Timeline of the Song dynasty

Northern Song
Southern Song

This is a timeline of the Song dynasty.

10th century

960s

YearDateEvent
960FebruaryZhao Kuangyin declares himself Emperor Taizu of Song, replacing Later Zhou[1]
963Song conquers Jingnan[1]
Song dynasty introduces the appointment by protection system, which allows high officials to nominate their sons, grandsons, and nephews for the civil service[2]
965Song conquest of Later Shu: Song conquers Later Shu[1]
Tao Gu provides the first written documentation of using cormorants for fishing[3]
967Long Yanyao of Nanning, the Yang clan of Bo Prefecture, and the Tian clan of Si Prefecture submit to the Song dynasty in return for their autonomy[4]
Song dynasty recognizes the Bole of the Luodian kingdom, the Mangbu of the Badedian kingdom, and the Awangren of the Yushi kingdom[5]
968Đinh Bộ Lĩnh of the Đinh dynasty declares independence from China[6]
969Gunpowder propelled fire arrows, rocket arrows, are invented by Yue Yifang and Feng Jisheng.[7]

970s

YearDateEvent
971Song conquest of Southern Han: Song conquers Southern Han - marks the last time elephants are used in Chinese warfare[1]
974The earliest natural history of pharmaceuticals, the Kaibao Bencao, is printed[8]
975Song conquest of Southern Tang: Song conquers Southern Tang[1]
Emperor Taizu of Song tries to convince Pugui of the Mu'ege Kingdom situated in northwest, central, east, and southeast Guizhou to acquiesce to Song overlordship[9]
97614 NovemberEmperor Taizu of Song dies and his brother Zhao Guangyi succeeds him as Emperor Taizong of Song[10][11]
Song dynasty and aboriginal allies in Guizhou attack the Mu'ege Kingdom, forcing them to retreat to Dafang County[12]
977The price ratio of iron to rice reaches 632:100[13]
978Song conquers Wuyue[1]
979Song conquest of Northern Han: Song conquers Northern Han[1]
Battle of Gaoliang River: Song dynasty invades Liao dynasty and is defeated[14]

980s

YearDateEvent
980Emperor Jingzong of Liao invades the Song dynasty and retakes territory in Hebei[14]
Long Yanyao's grandson Long Qiongju presents tribute to the Emperor Taizong of Song[4]
981Battle of Bạch Đằng (981): Song dynasty invades Early Lê dynasty with initial success but is ambushed and the campaign ends with Lê Hoàn accepting Song suzerainty[15]
982Li Jipeng of the Dingnan Jiedushi surrenders to the Song, but his cousin Li Jiqian rebels[16]
983The complete 130,000 block print edition of the Tripiṭaka Buddhist Canon (Kaibao zangshu 開寶藏書) is finished[17]
984Qiao Weiyue invents the pound lock[18]
986Song dynasty attacks the Khitans but is defeated[19]

990s

YearDateEvent
993A drought hits Sichuan and peasant rebellions break out[20]
994Song dynasty deposes Li Jiqian[16]
Earliest record of promissory note[21]
995Rebellions in Sichuan are suppressed[22]
Long Hanyao of Nanning presents tribute to the Song court[4]
996Li Jiqian rebels with Tanguts and raids Song supplies[16]
9979 MayEmperor Taizong of Song dies and his son Zhao Heng becomes Emperor Zhenzong of Song[23]
998Khitans invade the Song dynasty[24]
Song dynasty legitimizes Li Jiqian as governor of Dingnan Jiedushi[16]
Long Hanyao of Nanning presents tribute to the Song court[4]

11th century

1000s

YearDateEvent
1000Khitan forces retreat from the Song dynasty after failing to take key cities[24]
Tang Fu demonstrates gunpowder pots and caltrops to the Song court and is rewarded.[25]
Chinese discover that magnetic north and true north are not the same[26]
1001Tanguts capture Ordos[27]
Khitans attack the Song dynasty but are repulsed[24]
1002Shi Pu demonstrates fireballs utilizing gunpowder to the Song court and blueprints are created for promulgation throughout the realm.[25]
1003Khitans invade the Song dynasty and retreat without making permanent gains[24]
1004Emperor Shengzong of Liao conducts a full-scale invasion of the Song dynasty which ends in stalemate[28]
1005JanuaryChanyuan Treaty: The Song dynasty agrees to pay the Khitans an annual tribute of silk and silver[29]
1009Emperor Zhenzong of Song introduces quotas on degrees awarded[30]
Song dynasty modifies the appointment by protection system by requiring candidates to study at the Directorate of Education and sit the examination, which passes at least 50 percent of them[2]

