Timeline of the Göktürks

Turkic Khaganate

This is a timeline of the Göktürks from the origins of the Turkic Khaganate to the end of the Second Turkic Khaganate.

5th century

YearDateEvent
460A group of Xiongnu tribes known as the Ashina residing around modern Turpan are subjugated by the Rouran Khaganate, who resettle them in the Altai Mountains[1]

6th century

YearDateEvent
534Bumin of the Ashina becomes chieftain of the Turks, who migrate further east to the Yellow River[1]
545The Turks establish an alliance with the Western Wei[1]
546Bumin of the Turks quells a Tiele revolt for the Rouran Khaganate and asks for a Rouran princess for his service but is denied, after which he declares independence[2]
551Bumin declares himself Khagan and supreme ruler of the Turks[1]
Bumin Qaghan marries Princess Changle of the Western Wei[2]
552Bumin Qaghan defeats Anagui of the Rouran Khaganate and Anagui commits suicide; Bumin declares himself Illig Khagan of the Turkic Khaganate after conquering Otuken; Bumin dies soon after and his son Issik Qaghan succeeds him[2][3]
553Issik Qaghan continues attacking the Rouran Khaganate and dies; his brother Muqan Qaghan succeeds him[2]
554Muqan Qaghan defeats the Rouran Khaganate[2]
557Battle of Bukhara: Istämi (brother of Bumin) of the western Turkic Khaganate makes an alliance with the Sasanian Empire[4]
563Istämi of the Turkic Khaganate defeats the Hephthalite Empire in battle[1]
568Envoys reach the Byzantine Empire asking for them to hand over the Avars, slaves of the Turkic Khaganate [5]
572Muqan Qaghan dies and is succeeded by his brother Taspar Qaghan[6]
580Taspar Qaghan marries Princess Qianjin of Northern Zhou[6]
581Göktürk civil war: Taspar Qaghan dies and his designated heir Apa Qaghan, son of Muqan Qaghan, goes to war with Ishbara Qaghan, son of Issik Qaghan; Amrak, son of Taspar Qaghan, renounces his claim to the throne[7]
582Ishbara Qaghan conducts raids on China[8]
583Göktürk civil war: Apa Qaghan is defeated by Ishbara Qaghan and flees to Tardu, son of Istämi, of the Western Turkic Khaganate[7]
584Göktürk civil war: Tardu of the Western Turkic Khaganate defeats Ishbara Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate[9]
585Ishbara Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate is defeated by the Sui dynasty[10]
587Ishbara Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate dies and is succeeded by his brother Bagha Qaghan, who captures Apa Qaghan[7][11]
588First Perso-Turkic War: Bagha Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate invades Herat but is defeated and dies from a stray arrow; he is succeeded by Tulan Qaghan, son of Ishbara Qaghan[12][1]
597Tulan Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate attacks Yami Qaghan, son of Bagha Qaghan, and forces him to flee to the Sui dynasty[13]
599Tulan Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate is killed by his subordinates and is succeeded by Yami Qaghan, son of Bagha Qaghan, while Tardu of the Western Turkic Khaganate declares himself ruler of all Turks[14]
Tardu of the Western Turkic Khaganate attacks the Sui dynasty[15]

