Timeline of the Xiongnu

This is a timeline of the Xiongnu.

3rd century BC

YearDateEvent
214 BCQin's campaign against the Xiongnu: Meng Tian defeats the Xiongnu and conquers the Ordos region[1]
209 BCModu Chanyu assumes power over the Xiongnu and defeats the Donghu people, who become the Wuhuan and Xianbei[2]
203 BCModu Chanyu defeats the Yuezhi[3]
201 BCBattle of Baideng: Emperor Gaozu of Han's army is defeated by the Xiongnu[4]
Xin, King of Han defects to the Xiongnu[4]

2nd century BC

YearDateEvent
197 BCThe Xiongnu invade Dai Commandery with the help of Chen Xi and Han Xin[5]
196 BCThe Xiongnu invade Dai Commandery with the help of Han Xin[5]
195 BCThe Xiongnu invade You Province with the help of Lu Wan[6]
182 BCThe Xiongnu invade Longxi Commandery and Tianshui[7]
181 BCThe Xiongnu invade Longxi Commandery[5]
179 BCThe Xiongnu invade Yunzhong Commandery[5]
177 BCThe Xiongnu invade Ordos[8]
176 BCThe Xiongnu evict the Yuezhi in the west and gain hegemony over the Western Regions as well as the Wusun[9]
174 BCModu Chanyu dies and is succeeded by his son Laoshang[9]
169 BCThe Xiongnu raid Han[5]
166 BCA 140,000 strong Xiongnu force invade near Chang'an[10]
160 BCLaoshang dies and is succeeded by his son Junchen[11]
158 BCA 30,000 strong Xiongnu force attacks Yunzhong Commandery and Dai Commandery[5]
148 BCThe Xiongnu attack Yan Province[5]
144 BCThe Xiongnu raid Yanmen Pass for horses[5]
142 BCThe Xiongnu attack Yanmen Pass[5]
133 BCJuneBattle of Mayi: The Han army fails to ambush the Xiongnu[12]
129 BCHan forces (40,000) under Wei Qing, Gongsun Ao, Gongsun He, and Li Guang engage in combat with the Xiongnu[13]
128 BCThe Xiongnu attack Liaoxi and engage in combat with Han forces (40,000) under Wei Qing and Li Xi[14]
127 BCThe Xiongnu raid Liaoxi and Yanmen
Han forces under Wei Qing, Hao Xian, and Li Xi plunder the Xiongnu for livestock[13]
126 BCJunchen dies and is succeeded by his brother Yizhixie, who attacks Junchen's son Yudan, forcing him to flee to the Han[11]
The Xiongnu army (900,000) raids Han territory
124 BCHan forces (100,000) under Wei Qing attack the Xiongnu[13]
123 BCHan forces (100,000) under Wei Qing attack the Xiongnu[13]
122 BCThe Xiongnu raid Shanggu
121 BCHan forces under Huo Qubing, Zhao Ponu, Zhang Qian, and Li Guang attack the Xiongnu[13]
120 BCThe Xiongnu raid Youbeiping and Xingxiang, taking 1,000 captives
119 BCJuneBattle of Mobei: Han generals Huo Qubing and Wei Qing defeat the Xiongnu[12]
116 BCThe Xiongnu raid Liang Province
114 BCYizhixie dies and is succeeded by his son Wuwei Chanyu[11]
111 BCHan forces (25,000)) under Gongsun He and Zhao Ponu try to attack the Xiongnu but can't find them[13]
110 BCEmperor Wu of Han personally leads Han forces (180,000) against the Xiongnu but their chanyu decides to retreat[13]
105 BCWuwei Chanyu dies and is succeeded by his son Wushilu[11]
103 BCHan forces (20,000) under Zhao Ponu attack the Xiongnu but are defeated[13]
102 BCWushilu dies and is succeeded by his uncle Xulihu[11]
The Xiongnu raid Jiuquan and Zhangye, capturing several thousand people
101 BCXulihu dies and is succeeded by his brother Chedihou Chanyu[11]