1010s

YearDateEvent
1010Tanguts request famine relief from the Song[31]
1012Song court sponsors the propagation of the early maturing Champa rice, allowing rice to be harvested twice a year[32]
1016Locusts plague the Song capital of Kaifeng[31]
1018Yellow River dikes collapse[33]

1020s

YearDateEvent
1021Agricultural land reaches 13 percent of Song state territory[34]
102223 MarchEmperor Zhenzong of Song dies and his son succeeds him as Emperor Renzong of Song; Empress Liu becomes regent[35]
1023Song dynasty establishes a Bureau for Exchange Bills in Chengdu after craftsmen, artisans, and farmers reject the replacement of the smaller copper coins with heavy iron coins[21]
Song dynasty starts circulating exchange bills, each worth 1,256,340 strings of cash per 3-year circulation period[36]
1024Earliest known extant printing block for paper money, the jiaozi[37]
1026Torrential rains damage the Yellow River dikes and cause widespread flooding in the Song capital of Kaifeng[33]
1027Repairs on the Yellow River dikes are finished[33]

1030s

YearDateEvent
1033Empress Liu's regency ends as she dies[35]
Drought hits northern China[38]
1034Li Yuanhao of the Tanguts raids Song dynasty[39]
1036Unprecedented spread of literati culture throughout society compels the Song court to promulgate sumptuary regulations for citizens of Kaifeng[40]
Song civil service doubles in size[40]
All officials, their sons and grandsons, are relieved from obligations to serve as village officers[40]
1037Earthquake kills 12,000 people, injures 5,600, and kills or injures 50,000 cattle around Kaifeng[41]
103810 NovemberLi Yuanhao declares himself Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia[39]
Rebellion breaks out in Guangnan West Circuit and is suppressed[42]
1039Western Xia attacks Song dynasty but is repulsed[43]
Famine strikes north China[44]

1040s

YearDateEvent
1040Western Xia invades Song dynasty[44]
1041Western Xia defeats a Song army and kills 6,000[45]
Movable type is invented by Bi Sheng[46]
1042Western Xia conducts a full-scale invasion of the Song dynasty but is repelled[47]
Khitans force the Song dynasty to increase annual tribute to 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk[48]
Song dynasty appoints Degai of the Mu'ege Kingdom as regional inspector[12]
1043The Yao people of Guiyang rebel[42]
Emperor Renzong of Song enacts the Confucian Qingli Reforms and schools are established at prefectures with sufficient number of students[49]
The School of Four Gates opens - it provides students with a 500-day education, stipends, meals, a place in the dormitory, and exemption from the prefectural examinations[50]
1044Western Xia and Song dynasty cease hostilities[51]
Rebellion breaks out in Guangnan West Circuit and is suppressed[42]
Rebellions break out in Sichuan[42]
The chemical formula for gunpowder appears in the military manual Wujing Zongyao, also known as the Complete Essentials for the Military Classics.[52][53]
"Thunderclap bombs" are mentioned in the Wujing Zongyao.[54]
A "triple-bed-crossbow" firing fire arrows is mentioned in the Wujing Zongyao.[55]
Earliest recorded use of the compass for navigation[56]
1046Proportion of jinshi degree holders in the Song dynasty bureaucracy reach a third of all total bureaucratic positions[57]
1047Drought hits northern China[58]
1048Wang Ze rebels in Hebei and is suppressed[58]
1049Nong Zhigao of the Zhuang people rebels in Guangnan West Circuit[42]
Rebellions in Sichuan are suppressed[42]
The Iron Pagoda is completed[59]

1050s

YearDateEvent
1051The Yao rebellion of Guiyang is suppressed[42]
1053Nong Zhigao's rebellion is suppressed[42]
1055Peng Shixi rebels in Jinghu[42]
1056Heavy rains overload the Yellow River, causing widespread flooding and a major shift in the river's course[58]
1058Rebellion breaks out in Yongzhou[42]
Peng Shixi's rebellion is suppressed[42]
1059The Luoyang Bridge (Quanzhou) is completed[60]

