Timeline of the Yuan dynasty

Yuan dynasty

This is a timeline of the Yuan dynasty.

13th century

1210s

YearDateEvent
121523 SeptemberKublai Khan is born to Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki[1]

1220s

YearDateEvent
122718 AugustGenghis Khan dies near the Jing River and Tolui becomes regent[2]
122913 SeptemberÖgedei Khan is elected ruler of the Mongol Empire at a kurultai near the Kherlen River[3]

1230s

YearDateEvent
1231"Thunder crash bombs" are employed by Jin troops in destroying a Mongol warship.[4]
1232Tolui is struck by sickness and dies[5]
Reusable fire lance barrels made of durable paper are employed by Jin troops during the Mongol siege of Kaifeng.[4]
1237Large bombs requiring several hundred men to hurl using trebuchets are employed by Mongols in the siege of Anfeng (modern Shouxian, Anhui Province).[6]

1240s

YearDateEvent
124111 DecemberÖgedei Khan dies on a hunting trip after lengthy drinking and his wife Töregene Khatun becomes regent[7]
124624 AugustGüyük Khan is elected ruler of the Mongol Empire at a kurultai on the Kherlen River[8]
124820 AprilGüyük Khan dies on his way to confront Batu Khan and his wife Oghul Qaimish becomes regent[9]

1250s

YearDateEvent
12511 JulyMöngke Khan is elected ruler of the Mongol Empire at a kurultai in the Khentii Mountains[10]
fallMöngke Khan places his brothers Hulagu Khan and Kublai Khan in charge of West Asia and China, respectively[11]
1252summerMöngke Khan places Kublai Khan in charge of the invasion of the Dali Kingdom[12]
fallMongol forces depart from Shanxi and reach the Tao River[12]
Mongol forces under the Chinese general Wang Dechen advance into Sichuan and occupy Li Prefecture[12]
Kublai Khan advances with the main force towards the Dali Kingdom[12]
Niccolò and Maffeo Polo set off from Venice for China[13]
1253SeptemberKublai Khan's forces set up headquarters on the Jinsha River in western Yunnan and march on Dali in three columns[12]
Mongol forces occupy Li Prefecture[14]
Kublai Khan is consecrated in the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism[15]
1254JanuaryThe Dali Kingdom is conquered, although its dynasty remains in power, and the king, Duan Xingzhi, is later invested with the title of Maharajah by Möngke Khan; so ends the Dali Kingdom[16]
winterKublai Khan returns to Mongolia and leaves Subutai's son Uryankhadai in charge of campaigns against local Yi tribes[16]
Kublai Khan starts building an independent power base in Henan and Jingzhao where Chinese-style government is implemented[17]
Mongol raids on the northern Song border intensify[18]
1256summerMöngke Khan declares war on the Song dynasty, citing imprisonment of Mongol envoys as casus belli[18]
Kublai Khan constructs a capital north of the Luan River[19]
1257Uriyangkhadai, son of Subutai, pacifies Yunnan and returns to Gansu[16]
winterMongol invasions of Vietnam: Uriyangkhadai returns to Yunnan and invades the Trần dynasty of Đại Việt[16]
Möngke Khan launches an investigation into Kublai Khan's activities and subjects officials in Henan and Shanxi to interrogation, executes Kublai's chief pacification officer in Shanxi, and imposes large levies on Shanxi[18]
1258Kublai Khan returns to Mongolia to placate his brother[18]
Möngke Khan dispatches an expedition to Korea, which subjugates Goryeo and brings back the future Wonjong of Goryeo as hostage[20]
springMöngke Khan's forces reach Gansu[14]
Đại Việt recognizes Mongol suzerainty and Trần Thái Tông sends his son as hostage to the imperial court[16]
MarchMongols capture Chengdu[21]
fallMöngke Khan's forces reach Li Prefecture[14]
1259The Korean hostage is sent back to Goryeo with Mongol escorts and becomes Wonjong of Goryeo[20]
JanuaryMöngke Khan's forces take Ya Prefecture[14]
FebruarySiege of Diaoyu Castle: Möngke Khan's forces lay siege to Diaoyu Fortress[22]
JulySiege of Diaoyu Castle: Möngke Khan calls off the siege of Diaoyu Fortress[23]
AugustTaghachar attacks Huainan[14]
12 AugustMöngke Khan dies from dysentry or a wound inflicted by a Song trebuchet, forcing Mongol campaigns throughout Eurasia and China to come to a halt[24]
SeptemberKublai Khan's forces cross the Yangtze and lays siege to Ezhou, however he receives news of Möngke Khan's death and Ariq Böke's mobilization, forcing hm to withdraw and deal with his brother[25]