7th century

YearDateEvent
600Tardu of the Western Turkic Khaganate attacks the Sui dynasty[15]
602Tardu of the Western Turkic Khaganate attacks Yami Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate in Ordos [13]
603Tardu of the Western Turkic Khaganate is ousted and flees to the Tuyuhun;[16] he is succeeded by Heshana Khagan, great-grandson of Tardu[17]
605Yami Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate attacks the Khitans on behalf of the Sui dynasty[18]
610Heshana Khagan of the Western Turkic Khaganate is defeated by Sheguy, grandson of Tardu, who succeeds him[17]
611Yami Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate is succeeded by his son Shibi Khan[19]
Heshana Khagan flees to the Sui dynasty[17]
615Shibi Khan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate attacks the Sui dynasty.[19]
617Shibi Khan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate aids Emperor Gaozu of Tang in his rebellion against the Sui dynasty[20]
Sheguy of the Western Turkic Khaganate is succeeded by his brother Tong Yabghu Qaghan[21]
618Heshana Khagan is killed by envoys from the Eastern Turkic Khaganate[17]
619Shibi Khan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate is succeeded by his brother Chuluo[17]
620Chuluo of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate is succeeded by his brother Illig Qaghan[17]
622Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate attacks the Tang dynasty[22]
624Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and his nephew Tölis Qaghan invade the Tang dynasty but Li Shimin contacts Tölis and persuades him not to attack, forcing the invasion to a halt[23]
625Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate conducts raids on the Tang dynasty but is repulsed[24]
626Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate invades the Tang dynasty and the newly crowned Emperor Taizong of Tang agrees to payments of tribute[24]
627Third Perso-Turkic War: Tong Yabghu Qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate attacks the Sasanian Empire and captures Derbent and Tbilisi[1]
The Karluks revolt against the Western Turkic Khaganate[25]
Tang and Uyghur forces engage in battle with the Turks and Tibetans.[26][27]
630Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks: Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate is defeated by Li Jing of the Tang dynasty and captured by Li Shiji but released; the Eastern Turkic Khaganate becomes a vassal of Tang[28]
Xuanzang visits the court of Tong Yabghu Qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate[29]
Tong Yabghu Qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate is murdered by his uncle Külüg Sibir[21]
Külüg Sibir of the Western Turkic Khaganate is killed by Irbis Bolun Cabgu, son of Tong Yabghu Qaghan[30]
The Western Turkic Khaganate disintegrates into two loose tribal confederations, the western Nushibi and eastern Dulu Turks, collectively known as the On Oq (Ten Arrows)[25]
632Irbis Bolun Cabgu of the Western Turkic Khaganate is ousted; he is succeeded by Dulu Khan, son of Bagha Shad, a close kinsman of Tong Yabghu Qaghan[31]
634Dulu Khan of the Western Turkic Khaganate abdicates and is succeeded by his brother Ishbara Tolis[32]
638Ishbara Tolis of the Western Turkic Khaganate is ousted in favor of Yukuk Shad, son of Illig Qaghan[33]
642Yukuk Shad of the Western Turkic Khaganate flees west and is replaced by Irbis Seguy, grandson of Ishbara Tolis[33]
649Irbis Seguy of the Western Turkic Khaganate flees west and is replaced by Ashina Helu, a descendant of Istämi[10]
656Karluk and Turgesh forces of the Western Turkic Khaganate are defeated by Cheng Yaojin[34]
657Battle of Irtysh River: Ashina Helu of the Western Turkic Khaganate is defeated by Su Dingfang of the Tang dynasty[35]
658Conquest of the Western Turks: Ashina Helu of the Western Turkic Khaganate is defeated by Su Dingfang of the Tang dynasty and lives out the rest of his days in Chang'an; the Western Turkic Khaganate is annexed by Tang[36]
660Remnants of the Western Turkic Khaganate join the Tibetan Empire in attacking Shule (Kashgar)[37]
665Remnants of the Western Turkic Khaganate join the Tibetan Empire in attacking Yutian (Hotan)[38]
677Remnants of the Western Turkic Khaganate join the Tibetan Empire in capturing Qiuci (Kucha)[37]
679Ashide Wenfu and Ashide Fengzhi of the Chanyu Protectorate make Ashina Nishufu a Khagan and revolt against Tang dynasty.[39]
680Pei Xingjian defeats Ashina Nishufu and Ashina Nishufu is killed by his men.[39]
Ashide Wenfu makes Ashina Funian a Khagan and revolts against Tang dynasty.[39]
681Ashide Wenfu and Ashina Funian surrender to Pei Xingjian.[39]
Ilterish Qaghan revolts with the remnants of Ashina Funian's men.[40]
682Ilterish Qaghan declares the Second Turkic Khaganate[40]
Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate attacks the Tang dynasty[41]
683Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate attacks the Tang dynasty[41]
684Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate attacks the Tang dynasty[41]
685Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate attacks the Tang dynasty[41]
687Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate attacks the Tang dynasty[41]
692Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate dies and is succeeded by his brother Qapaghan Qaghan[40]
693Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[42]
694Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[43]
696Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Khitans to the east and raids the Tang dynasty[42]
697Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[43]
698Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[42]