1060s

YearDateEvent
1061The rebellion in Yongzhou is suppressed[42]
106330 AprilEmperor Renzong of Song dies and his cousin Zhao Zongshi succeeds him as Emperor Yingzong of Song[61]
1064Western Xia raids Song dynasty[62]
1065fallKaifeng experiences massive floods[63]
1066Western Xia raids Song dynasty[64]
The Song court starts holding jinshi examinations triennially, a decision that would endure until 1905[65]
106725 JanuaryEmperor Yingzong of Song dies and his son Zhao Xu succeeds him as Emperor Shenzong of Song[66]
Private trade of gunpowder ingredients is banned in the Song dynasty.[67]
1068Enrollment in the School of Four Gates reaches 900[50]
Huang Huaixin starts planning the construction of dry docks[68]

1070s

YearDateEvent
1070Western Xia attacks the Song dynasty[69]
The Song court carries out water-control and land reclamation projects which reclaim 38,829,799 acres of agricultural land[70]
Annual copper production in the Song dynasty reaches 12,982 tons, more than the total global production in 1800[71]
The first jinshi imperial examinations to emphasize statecraft over poetry are held[72]
1072Song dynasty starts colonizing the Qinghai region[73]
1075Lý–Song War: Lý Thường Kiệt and Nùng Tông Đán of the Lý dynasty invade the Song dynasty, capturing Qinzhou, Lianzhou, and destroying Yongzhou before retreating[73][74]
Shen Kuo describes the process of making steel using repeated forging under a cold blast for "partial decarbonization", considered by some historians to be a direct predecessor of the Bessemer process[75]
1076autumnLý–Song War: Guo Kui of the Song dynasty invades the Lý dynasty and pushes to the Cầu River, where the war reaches a stalemate[76]
Trade of gunpowder ingredients with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties is outlawed by the Song court[25]
1077Lý–Song War: Lý dynasty becomes a Song tributary in return for the withdraw of Song troops[73][77]
1078Annual iron production in the Song dynasty reaches 125,000 tons and becomes the largest iron industry in the world, an achievement that lasts until 1796 during the industrial revolution in England and Wales;[78][79] per capita iron production reaches 3.1 pound, the world's highest per capita iron production until 1700 in Western Europe[79]
1079Lý–Song War: Song dynasty gives up claims to Cao Bằng and Lạng Sơn in return for Song captives[77]

1080s

YearDateEvent
1080Number of qualified officials reach 34,000[80]
Mints in the Song dynasty reach annual production of 5,000,000 strings of copper cash and 800,000 strings of iron coins[81]
Price ratio of iron to rice falls to 177:100 in Sichuan and 135:100 in Shanxi[13]
1081Song dynasty invades Western Xia with initial success, but the odd failure to bring siege weapons and extreme supply problems cause widespread mutiny and the invasion turns into a massive rout[82]
1083Three hundred thousand fire arrows are produced by the Song court and delivered to two garrisons.[25]
10851 AprilEmperor Shenzong of Song dies and his son Zhao Xu succeeds him as Emperor Zhezong of Song; Empress Gao becomes regent[83]
Drought hits the Kaifeng region[84]
Annual grain harvest reaches 18,700,000 tons[85]
1086Su Song invents the astronomical clock[86]
1088Song and Lý finalize their border agreement, which with minor changes throughout the centuries, is basically the same as the modern China–Vietnam border[87]
1089Song and Western Xia conclude a peace treaty[88]

1090s

YearDateEvent
1092Earliest known extant depiction of an endless power-transmitting chain drive[89]
1093Emperess Gao's regency ends as she dies[90]
1097Song dynasty conducts an advance and fortify campaign against the Western Xia[91]
1098Western Xia retaliates against Song incursions but fails to defeat Song fortifications[92]
1099Western Xia sues for peace[92]