1260s

YearDateEvent
12605 MayKublai Khan convenes a kurultai at Kaiping, which elects him as ruler of the Mongol Empire; so ends the centralized Mongol Empire[26]
MayToluid Civil War: Ariq Böke proclaims himself great khan of the Mongol Empire at Karakorum[26]
Toluid Civil War: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with Ariq Böke and declares war on Hulagu Khan[27]
Alghu, a grandson of Chagatai Khan, deposes Mubarak Shah, an appointee to the Chagatai Khanate of the Mongol Empire[24]
Kublai Khan's envoy Hao Jing proposes that the Song dynasty acknowledge Kublai as Son of Heaven in return for autonomy and gets jailed[28]
Kublai Khan appoints Drogön Chögyal Phagpa as Imperial Preceptor[15]
Ajall Shams al-Din Omar, from Bukhara, is appointed a commissioner of a district in north China[29]
Kublai Khan issues three currencies but the paper chao, backed by silver, prevails; total value of paper money amounts to 73,352 silver ingots[30]
1261Kublai Khan sends funds to Li Tan of Shandong to make war on the Song dynasty[31]
Franks with blonde hair visit Kublai Khan's court at Shangdu[32]
126222 FebruaryMongol-allied warlord of Shandong, Li Tan, defects to the Song dynasty[33]
AugustKublai Khan's Chinese generals Shi Tianze and Shi Chu crush Li Tan's forces and capture him; Li Tan is trampled to death by horses[31]
Berke–Hulagu war: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with the Mamluks and invades the Ilkhanate[27]
Kublai Khan prohibits nomads' animals from roaming on farmlands[34]
Ahmad Fanakati is appointed to the Central Secretariat to direct state finances[35]
1263Kublai Khan reestablishes the Privy Council to oversee the Imperial Bodyguards and Kheshig[36]
1264Toluid Civil War: Kublai Khan defeats Ariq Böke[27]
Kublai Khan founds the Supreme Control Commission to administer Tibet and Buddhists[37]
1265Song dynasty and Mongol forces clash in Sichuan[28]
Niccolò and Maffeo Polo arrive at Kublai Khan's court[13]
Value of chao rises to 116,208 silver ingots[30]
12669 JulyKublai Khan appoints his son Nomukhan Beiping Wang (prince of the pacification of the north)[38]
Kublai Khan orders the construction of Daidu, known to the Chinese as Dadu, or Khanbalikh to the Turks[39]
1267Drikung Kagyu rebels against the Supreme Control Commission and Kublai Khan dispatches forces to crush them[15]
Kublai Khan orders the construction of an Imperial Ancestral Temple[40]
Kublai Khan designates Xu Heng as chancellor of the Guozijian[41]
Jamal ad-Din arrives in China and brings with him sundials, an astrolobe, a terrestrial globe, a celestial globe, and a more accurate calendar[36]
1268Battle of Xiangyang: Mongol forces under Aju lay siege to Xiangyang[42]
The rebellion in Tibet is suppressed and Drogön Chögyal Phagpa is reinstated along with a Mongol pacification commissioner[15]
Kublai Khan creates the "General Administration for the Supervision of Ortogh" (Muslim merchant association) to lend money at low interest to the ortogh[30]
1269Kaidu–Kublai war: Kaidu, a grandson of Ögedei Khan, rebels against Kublai Khan[27]
Sambyeolcho Rebellion: Im Yeon engineers a coup against Wonjong of Goryeo and Kublai Khan sends 3,000 troops to vanquish the rebels and reinstate Wonjong[43]
Drogön Chögyal Phagpa invents the 41 letter 'Phags-pa script, which Kublai Khan designates as the state script[44]
Niccolò and Maffeo Polo return to Europe[13]