8th century

YearDateEvent
702Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[42]
706Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[42]
707Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[44]
711Battle of Bolchu: Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Turgesh[45]
713Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate sends an army to aid Soghd against the Umayyad Caliphate but is defeated and retreats the following year[46]
716Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate is killed in an ambush and Bilge Khagan, son of Ilterish Qaghan, succeeds him[40]
720Bilge Khagan of the Second Turkic Khaganate invades the Tang dynasty and extracts tribute[40]
734Bilge Khagan of the Second Turkic Khaganate is assassinated and his son Yollıg Khagan succeeds him only to die in the same year; he is replaced by his brother Tengri Qaghan under the care of his mother Po Beg[40]
741Tengri Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate is murdered by Pan Kültiğin, one of his shads (governor), who is then defeated by the Basmyl, and Kutluk Yabgu Khagan, son of Ilterish Qaghan succeeds him[47]
742The Basmyl, Uyghurs, and Karluks revolt against the Second Turkic Khaganate and Kutluk Yabgu Khagan is killed; Özmiş Khagan, son of Pan Kültiğin, succeeds him[48]
744The Uyghurs dismantle the Second Turkic Khaganate, establishing the Uyghur Khaganate; Özmiş Khagan is killed[47]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bregel 2003, p. 14.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Barfield 1989, p. 132.
  3. ↑ Xiong 2009, p. ciii.
  4. ↑ Golden 1992, p. 127.
  5. ↑ Golden 1992, p. 128.
  6. 1 2 Xiong 2008, p. 516.
  7. 1 2 3 Xiong 2008, p. 37.
  8. ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 136.
  9. ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 137.
  10. 1 2 Xiong 2008, p. 433.
  11. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. 365.
  12. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. 138.
  13. 1 2 Barfield 1989, p. 138.
  14. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. 407.
  15. 1 2 Skaff 2012, p. 302.
  16. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. 69.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Xiong 2008, p. 95.
  18. ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 139.
  19. 1 2 Xiong 2008, p. 452.
  20. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. 453.
  21. 1 2 Xiong 2008, p. 507.
  22. ↑ Skaff 2012, p. 303.
  23. ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 144.
  24. 1 2 Xiong 2008, p. cviii.
  25. 1 2 Golden 1992, p. 135.
  26. ↑ Latourette 1964, p. 144.
  27. ↑ Haywood 1998, p. 3.2.
  28. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. 579.
  29. ↑ Golden 1992, p. 40.
  30. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. 464.
  31. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. 139.
  32. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. 122.
  33. 1 2 Xiong 2008, p. 629.
  34. ↑ Xiong 2009, p. cix.
  35. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. cix.
  36. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. 434.
  37. 1 2 Bregel 2003, p. 17.
  38. ↑ Bregel 2003, p. 16.
  39. 1 2 3 4 Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 202
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Barfield 1989, p. 149.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 Skaff 2012, p. 308.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 Barfield 1989, p. 147.
  43. 1 2 Skaff 2012, p. 309.
  44. ↑ Skaff 2012, p. 311.
  45. ↑ Bregel 2003, p. 18.
  46. ↑ Bregel 2003, p. 19.
  47. 1 2 Barfield 1989, p. 150.
  48. ↑ Ahmet Taşağıl:Göktürkler, AKDTYK yayınları, ISBN 978-975-16-2460-4, p. 358-9

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