialkot in 1949. He was granted a personal title of "Khan Bahadur" on 1st January 1941. He first married Hajira Begum, daughter of Mohammad Yaqub Khan and later Qudsia Begum.[4]

Sardar Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi

Sardar Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi was a grandson of Ayub Khan.[4][9][6] He was the son of Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qadir Khan Effendi, who was the first son of Ayub Khan. He completed his education from Rashtriya Indian Military College in Dehra Dun and was commissioned as Second lieutenant on 15 July 1939 in British Indian Army. He fought in World War 2 and was initially posted in North Africa. He was captured when his 11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (PAVO) was overrun by German Afrika Korps but managed to escape and rejoin his regiment.[6] Later he fought in Burma Campaign. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant in 1940, Captain and temporary Major in 1946.[4] Following the independence of Pakistan, Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi opted to join Pakistan and later joined Pakistan Army. He took part in Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 as a special advisor to the General officer commanding (GOC) of the 6th division.[4]

He was also a Polo player and organised Pakistan Polo for over twenty years with leading teams invited to play from abroad.[6] He died in 1983 in Lahore and had two sons.[4] One of his son, Sardar Azmarai Javaid Hissam el-Effendi, was a professional polo player. He also coached Pakistan Polo team from 2003 to 2007 and was awarded Tamgha-e-Imtiaz in 1996 by the government of Pakistan.[4]

Sardar Muhammad Ismail Khan

Sardar Muhammad Ismail Khan was a grandson of Ayub Khan and also a Brigadier in Pakistan Army. He was an acting General officer commanding (GOC) of 15th Infantry Division during the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965. He was the son of Sardar Muhammad Akram Khan, who was the third son of Ayub Khan.[4]

References
  1. Dupree, Louis (Jul 14, 2014). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press. p. 418.
  2. Hamid. "Afghanistan Monarchs". afghanistantourism.net. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
  3. Wahid Momand. "Leaders". Afghanland.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
  4. "The Barakzai Dynasty". royalark.net. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  5. various. "Cities". The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
  6. "When the Pakistan Army Polo Team went to India in 1955". The Friday Times. 15 March 2019. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. The unmistakable figure next to Sher Ali is Brigadier Sardar H.M. el-Effendi. He was of Afghan ancestry, the grandson of Sardar Ayub Khan, who defeated the British at the Battle of Maiwand in 1880, during the second Anglo-Afghan war
  7. Chisholm 1911.
  8. Skelton & Bulloch 1912, p. 395.
  9. "Sahabzada Yaqub-Khan Of Pakistan (1920–2016)". Criterion Quarterly. 7 September 2016. Lieutenant Sardar Hissamuddin Mahmud El-Effendi, a scion of the Afghan royal family, was assigned to the 11th PAVO Cavalry.
Sources
Attribution

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ayub Khan" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.


Regnal titles
Preceded by
Yaqub Khan		 Barakzai dynasty
Emir of Afghanistan
12 October 1879 – 31 May 1880		 Succeeded by
Abdur Rahman Khan


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