1270s

YearDateEvent
1270Kublai Khan founds the Institute of Muslim Astronomy[45]
1271Kublai Khan declares himself emperor of the Yuan dynasty and for the first time, annual sacrifices at the altars of Soil and Grain are done in the Chinese style[40][46]
Kublai Khan sends his son Nomukhan to garrison Almaliq[47]
Niccolò and Maffeo Polo as well as Marco Polo set off for China[48]
Chinese people start visiting Taiwan[49]
1272Battle of Xiangyang: Riverine relief forces use fire lances to repel boarders and break the Yuan blockade of Xiangyang[50]
1273MarchBattle of Xiangyang: Lü Wenhuan surrenders Xiangyang to Yuan[51]
summerKublai Khan appoints Bayan of the Baarin as commander of the expeditionary forces[52]
Sambyeolcho Rebellion: The rebellion is defeated and Wonjong of Goryeo is reinstated, henceforth bringint Goryeo under Yuan as a tributary state; Yuan princesses are married into the Goryeo dynasty[43]
Kublai Khan breaks the Mongol custom of kurultai and designates his son Zhenjin as his successor[41]
Kublai Khan names Araniko Directorate General for the Management of Artisans[53]
1274Kublai Khan holds court at Daidu for the first time[40]
Mongol invasions of Japan: Kublai Khan sends an expedition of 15,000 Mongols, Chinese, and Jurchens along with 6,000 Koreans, as well as 7,000 Korean sailors to invade Japan. They take the islands of Tsushima and Iki before landing at Hakata Bay on the eastern coast of Kyushu.[54]
19 NovemberBattle of Bun'ei: The Japanese are losing at Hakata Bay until a large storm strikes. The Koreans recommend the Mongols to take shelter in their ships and head out to open sea until the storm subsides, which they do, and die. Several hundred ships are shattered and the expedition loses 13,000 lives. The remaining forces sail home.[54]
1275JanuaryBayan's forces cross the Yangtze at Hankou[47]
MarchBayan's forces meet Jia Sidao in battle at Dingjiao Prefecture and annihilate his force using artillery equipment[47]
Mongols conquer the Hanshui region[55]
Kublai Khan sends his wife's nephew Antong to assist his son Nomukhan[56]
Marco Polo arrives in China[13]
Rabban Bar Sauma and Rabban Markos set off from China for Jerusalem, eventually visiting the pope, Philip IV of France, and King Edward I in England[57]
1276Yuan army annihilates a Song army near modern Guichi District[58]
22 MarchLin'an surrenders to Yuan and Emperor Gong of Song is eventually moved to Dunhuang where he raises a family and becomes a monk[59]
Yuan general of Uyghur descent, Arigh Kaya, conquers Hunan and Guangxi[60]
Yuan commander Sodu occupies Fuzhou[60]
winterKaidu–Kublai war: Mongol princes capture Nomukhan and Antong; Nomukhan is sent to the Golden Horde and Antong to Kaidu[56]
Fire lances are used by Song cavalry in combating Mongols.[50]
Value of chao rises to 1,419,665 silver ingots[30]
1277AprilBattle of Ngasaunggyan: A Yuan expedition led by Nasr al-Din to invade the Pagan Kingdom scores a victory but fail to capture their king, Narathihapate[61]
Muslim superintendent of Quanzhou Pu Shougeng defects to Yuan [60]
A suicide bombing occurs in China when Song garrisons set off a large bomb, killing themselves.[62][63]
1278FebruaryYuan commander Sodu occupies Guangzhou[60]
127919 MarchBattle of Yamen: Yuan fleet annihilates the Song fleet and Zhao Bing dies at sea; so ends the Song dynasty[64]
Kublai Khan defeats rebel princes in Mongolia[65]