12th century

1100s

YearDateEvent
110023 FebruaryEmperor Zhezong of Song dies and his brother Zhao Ji succeeds him as Emperor Huizong of Song[93]
Total population employed in the Song bureaucracy reaches 0.02 percent[94]
Coke (fuel) replaces charcoal in iron smelting[95]
1102The Song court mandates the construction of Security and Relief clinics in every prefecture[96]
Cai Jing suggests that the best graduates of the Taixue should be selected for appointment without having to take the imperial examinations and that the examinations themselves should be replaced by a reformed education system; his ideas are ultimately rejected[50]
1103Song dynasty invades Western Xia[97]
Public pharmacies are extended from Kaifeng to the circuits[96]
Earliest recorded references to foot binding[98][99][100]
1104Song annexes Tsongkha[101]
Song court mandates public cemeteries for the destitute[102]
The Taixue allows enrollment from poor families for an admission fee of 2,000 cash, roughly 4 months of income for a low wage farmer, or 15 percent of monthly salary for a low official[103]
1105Reports of embezzlement relating to the public welfare initiatives start rolling in[104]
1106Song dynasty and Western Xia end hostilities and the war ends inconclusively[97]
Graduates of the prefectural examinations are reduced to 3% of candidates[30]
1107Song dynasty mandates the superiority of the Taoist clergy in rank and honors to their Buddhist counterparts[105]
1108Song dynasty sets an annual recruitment quota of 70 Taoist priests for the imperial examinations[105]

1110s

YearDateEvent
1110The Song army puts on a firework display for the emperor including a spectacle which opened with "a noise like thunder" and explosives that light up the night. Considered by some to be the first mention of gunpowder fireworks.[106]
1111Earliest recorded use of the compass for maritime navigation[107]
1113Song dynasty invades Western Xia[97]
1114The Palace of Extended Blessings (Yanfu Gong), a park-like compound extending the palace precincts to the north, is constructed[108]
111528 JanuaryWanyan Aguda declares himself Emperor Taizu of Jin[109]
1119The war between Song dynasty and Western Xia ends inconclusively[97]
Song Jiang rebels in Jingdong Circuit[110]

1120s

YearDateEvent
1120Fang La rebels in Liangzhe Circuit and is suppressed[111]
Song court announces cutbacks to public welfare[102]
1121Song Jiang's rebellion in Jingdong Circuit is suppressed[112]
1123Song dynasty attacks the Liao dynasty but is repelled[113]
Zhang Jue rebels in Ping Prefecture and defects to the Song dynasty but the Jin dynasty immediately retaliates and crushes his army; Zhang Jue is executed by the Song as reconciliation towards the Jin[114]
112526 MarchEmperor Tianzuo of Liao is captured by the Jin dynasty; so ends the Liao dynasty[115]
NovemberJin dynasty invades the Song dynasty and occupies Shanxi and Hebei[114]
112618 JanuaryEmperor Huizong of Song abdicates to his son Zhao Huan, who succeeds him as Emperor Qinzong of Song[116]
31 JanuaryJingkang Incident: Thunderclap bomb as well as fire arrows and fire bombs are used by Song troops during the siege of Kaifeng by the Jin dynasty (1115–1234).[117]
5 MarchJin army retreats from Kaifeng after the Song dynasty promises to pay an annual indemnity[118]
JuneJin dynasty defeats two Song armies[118]
DecemberJin army returns with fire arrows and gunpowder bombs and lays siege to Kaifeng[118][119]
112712 JuneEmperor Qinzong of Song's brother Zhao Gou is declared Emperor Gaozong of Song and the capital is moved to Lin'an[120]
DecemberJingkang Incident: Kaifeng falls to the Jin dynasty and emperors Qinzong and Huizong are captured; territory north of the Huai River is annexed by the Jin[121] - earliest recorded use of "molten metal bombs", suspected to contain gunpowder[119]
1128The earliest extant depiction of a cannon appears among the Dazu Rock Carvings, one of which is a human figure holding a gourd shaped hand cannon.[122]
1129Former Song official Liu Yu is enthroned as emperor of the Jin puppet state of Qi[123]
Gunpowder weapons are applied to naval warfare as Song warships are outfitted with trebuchets and supplies of gunpowder bombs.[124]

1130s

YearDateEvent
1130Battle of Huangtiandang: Jin forces are ambushed and stopped at the Yangtze for some time before making the crossing[125]
Zhong Xiang rebels in Hunan[126]
1131Jin dynasty invades Shaanxi but is repelled, in particular by a volley fire tactic implemented by general Wu Jie (吳 玠) and his younger brother Wu Lin (吳璘)[127]
Li Cheng rebels in Huainan and is suppressed[128]
The Song dynasty establishes China's first standing navy[129]
1132Siege of De'an: Fire lances are used by Song troops to repel Jin invaders[130][131][132]
Gunpowder is referred to specifically for its military applications for the first time and is known as "fire bomb medicine" rather than "fire medicine".[124]
Firecrackers using gunpowder are mentioned for the first time.[133]
1133Jin puppet state Qi invades Song dynasty but is repelled by Yue Fei[134]
Ayong of the Mu'ege Kingdom leads a large trade delegation of several thousand to the Song city of Luzhou in Sichuan[5]
11354 JuneEmperor Huizong of Song dies[120]
Jin puppet state Qi captures Xiangyang[135]
Yue Fei of the Song dynasty retaliates and recaptures much of the lost territory[135]
The rebellion in Hunan is suppressed[126]
1136Jin puppet state Qi invades the Song dynasty but is repelled[136]

