Timeline of the Xiongnu
This is a timeline of the Xiongnu.
3rd century BC
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
214 BC | Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu: Meng Tian defeats the Xiongnu and conquers the Ordos region[1] | |
209 BC | Modu Chanyu assumes power over the Xiongnu and defeats the Donghu people, who become the Wuhuan and Xianbei[2] | |
203 BC | Modu Chanyu defeats the Yuezhi[3] | |
201 BC | Battle of Baideng: Emperor Gaozu of Han's army is defeated by the Xiongnu[4] | |
Xin, King of Han defects to the Xiongnu[4] |
2nd century BC
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
197 BC | The Xiongnu invade Dai Commandery with the help of Chen Xi and Han Xin[5] | |
196 BC | The Xiongnu invade Dai Commandery with the help of Han Xin[5] | |
195 BC | The Xiongnu invade You Province with the help of Lu Wan[6] | |
182 BC | The Xiongnu invade Longxi Commandery and Tianshui[7] | |
181 BC | The Xiongnu invade Longxi Commandery[5] | |
179 BC | The Xiongnu invade Yunzhong Commandery[5] | |
177 BC | The Xiongnu invade Ordos[8] | |
176 BC | The Xiongnu evict the Yuezhi in the west and gain hegemony over the Western Regions as well as the Wusun[9] | |
174 BC | Modu Chanyu dies and is succeeded by his son Laoshang[9] | |
169 BC | The Xiongnu raid Han[5] | |
166 BC | A 140,000 strong Xiongnu force invade near Chang'an[10] | |
160 BC | Laoshang dies and is succeeded by his son Junchen[11] | |
158 BC | A 30,000 strong Xiongnu force attacks Yunzhong Commandery and Dai Commandery[5] | |
148 BC | The Xiongnu attack Yan Province[5] | |
144 BC | The Xiongnu raid Yanmen Pass for horses[5] | |
142 BC | The Xiongnu attack Yanmen Pass[5] | |
133 BC | June | Battle of Mayi: The Han army fails to ambush the Xiongnu[12] |
129 BC | Han forces (40,000) under Wei Qing, Gongsun Ao, Gongsun He, and Li Guang engage in combat with the Xiongnu[13] | |
128 BC | The Xiongnu attack Liaoxi and engage in combat with Han forces (40,000) under Wei Qing and Li Xi[14] | |
127 BC | The Xiongnu raid Liaoxi and Yanmen | |
Han forces under Wei Qing, Hao Xian, and Li Xi plunder the Xiongnu for livestock[13] | ||
126 BC | Junchen dies and is succeeded by his brother Yizhixie, who attacks Junchen's son Yudan, forcing him to flee to the Han[11] | |
The Xiongnu army (900,000) raids Han territory | ||
124 BC | Han forces (100,000) under Wei Qing attack the Xiongnu[13] | |
123 BC | Han forces (100,000) under Wei Qing attack the Xiongnu[13] | |
122 BC | The Xiongnu raid Shanggu | |
121 BC | Han forces under Huo Qubing, Zhao Ponu, Zhang Qian, and Li Guang attack the Xiongnu[13] | |
120 BC | The Xiongnu raid Youbeiping and Xingxiang, taking 1,000 captives | |
119 BC | June | Battle of Mobei: Han generals Huo Qubing and Wei Qing defeat the Xiongnu[12] |
116 BC | The Xiongnu raid Liang Province | |
114 BC | Yizhixie dies and is succeeded by his son Wuwei Chanyu[11] | |
111 BC | Han forces (25,000)) under Gongsun He and Zhao Ponu try to attack the Xiongnu but can't find them[13] | |
110 BC | Emperor Wu of Han personally leads Han forces (180,000) against the Xiongnu but their chanyu decides to retreat[13] | |
105 BC | Wuwei Chanyu dies and is succeeded by his son Wushilu[11] | |
103 BC | Han forces (20,000) under Zhao Ponu attack the Xiongnu but are defeated[13] | |
102 BC | Wushilu dies and is succeeded by his uncle Xulihu[11] | |
The Xiongnu raid Jiuquan and Zhangye, capturing several thousand people | ||
101 BC | Xulihu dies and is succeeded by his brother Chedihou Chanyu[11] |
1st century BC
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
99 BC | Battle of Tian Shan: Han forces (35,000) under Li Guangli and Li Ling are defeated by the Xiongnu[15] | |
97 BC | Han forces (140,000) under Li Guangli attack the Xiongnu without results[13] | |
96 BC | Chedihou Chanyu dies and is succeeded by his son Hulugu[11] | |
90 BC | Han forces (79,000) under Li Guangli are defeated by the Xiongnu but another Han army (30,000) under Shang Qiucheng manages to force the Xiongnu to flee[15] | |
85 BC | Hulugu dies and is succeeded by his son Huyandi[11] | |
78 BC | The Wuhuan pillage Xiongnu tombs[16] | |
71 BC | The Han, Wusun, Dingling, and Wuhuan coalition defeats the Xiongnu[17] | |
68 BC | Huyandi dies and is succeeded by his uncle Xuluquanqu[11] | |
64 BC | The Xiongnu attack Jiaohe | |
60 BC | Xuluquanqu dies and is succeeded by a lesser noble Woyanqudi[18] | |
58 BC | Woyanqudi upsets traditional customs, causing a rebellion that defeats his army, so he kills himself and the Xiongnu split up into five warring factions[19] | |
55 BC | The Xiongnu coalesce into two groups, one under Zhizhi Chanyu and the other under his brother Huhanye[19] | |
51 BC | Huhanye is defeated by Zhizhi Chanyu and flees to the Han[19] | |
50 BC | Zhizhi Chanyu nominally submits to the Han[20] | |
48 BC | Zhizhi Chanyu declares independence after seeing the Han favor his brother Huhanye, moves further west, and attacks Fergana and the Wusun[20] | |
43 BC | Huhanye moves back to the north, starting the era of Western and Eastern Xiongnu.[20] | |
36 BC | Battle of Zhizhi: Han forces defeat the Xiongnu and kille Zhizhi Chanyu[21] | |