1280s

YearDateEvent
1280Drogön Chögyal Phagpa dies and Sangha enters Tibet to restore order[66]
"Eruptors," cannons firing co-viative projectiles, are employed in the Yuan dynasty.[67]
A major accidental explosion occurs in China when a Yuan gunpowder storehouse at Weiyang, Yangzhou catches fire and explodes, killing 100 guards and hurling building materials over 5 km away.[68]
1281Mongol invasions of Japan: A combined force of 100,000 troops, 15,000 Korean sailors, and 900 boats are prepared to invade Japan[69]
spring40,000 troops from north China set off for Japan[69]
JuneNorthern forces occupy Iki Island[70]
Southern forces from Fujian depart for Kyushu[70]
15 AugustBattle of Kōan: A typhoon strikes Kyushu and half of the Mongol forces die in the process[70]
Bombs are employed by Mongols in the Mongol invasions of Japan.[71]
Kublai Khan dispatches Sodu to lead a naval invasion of Champa due to their king Indravarman V's refusal to accompany a tribute mission to the Yuan court[61]
Chen Guilong rebels against Mongol rule and rebellion breaks out in Fujian; both are defeated[72]
Kublai Khan's wife Chabi dies[73]
128210 AprilAhmad Fanakati is killed by Chinese conspirators and replaced by Lu Shirong[35]
1284Nomukhan and Antong are released once their captives realize they're not getting a ransom[56]
1285Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Sodu and Kublai Khan's grandson Toghan invade Đại Việt due to its refusal to allow passage for Yuan soldiers to invade Champa; the campaign ends unsuccessfully and Sodu is killed[61]
Drikung Kagyu rebels in Tibet[74]
Kublai Khan's son Zhenjin dies[73]
Lu Shirong is arrested for cronyism[75]
1286Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Nasr al-Din and Kublai Khan's grandson Esen-Temür invade Đại Việt and reach Thăng Long before retreating; Đại Việt becomes a Yuan tributary[74]
1287Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288): Toghan, son of Kublai Khan, invades Đại Việt but is defeated; Đại Việt becomes a Yuan tributary anyways for the duration of the Yuan dynasty[76]
Battle of Pagan: Esen-Temür defeats the Pagan Kingdom and overthrows Narathihapate; Pagan becomes a Yuan tributary[74]
Nayan, a descendant of Temüge, rebels against Kublai Khan, who personally sets out with commanders Öz-Temür and Li Ting to end it[77]
Hand cannons are employed by the troops of Jurchen Yuan commander Li Ting in bombarding Nayan's troops.[78]
24 JulyShigtür invades Liaoning but is defeated[77]
1288MarchMongol invasions of Vietnam: Toghan withdraws from Đại Việt[79]
winterNayan's rebellion is defeated[77]
The Heilongjiang hand cannon is dated to this year based on contextual evidence and its proximity to the rebellion by Mongol prince Nayan, although it contains no inscription.[80][81]
1289FebruaryExpansion of the Grand Canal is completed, connecting the Qinging River and Linqing River in Shandong[82]