1140s

YearDateEvent
1140Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty[137]
Battle of Yancheng: Yue Fei launches a successful attack against the Jin and makes considerable territorial gains, but is forced to withdraw by Emperor Gaozong of Song[138]
1141Yue Fei is arrested[139]
114227 JanuaryYue Fei is executed[140]
OctoberSong and Jin agree to the Treaty of Shaoxing which stipulates that the Song must pay Jin an annual indemnity; the Huai River is settled as the boundary between the two states[141][138]
1143Buddhist monks in the Song dynasty surge to 200,000 and become the largest class of land owners[142]
1145The Dongguan Bridge is constructed in Yongchun County, Fujian Province[143]

1150s

YearDateEvent
1150Annual registration for prefectural examinations reaches 100,000 applicants[30]
1151The Anping Bridge is completed[144]

1160s

YearDateEvent
1160Song dynasty starts issuing huizi, their official paper currency[145]
116114 JuneEmperor Qinzong of Song dies[120]
28 OctoberJin dynasty invades Song dynasty[146]
16 NovemberBattle of Tangdao: Fire arrows are employed by a Song fleet in sinking a Jin fleet off the shore of Shandong peninsula.[147]
26–27 NovemberBattle of Caishi: Thunderclap bombs are employed by Song treadmill boats in sinking a Jin fleet on the Yangtze.[147]
116224 JulyEmperor Gaozong of Song abdicates to his adopted son Zhao Bocong who becomes Emperor Xiaozong of Song[148]
Copper production in the Song dynasty suffers a complete breakdown and falls to 157 tons per year[71]
1163summerSong dynasty invades Jin dynasty but is defeated[149]
Fire lances are attached to war carts, known as "at-your-desire-war-carts", for defending Song mobile trebuchets.[124]
1165Song and Jin conclude a peace treaty reducing Song tribute and returning borders to the Huai River[150]
1167Song dynasty releases 2 million taels to exchange for huizi and destroy them in order to correct overissue[145]

1170s

YearDateEvent
1170The Song dynasty stations officers at the Penghu Islands[151]
1171Chinese fishermen settle on the Penghu Islands[152]
1175More huizi are issued to meet demand[145]

1180s

YearDateEvent
1181Earliest extant printed maps with a date of publication are printed[153]
11879 NovemberEmperor Gaozong of Song dies[154]
1188Emperor Xiaozong of Song creates a new office called the Policy Deliberation Hall (Yishi tang) to train his son Zhao Dun for his eventual accession[155]
118918 FebruaryEmperor Xiaozong of Song abdicates to his son Zhao Dun, who becomes Emperor Guangzong of Song[156]

1190s

YearDateEvent
1190Casual references to foot binding become more common; foot binding is no longer associated with dancing nor is the practice confined to entertainers[100]
1191Emperor Guangzong of Song withdraws from the court[157]
119428 JuneEmperor Xiaozong of Song dies[158]
24 JulyEmperor Guangzong of Song is forced to abdicate and his son Zhao Kuo succeeds him as Emperor Ningzong of Song[159]
1195Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan[160]
Earliest known extant depiction of a fishing reel[161]
1198Song court bans Neo-Confucianism[162]