31 BC | Huhanye dies and is succeeded by his son Diaotaomogao[22] | |
20 BC | Diaotaomogao dies and is succeeded by his brother Qiemixu[22] | |
12 BC | Qiemixu dies and is succeeded by his half brother Qiemoju[22] | |
8 BC | Qiemoju dies and is succeeded by his brother Nangzhiyasi[22] |
1st century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
6 | A petty king in the area of the former Jushi Kingdom defects to the Xiongnu, who turned him over to the Han[23] | |
7 | The Han convince the Wuhuan to stop sending tribute to the Xiongnu, who immediately attack and defeat the Wuhuan[23] | |
10 | Some officers of the Protector General Dan Qin kill him and flee to the Xiongnu[24] | |
13 | Nangzhiyasi dies and is succeeded by his half brother Xian[22] | |
18 | Xian dies and is succeeded by his half brother Yu[22] | |
44 | Han forces under Ma Yuan are defeated by Xiongnu | |
45 | Xiongnu raid Changshan | |
46 | Yu dies and is succeeded by his son Wudadihou who dies the same year, dividing the Xiongnu into two factions between Punu and Bi[25] | |
50 | Bi chanyu and the Southern Xiongnu settle in Bing Province[26] | |
62 | The Northern Xiongnu raid Han territory but are repelled[27] | |
63 | The Xiongnu gain control of the Western Regions and start raiding Han[28] | |
73 | Battle of Yiwulu: Han general Dou Gu defeats the Xiongnu and restores the Protectorate of the Western Regions[29] | |
75 | The Xiongnu attack Jushi and Chen Mu is killed by the locals[30] | |
83 | Punu dies and the Northern Xiongnu start disintegrating as tribes defect to the south and neighboring tribes invade[31] | |
87 | The Xianbei kill the Xiongnu Chanyu Youliu[31] | |
89 | Battle of the Altai Mountains: Han general Dou Xian defeats the Xiongnu; so ends the Northern Xiongnu[32] | |
93 | The Xiongnu settle in southern Shaanxi[33] |
2nd century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
109 | Southern Xiongnu rebel[34] | |
140 | The Xiongnu overrun the Tiger's Teeth encampment near Chang'an[35] | |
188 | The Xiuchuge clan ousts Qiangqu from power but their replacements fail to hold power; so ends the Southern Xiongnu[36] |
References
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 64.
- ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 33.
- ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 34.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 127.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chang 2007, p. 143.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 124.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 136.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 151.
- 1 2 Barfield 1989, p. 36.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 152.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Barfield 1989, p. 43.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 164.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chang 2007, p. 164.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 448.
- 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 169.
- ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 59.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 411.
- ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 40.
- 1 2 3 Whiting 2002, p. 177.
- 1 2 3 Whiting 2002, p. 178.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 212.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Barfield 1989, p. 74.
- 1 2 Whiting 2002, p. 183.
- ↑ Whiting 2002, p. 184.
- ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 76.
- ↑ Cosmo 2009, p. 91.
- ↑ Cosmo 2009, p. 97.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 414.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 413.
- ↑ Cosmo 2009, p. 98.
- 1 2 Barfield 1989, p. 79.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 415.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 268.
- ↑ Crespigny 2017, p. 109.
- ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 513.
- ↑ Crespigny 2017, p. 426.
Bibliography
- Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell
- Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), The Woman Who Discovered Printing, Great Britain: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12728-7 (alk. paper)
- Chang, Chun-shu (2007), The Rise of the Chinese Empire 1, The University of Michigan Press
- Cosmo, Nicola di (2009), Military Culture in Imperial China, Harvard University Press
- Crespigny, Rafe (2007), A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD), Brill
- Crespigny, Rafe de (2017), Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty, 23-220 AD, Brill
- Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2005), East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-618-13384-4
- Knapp, Ronald G. (1980), China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan, The University of Hawaii
- Shin, Michael D. (2014), Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press
- Twitchett, Denis (2008), The Cambridge History of China 1, Cambridge University Press
- Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 0810860538
- Whiting, Marvin C. (2002), Imperial Chinese Military History, Writers Club Press
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