1290s

YearDateEvent
1290Kublai Khan sends his grandson Buqa-Temür to Tibet to restore Mongol authority[74]
1292Mongol invasion of Java: Yuan forces invade Java and experience initial success but are betrayed and ambushed by Raden Wijaya, forcing them to flee before the monsoon winds end[74]
Marco Polo leaves China[83]
The Yuan dynasty sends an expedition to Liuqiu, which may or may not be Taiwan[84]
129418 FebruaryKublai Khan dies in his palace[73]
14 AprilTemür Khan, grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes emperor of the Yuan dynasty at a kurultai held in Shangdu[85]
10 MayTemür Khan announces his will to preserve the pattern of his grandfather's reign at his enthronement ceremony[85]
1297The Yuan dynasty sends an expedition to Liuqiu, which may or may not be Taiwan[84]
1298winterDuwa of the Chagatai Khanate defeats Yuan forces in Mongolia and captures Temür Khan's son in law, Körgüz[86]
The Xanadu Gun, the oldest confirmed extant hand cannon, is dated to this year based on its inscription and contextual evidence.[87]
1299Külüg Khan is appointed commander[86]
Yuan government's finances deteriorate substantially and is forced to fund its expenditures through monetary reserves[88]

14th century

1300s

YearDateEvent
1300Second Mongol invasion of Burma: Yuan attacks the Myinsaing Kingdom[88]
fallKaidu–Kublai war: Yuan forces defeat Kaidu south of the Altai Mountains[86]
1301SeptemberKaidu–Kublai war: Duwa and Kaidu suffer injuries in battle with Yuan forces east of the Altai Mountains and Kaidu dies soon after[89]
Second Mongol invasion of Burma: Yuan forces fail to defeat the Myinsaing Kingdom[88]
Yuan forces invade the Shan state of Babai-Xifu for dethroning a king who recognized Yuan suzerainty[88]
1303Yuan campaign against Babai-Xifu ends in failure[88]
1304Temür Khan, Chapar Khan of the House of Ögedei, and Duwa of the Chagatai Khanate send envoys to the Ilkhanate to establish peace and restore unity among Mongols; Chagatai Khanate becomes a Yuan tributary[89]
1306Temür Khan sends Külüg Khan to aid Duwa in his war against Chapar Khan[90]
130710 FebruaryTemür Khan dies[91]
4 AprilAyurbarwada Buyantu Khan, brother of Külüg Khan, takes Daidu[91]
21 JuneKülüg Khan, nephew of Temür Khan, becomes emperor of the Yuan dynasty at Shangdu; Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan becomes heir apparent[92]
Chapar Khan is defeated and Duwa installs his brother Yangichar as puppet[90]

1310s

YearDateEvent
1310Chapar Khan surrenders to Yuan[90]
131127 JanuaryKülüg Khan dies[93]
30 JanuaryAyurbarwada Buyantu Khan purges Külüg Khan's administration and establishes Confucian rule[94]
7 AprilAyurbarwada Buyantu Khan, brother of Külüg Khan, becomes emperor of the Yuan dynasty[93]
winterAyurbarwada Buyantu Khan attempts to curtail aristocratic privileges and centralize government power[95]
1313A new examination system based on Neo-Confucianism is promulgated; racial and elite quota system is implemented to limit successful examination candidates to 100 per metropolitan exam, and as a result ranked officials recruited through the examinations only amount to 4% of the Yuan bureaucracy[96]
1315fallCai Wuqiu rebels in Jiangxi and is suppressed[97]
The triennial imperial examinations are reestablished[98]
1316Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war: Conflict breaks out between the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan dynasty and Ilkhanate[90]
1317Centralization policies fail and princes regain autonomy[99]
1318Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war: Esen Buqa I dies[90]