13th century

1200s

YearDateEvent
120017 SeptemberEmperor Guangzong of Song dies[163]
1202Ban on Neo-Confucianism ends[164]
1204Song forces start showing military aggression along the Jin border[165]
1206springKokochu, also known as Teb Tengri, chief shaman of the Mongols, bestows upon Temüjin the title of Genghis Khan, "Oceanic Ruler" of the Mongol Empire, at the kurultai of Burkhan Khaldun, sacred mountain of the Mongols[166]
20 JuneSong dynasty declares war on Jin dynasty[165]
DecemberThe governor-general of Sichuan, Wu Xi, defects to the Jin dynasty[167]
120729 MarchSong loyalists kill Wu Xi[167]
Thunderclap bombs are employed by Song forces in a sneak attack on a Jin camp, killing 2000 men and 800 horses.[54]
AprilSong and Jin enter a stalemate[167]
12082 NovemberSong and Jin agree to a peace renewing the Song's tributary relationship with the Jin[168]
Yao people rebel in Jinghu and are suppressed[169]
Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan[160]
Massive fires erupt in Lin'an[170]
Drought and locusts hits Zhejiang[170]
1209Locusts plague Zhejiang[170]

1210s

YearDateEvent
1210Rebellion breaks out in Jinghu and is suppressed[169]
Earliest known depiction of a trip hammer[171]
Floodwaters and locusts hit Zhejiang[170]
1211Massive fires erupt in Lin'an[170]
Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan[160]
1212Floodwaters hit Zhejiang[170]
1213Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan[160]
Floodwaters hit Zhejiang[170]
1214Jin dynasty raids Song dynasty[172]
Drought hits Zhejiang[170]
1215Drought and locusts hit Zhejiang[170]
1216Earthquakes hit Sichuan[170]
1217springJin dynasty invades Song dynasty but is repelled[173]
Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan[160]
Floodwaters hit Zhejiang[170]
1219Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty but is repelled[174]
Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan and is suppressed[175]

1220s

YearDateEvent
1220Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan[160]
Massive fires erupt in Lin'an[170]
1221Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty but is repelled[176]
Iron casing bombs are employed by Jin troops in the siege of Qi Prefecture (Hubei).[177]
122417 SeptemberEmperor Ningzong of Song dies and his adopted son Zhao Yun succeeds him as Emperor Lizong of Song[178]
Song and Jin cease hostilities[179]
1225Rebels in Shandong invade the Song dynasty and are repelled[180]
1227SeptemberEmperor Mozhu of Western Xia surrenders to the Mongol Empire and is promptly executed; so ends the Western Xia[181]

1230s

YearDateEvent
1230Co-viative projectiles are added to fire lances.[182]
1231Song patrols kill a Mongol envoy and in retaliation the Mongols raid Sichuan[183]
Massive fires erupt in Lin'an[184]
1233summerSong dynasty invades Jin dynasty[185]
12349 FebruarySiege of Caizhou: Emperor Aizong of Jin abdicates to a distant relative, Hudun, who becomes Emperor Mo of Jin, and commits suicide; Emperor Mo of Jin is killed by the Mongols; so ends the Jin dynasty[186]
Mongols annihilate the Song army at Luoyang[187]
1235Mongols raid the Song dynasty[188]
Massive fires erupt in Lin'an[184]
1236Mongols rout Song forces in Sichuan[188]
1237Large bombs requiring several hundred men to hurl using trebuchets are employed by Mongols in the siege of Anfeng (modern Shouxian, Anhui Province).[189]
Massive fires erupt in Lin'an[184]
1238Counterattacks by Song forces force Mongols to withdraw[190]

1240s

YearDateEvent
1240Foot binding spreads to daughters and wives of officials[100]
1242Mongols raid Sichuan[191]
1243Mongols raid Sichuan[191]
1244Mongols raid Huainan[191]
1245Mongols occupy Shou Prefecture[192]
Rockets are used during a military exercise conducted by the Song navy.[193]
1246Mongols raid Huainan[191]
1247Issues of huizi to subsidize rising expenditures and declining revenues reach a value of 650,000,000 strings of cash, an increase by a factor of 25 over half a century[194][195]
Qin Jiushao discovers Horner's method and introduces the zero symbol into Chinese mathematics[196][197]