1st century BC

YearDateEvent
99 BCBattle of Tian Shan: Han forces (35,000) under Li Guangli and Li Ling are defeated by the Xiongnu[15]
97 BCHan forces (140,000) under Li Guangli attack the Xiongnu without results[13]
96 BCChedihou Chanyu dies and is succeeded by his son Hulugu[11]
90 BCHan forces (79,000) under Li Guangli are defeated by the Xiongnu but another Han army (30,000) under Shang Qiucheng manages to force the Xiongnu to flee[15]
85 BCHulugu dies and is succeeded by his son Huyandi[11]
78 BCThe Wuhuan pillage Xiongnu tombs[16]
71 BCThe Han, Wusun, Dingling, and Wuhuan coalition defeats the Xiongnu[17]
68 BCHuyandi dies and is succeeded by his uncle Xuluquanqu[11]
64 BCThe Xiongnu attack Jiaohe
60 BCXuluquanqu dies and is succeeded by a lesser noble Woyanqudi[18]
58 BCWoyanqudi upsets traditional customs, causing a rebellion that defeats his army, so he kills himself and the Xiongnu split up into five warring factions[19]
55 BCThe Xiongnu coalesce into two groups, one under Zhizhi Chanyu and the other under his brother Huhanye[19]
51 BCHuhanye is defeated by Zhizhi Chanyu and flees to the Han[19]
50 BCZhizhi Chanyu nominally submits to the Han[20]
48 BCZhizhi Chanyu declares independence after seeing the Han favor his brother Huhanye, moves further west, and attacks Fergana and the Wusun[20]
43 BCHuhanye moves back to the north, starting the era of Western and Eastern Xiongnu.[20]
36 BCBattle of Zhizhi: Han forces defeat the Xiongnu and kille Zhizhi Chanyu[21]
31 BCHuhanye dies and is succeeded by his son Diaotaomogao[22]
20 BCDiaotaomogao dies and is succeeded by his brother Qiemixu[22]
12 BCQiemixu dies and is succeeded by his half brother Qiemoju[22]
8 BCQiemoju dies and is succeeded by his brother Nangzhiyasi[22]

1st century

YearDateEvent
6A petty king in the area of the former Jushi Kingdom defects to the Xiongnu, who turned him over to the Han[23]
7The Han convince the Wuhuan to stop sending tribute to the Xiongnu, who immediately attack and defeat the Wuhuan[23]
10Some officers of the Protector General Dan Qin kill him and flee to the Xiongnu[24]
13Nangzhiyasi dies and is succeeded by his half brother Xian[22]
18Xian dies and is succeeded by his half brother Yu[22]
44Han forces under Ma Yuan are defeated by Xiongnu
45Xiongnu raid Changshan
46Yu dies and is succeeded by his son Wudadihou who dies the same year, dividing the Xiongnu into two factions between Punu and Bi[25]
50Bi chanyu and the Southern Xiongnu settle in Bing Province[26]
62The Northern Xiongnu raid Han territory but are repelled[27]
63The Xiongnu gain control of the Western Regions and start raiding Han[28]
73Battle of Yiwulu: Han general Dou Gu defeats the Xiongnu and restores the Protectorate of the Western Regions[29]
75The Xiongnu attack Jushi and Chen Mu is killed by the locals[30]
83Punu dies and the Northern Xiongnu start disintegrating as tribes defect to the south and neighboring tribes invade[31]
87The Xianbei kill the Xiongnu Chanyu Youliu[31]
89Battle of the Altai Mountains: Han general Dou Xian defeats the Xiongnu; so ends the Northern Xiongnu[32]
93The Xiongnu settle in southern Shaanxi[33]

2nd century

YearDateEvent
109Southern Xiongnu rebel[34]
140The Xiongnu overrun the Tiger's Teeth encampment near Chang'an[35]
188The Xiuchuge clan ousts Qiangqu from power but their replacements fail to hold power; so ends the Southern Xiongnu[36]

References

  1. ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 64.
  2. ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 33.
  3. ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 34.
  4. 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 127.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chang 2007, p. 143.
  6. ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 124.
  7. ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 136.
  8. ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 151.
  9. 1 2 Barfield 1989, p. 36.
  10. ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 152.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Barfield 1989, p. 43.
  12. 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 164.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chang 2007, p. 164.
  14. ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 448.
  15. 1 2 Twitchett 2008, p. 169.
  16. ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 59.
  17. ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 411.
  18. ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 40.
  19. 1 2 3 Whiting 2002, p. 177.
  20. 1 2 3 Whiting 2002, p. 178.
  21. ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 212.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Barfield 1989, p. 74.
  23. 1 2 Whiting 2002, p. 183.
  24. ↑ Whiting 2002, p. 184.
  25. ↑ Barfield 1989, p. 76.
  26. ↑ Cosmo 2009, p. 91.
  27. ↑ Cosmo 2009, p. 97.
  28. ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 414.
  29. ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 413.
  30. ↑ Cosmo 2009, p. 98.
  31. 1 2 Barfield 1989, p. 79.
  32. ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 415.
  33. ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 268.
  34. ↑ Crespigny 2017, p. 109.
  35. ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 513.
  36. ↑ Crespigny 2017, p. 426.

Bibliography

  • Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell
  • Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), The Woman Who Discovered Printing, Great Britain: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12728-7 (alk. paper)
  • Chang, Chun-shu (2007), The Rise of the Chinese Empire 1, The University of Michigan Press
  • Cosmo, Nicola di (2009), Military Culture in Imperial China, Harvard University Press
  • Crespigny, Rafe (2007), A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD), Brill
  • Crespigny, Rafe de (2017), Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty, 23-220 AD, Brill
  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2005), East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-618-13384-4
  • Knapp, Ronald G. (1980), China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan, The University of Hawaii
  • Shin, Michael D. (2014), Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press
  • Twitchett, Denis (2008), The Cambridge History of China 1, Cambridge University Press
  • Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 0810860538
  • Whiting, Marvin C. (2002), Imperial Chinese Military History, Writers Club Press
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