1320s

YearDateEvent
13201 MarchAyurbarwada Buyantu Khan dies[100]
19 AprilGegeen Khan, son of Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan , becomes emperor of the Yuan dynasty[101]
13234 SeptemberThe Asud Guard murder Gegeen Khan and the conspirators seize Daidu[102]
4 OctoberYesün Temür, cousin of Gegeen Khan, becomes emperor of the Yuan dynasty[103]
The Comprehensive Institutions of the Great Yuan is promulgated, consisting of 2,400 legal documents divided into 4 categories[104]
1325Bronze "thousand-ball thunder-cannons" on four wheeled carriages appear in the Yuan dynasty.[105]
132815 AugustYesün Temür dies in Shangdu[106]
8 SeptemberEl Temür seizes Daidu[107]
OctoberRagibagh Khan, son of Yesün Temür, becomes emperor of the Yuan dynasty in Shangdu[108]
16 OctoberJayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, son of Külüg Khan, is enthroned in Daidu[107]
14 NovemberWar of the Two Capitals: Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür's forces take Shangdu and defeat Ragibagh Khan, who disappears[109]
DecemberWar of the Two Capitals: Loyalist rebels in Shanxi are defeated[109]
132927 FebruaryKhutughtu Khan Kusala, brother of Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, enthrones himself as emperor of the Yuan dynasty north of Karakorum[110]
MayWar of the Two Capitals: Loyalist rebels in Sichuan are defeated[109]
26 AugustKhutughtu Khan Kusala meets with his brother Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür at Onggachatu[110]
30 AugustKhutughtu Khan Kusala is found dead[110]
8 SeptemberJayaatu Khan Tugh Temür assumes the throne at Shangdu for the second time[110]

1330s

YearDateEvent
1330Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür becomes the first Yuan emperor to perform suburban offerings to Heaven[111]
1331JuneThe Jingshi Dadian (Grand Canon for Governing the World) is completed[112]
1332MarchWar of the Two Capitals: Loyalist rebels in Yunnan are defeated[110]
2 SeptemberJayaatu Khan Tugh Temür dies
13 OctoberRinchinbal Khan, nephew of Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, becomes emperor of the Yuan dynasty[113]
14 DecemberRinchinbal Khan dies[113]
133319 JulyToghon Temür, brother of Rinchinbal Khan, becomes emperor of the Yuan dynasty in Shangdu[114]
1335Bayan of the Merkid abolishes the imperial examinations[115]
1338Zhou Ziwang proclaims himself emperor and gets apprehended[116]
1339A frustrated Chinese clerk by the name of Fan Meng carries out a mass murder of officials and seizes Bianliang, the capital of Henan, but is soon defeated. This event triggers a general purge of Chinese from sensitive bureaucratic positions.[117]

1340s

YearDateEvent
1340Toqto'a of the Merkit comes to power as chancellor[118]
A "watermelon bomb" containing miniature rockets known as "ground rats" is employed by Liu Bowen against rebels and pirates in Zhejiang.[119]
1341More than 300 uprising occur in Hunan, Hubei, Shandong, and southern Hebei[116]
1344JuneA series of local rebellions break out in scattered areas of China[120]
Toqto'a resigns[121]
summer1344 Yellow River flood: The Yellow River shifts course and eventually settles north of the Shandong peninsula, causing widespread droughts along the Huai River valley while flooding the north, making the Grand Canal impassable[120]
1345Yuan government sends out 12 investigation teams to "create benefits and remove harm" for the people[120]
Ibn Battuta arrives at Quanzhou
1346Ibn Battuta leaves China
1348Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen rebels in Nêdong[66]
The pirate Fang Guozhen rebels in Zhejiang, blocking maritime grain shipments[122]
Yang Weizhen remarks upon the population imabalance between northern China and southern China, noting that the population of one northern county is equal to a single southern Chinese lineage[123]
1349Wang Dayuan provides the first account of a visit to Taiwan and also notes substantial settlements of Chinese traders and fishermen on the Penghu Islands[124]