1250s

YearDateEvent
1250Annual registration for prefectural examinations reaches 400,000 candidates[30]
1252Mongol forces under the Chinese general Wang Dechen advance into Sichuan and occupy Li Prefecture[198]
Massive fires erupt in Lin'an[184]
1253Mongol forces occupy Li Prefecture[199]
1254Mongol raids on the northern Song border intensify[200]
1256summerMöngke Khan declares war on the Song dynasty, citing imprisonment of Mongol envoys as casus belli[200]
The Bazi Bridge is completed in Shaoxing[201]
1257Three-hundred thirty-three "fire emitting tubes" are produced in a Song arsenal in Jiankang Prefecture (Nanjing, Jiangsu).[202][203]
Massive fires erupt in Lin'an[184]
1258Mongols capture Chengdu[204]
1259JanuaryMöngke Khan's forces take Ya Prefecture[199]
FebruarySiege of Diaoyu Castle: Möngke Khan's forces lay siege to Diaoyu Fortress[205]
JulySiege of Diaoyu Castle: Möngke Khan calls off the siege of Diaoyu Fortress[206]
AugustTaghachar attacks Huainan[199]
12 AugustMöngke Khan dies from dysentry or a wound inflicted by a Song trebuchet, forcing Mongol forces to withdraw from Song territory[207]
SeptemberKublai Khan's forces cross the Yangtze and lays siege to Ezhou, however he receives news of Möngke Khan's death and Ariq Böke's mobilization, forcing hm to withdraw and deal with his brother[208]
The History of Song describes a "fire-emitting lance" employing a pellet wad projectile which occludes the barrel. Some consider this to be the first bullet.[202][203]
The city of Qingzhou produces one to two thousand iron cased bomb shells a month and sends them in deliveries of ten to twenty thousand at a time to Xiangyang and Yingzhou.[209]
Floodwaters hit Zhejiang[184]

1260s

YearDateEvent
12605 MayKublai Khan convenes a kurultai at Kaiping, which elects him as ruler of the Mongol Empire; so ends the centralized Mongol Empire[210]
Kublai Khan's envoy Hao Jing proposes that the Song dynasty acknowledge Kublai as Son of Heaven in return for autonomy and gets jailed[211]
1261Kublai Khan sends funds to Li Tan of Shandong to make war on the Song dynasty[212]
126222 FebruaryMongol-allied warlord of Shandong, Li Tan, defects to the Song dynasty[213]
AugustKublai Khan's Chinese generals Shi Tianze and Shi Chu crush Li Tan's forces and capture him; Li Tan is trampled to death by horses[212]
1263Massive fires erupt in Lin'an[184]
1264Emperor Lizong of Song dies and his nephew Zhao Qi succeeds him as Emperor Duzong of Song[214]
Massive fires erupt in Lin'an[184]
A display of miniature rockets frightens the Song empress.[215]
The value of huizi collapses[195]
1265Song dynasty and Mongol forces clash in Sichuan[211]
1268Battle of Xiangyang: Aju of the Mongols lays siege to Xiangyang[216]

1270s

YearDateEvent
1271Kublai Khan declares himself emperor of the Yuan dynasty[217]
Chinese people start visiting Taiwan[218]
1272Battle of Xiangyang: Riverine relief forces use fire lances to repel boarders and break the Mongol blockade of Xiangyang[219]
1273MarchBattle of Xiangyang: Lü Wenhuan surrenders Xiangyang to Yuan[220]
127412 AugustEmperor Duzong of Song dies and his son Zhao Xian succeeds him as Emperor Gong of Song; Xie Daoqing becomes regent[221]
1275JanuaryBayan's forces cross the Yangtze at Hankou[222]
MarchBayan's forces meet Jia Sidao in battle at Dingjiao Prefecture and annihilate his force using artillery equipment[222]
Mongols conquer the Hanshui region[221]
1276Mongol army annihilates a Song army near modern Guichi District[223]
22 MarchLin'an surrenders to the Mongols and Emperor Gong of Song is eventually moved to Dunhuang where he raises a family and becomes a monk[224]
Yuan general of Uyghur descent, Arigh Kaya, conquers Hunan and Guangxi[225]
Yuan commander Sodu occupies Fuzhou[225]
14 JuneSong loyalists enthrone Zhao Shi, brother of Emperor Gong of Song, as Emperor Duanzong of Song[226]
Reusable fire lance barrels made of metal are employed by the Song army.[227]
Fire lances are used by Song cavalry in combating Mongols.[219]
1277AprilMuslim superintendent of Quanzhou Pu Shougeng defects to Yuan [225]
A suicide bombing occurs in China when Song garrisons set off a large bomb, killing themselves.[228][229]
1278FebruaryYuan commander Sodu occupies Guangzhou[225]
9 MayEmperor Duanzong of Song dies in Guangnan and is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing[230]
127919 MarchBattle of Yamen: Mongol fleet annihilates the Song fleet and Zhao Bing dies at sea; so ends the Song dynasty[231]

See also

References

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