1350s

YearDateEvent
1350Cast iron technology becomes reliable enough to make one-piece iron cannons in China.[125]
Flintlock and wheellock mechanisms are employed in igniting land mines and naval mines in China.[126]
In China organ guns appear.[127]
Two wheeled gun carriages appear in China.[128]
1351AprilToqto'a mobilizes 20,000 troops and 150,000 commoners under the direction of Jia Lu to stabilize the Yellow River and dredge the Grand Canal where it had become filled with silt[129]
summerRed Turban Rebellion: Rebellion breaks out along the Huai River valley[129]
DecemberWork on the Yellow River is completed[129]
Red Turban Rebellion: Xu Shouhui proclaims himself Emperor of Tianwan in Hubei[130]
1352springRed Turban Rebellion: Guo Zixing and Sun Deyai rebel in Haozhou[131]
15 AprilRed Turban Rebellion: Zhu Yuanzhang becomes a rebel under Guo Zixing's command in Haozhou[132]
Red Turban Rebellion: Liu Futong conquers southern Henan[133]
Red Turban Rebellion: Peng Da and Zhao Junyong take Xuzhou[133]
23 OctoberRed Turban Rebellion: Toqto'a retakes Xuzhou;[134] Peng Da and Zhao Junyong flee to Haozhou[131]
Red Turban Rebellion: Chaghan Temür defeats rebels in Anhui and Henan; Li Siqi rises to power in southern Henan and moves to Shanxi[135]
Red Turban Rebellion: Tianwan rebels capture Wuchang and Hanyang[133]
1353Red Turban Rebellion: Yuan forces retake Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Wuchang and Hanyang, forcing the Tianwan rebels to become fugitives in Hubei[133]
Red Turban Rebellion: Zhu Yuanzhang receives an independent command from Guo Zixing and captures Chuzhou[136]
Red Turban Rebellion: Zhang Shicheng rebels in Jiangsu[137]
1354Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen defeats the Dpon-chen's forces and declares the Phagmodrupa dynasty[138]
Red Turban Rebellion: Zhang Shicheng proclaims himself King of Zhou in Gaoyou[130]
winterRed Turban Rebellion: Toqto'a lays siege to Gaoyou[131]
1355JanuaryRed Turban Rebellion: Toqto'a is dismissed by Toghon Temür and the siege of Gaoyou dissolves[139]
16 MarchRed Turban Rebellion: Han Liner is declared emperor of the Red Turban Song at Bozhou[140]
11 JulyRed Turban Rebellion: Zhu Yuanzhang crosses the Yangtze[141]
Red Turban Rebellion: Guo Zixing dies and his eldest son succeeds him, but he also dies, making Zhu Yuanzhang leader of the rebels[142]
1356MarchRed Turban Rebellion: Zhang Shicheng takes Suzhou[141]
10 AprilRed Turban Rebellion: Zhu Yuanzhang takes Nanjing[143]
summerRed Turban Rebellion: Zhang Shide, Zhang Shicheng's brother, captures Hangzhou but is forced to withdraw[143]
Red Turban Rebellion: Fang Guozhen amasses over a thousand ships and establishes control over Qingyuan, Taizhou, Wenzhou, Ningbo, and Shaoxing[144]
Red Turban Rebellion: Ni Wenjun leads Tianwan to capture Hanyang[137]
1357summerRed Turban Rebellion: Zhang Shide is captured by Zhu Yuanzhang and starves to death[145]
Red Turban Rebellion: Zhang Shicheng surrenders to Yuan in return for autonomy[145]
Red Turban Rebellion: Tianwan rebels conquer Hunan and Hubei[146]
Red Turban Rebellion: Ni Wenjun is murdered and replaced by Chen Youliang, who sets up base in Jiujiang[147]
Red Turban Rebellion: Ming Yuzhen, originally a Tianwan rebel, conquers Sichuan and declares the Great Xia[140]
135811 JulyRed Turban Rebellion: Liu Futong of the Red Turban Song captures Kaifeng and Mao Gui makes an unsuccessful attempt to take Daidu[148]
10 SeptemberRed Turban Rebellion: Chaghan Temür takes Kaifeng;[135]
Red Turban Rebellion: Chen Youliang takes Anqing and Nanchang[146]
Red Turban Rebellion: Defending garrisons fire cannons en masse at the siege of Shaoxing and defeat Zhu Yuanzhang's forces[149]
1359JanuaryRed Turban Rebellion: Shangdu is destroyed by Chinese rebels[150]

1360s

YearDateEvent
1360Red Turban Rebellion: Chen Youliang murders Xu Shouhui and proclaims the Great Han at Wuchang before attacking Zhu Yuanzhang at Nanjing only to be repulsed[151]
Chen Youding takes control of Fujian[152]
Basalawarmi takes control of Yunnan[152]
Tao Zongyi notes that people are ashamed not to practice foot binding.[153]
1361Red Turban Rebellion: Yuan forces in southwest Shandong surrender to rebel forces[154]
1362Red Turban Rebellion: Chaghan Temür is murdered by rebels while on his way to Yidu[155]
Köke Temür, nephew of Chaghan Temür, captures Yidu and takes control of northern China from Shandong to Shanxi[155]
136330 August - 4 OctoberBattle of Lake Poyang: Chen Youliang's fleet is demolished by Zhu Yuanzhang's forces and dies[151]
autumnRed Turban Rebellion:Zhang Shicheng rebels, proclaiming himself the Prince of Wu, destroys Song in Bozhou, and takes Hangzhou and northern Zhejiang[156]
Red Turban Rebellion: Zhu Yuanzhang saves Han Liner and moves the Song court west of Nanjing where it remains militarily insignificant[157]
He Zhen retakes Guangzhou from pirates[158]
Bolad Temür is defeated by Köke Temür and flees[155]
1364Bolad Temür seizes control of Daidu and Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara flees to Köke Temür's court[155]
1365AugustBolad Temür is assassinated on the order of Toghon Temür[155]
autumnRed Turban Rebellion: Zhu Yuanzhang attacks Zhang Shicheng[156]
Shanxi warlords Li Siqi, Zhang Liangbi, Törebeg, and Kong Xing wage war on Köke Temür in Henan[159]
1366He Zhen becomes provincial governor of Guangzhou[158]
Red Turban Rebellion: Ming Yuzhen dies and is succeeded by his son Ming Sheng[140]
1367JanuaryRed Turban Rebellion: Han Liner drowns while crossing the Yangtze[157]
OctoberRed Turban Rebellion: Zhu Yuanzhang's army under Zhu Liangzi takes Taizhou[160]
1 OctoberRed Turban Rebellion: Zhu Yuanzhang takes Suzhou and Zhang Shicheng hangs himself;[161] 2,400 large and small cannons are deployed by the Ming army at the siege of Suzhou.[149]
NovemberRed Turban Rebellion: Zhu Liangzi takes Wenzhou[160]
13 NovemberRed Turban Rebellion: Zhu Yuanzhang issues orders for Xu Da and Chang Yuchun to head north with 250,000 soldiers and Hu Mei, Tang He, and Liao Yongzhong to attack Fujian and Guangdong[162]
DecemberRed Turban Rebellion: Fang Guozhen surrenders to Zhu Yuanzhang[163]
28 DecemberRed Turban Rebellion: Hu Mei's forces take Shaowu[162]
Red Turban Rebellion: Xu Da and Chang Yuchun conquer Ji'nan[162]
Zhu Yuanzhang reestablishes the imperial examinations[164]
136818 JanuaryRed Turban Rebellion: Hu Mei captures Fuzhou[162]
23 JanuaryZhu Yuanzhang proclaims himself the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty (note that Ming and Qing use the era name rather than temple name)[164]
FebruaryToghon Temür dismisses Köke Temür and orders the remaining Yuan generals to crush him, but they are defeated[160]
17 FebruaryMing forces conquer Fujian and capture Chen Youding, who is executed[158]
1 MarchMing forces conquer Shandong[162]
16 AprilMing forces capture Kaifeng[162]
18 AprilMing forces reach Guangzhou and receive He Zhen's surrender[162]
25 AprilMing forces defeat Köke Temür and capture Luoyang[162]
26 MayMing forces capture Wuzhou[162]
JulyMing forces conquer Guangxi[162]
20 SeptemberMing forces capture Daidu and the Yuan court flees to Inner Mongolia; so ends the Yuan dynasty[160]
Crouching-tiger cannons are employed by the Ming army.[165]

See also

References

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