Đinh dynasty

Kingdom of Đại Cồ Việt
Đại Cồ Việt Quốc (大瞿越國)
968–980
Status Empire
Capital Hoa Lư
Common languages Old Chinese
Religion Buddhism, Taoism
Government Monarchy
Emperor  
 968–979
Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (First)
 979–980
Đinh Phế Đế (Last)
Chancellor  
 968–979
Duke of Định
History  
944–968
 Unification of Vietnam
968
 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh declared as first Emperor of Vietnam
968
 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh adopted nation name as Đại Cồ Việt and moved capital to Hoa Lư
968
 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh and his son Đinh Liễn were assassinated
979
 Song dynasty prepared to invade Đại Cồ Việt
980
 General Lê Hoàn succeeded the throne from Đinh Phế Đế
980
 Đinh dynasty Collapsed
980
Currency Copper-alloy cash coins
(Thái Bình Hưng Bảo)
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Ngô dynasty
Early Lê dynasty
Today part of  Vietnam
 China

The Đinh dynasty (Vietnamese: Nhà Đinh) was the imperial dynasty of Vietnam starting in 968 when Đinh Tiên Hoàng vanquished the upheavals of Twelve warlords and ended as the son of Đinh Tiên Hoàng, Đinh Phế Đế, ceded the throne to Lê Hoàn in 980.[1][2]

History

Hoa Lu Ancient Capital – Dai Co Viet country's capital

Previously, since the rule of Đinh Tiên Hoàng (r. 968–979), the country had been referred to officially as "Đại Cồ Việt" (wikt:大瞿越); cồ () in the name of Gautama Buddha (瞿曇·喬達摩). The term "Việt" is cognate with the Chinese word "Yue", a name applied in ancient times to various non-Chinese groups who lived in what is now southern China and northern Vietnam ; so it means "Great Buddhist Viet".

Unification of Vietnam

Đinh Tiên Hoàng

Đinh Bộ Lĩnh's father was Đinh Công Trứ, a general under the reigns of Ngô Quyền (939–944) and Ngô Xương Văn (950–954). Đinh Công Trứ died while Bộ Lĩnh was still very young. His mother then took him back to her village to live with her family. There Đinh Bộ Lĩnh attended the village school and in his free time rode atop water buffaloes and played games with other children. When he reached adulthood he joined Trần Minh Công (Trần Lãm), one of the Twelve Warlords (Thập Nhị Sứ Quân), who made him a general due to his skills and talents.[3]

One by one, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (924–979) defeated or subdued the other 11 lords. His multitude victories over other lords earned him the title Vạn Thắng Vương, which means "King of Ten Thousand Victories." After unifying the country in 968 and bringing peace back to the land, he proclaimed himself Đinh Tiên Hoàng Đế. He renamed the country "Đại Cồ Việt." Worried that his country was still weak (where outside influences could be easily made), he sought to strengthen the government by appointing military men to important positions. Among his top generals were Nguyễn Bạc, his oldest son Đinh Liễn, Lê Hoàn, etc. The latter became a major figure for the Đinh Dynasty succession and the rise of the Anterior Lê Dynasty.

The end of Đinh Tien Hoàng's reign was marked by the following successive events.

  • He removed his oldest son Đinh Liễn from the throne as he had decided to have his second son, Đinh Hang Lăng, succeed him. His infant son, Đinh Tuệ, would be next in line.
  • One night in 980, as Đinh Tiên Hoàng and his son Đinh Liễn were having a party, a mandarin official sneaked into the palace and killed both father and son. Thus fate decreed that the infant son Đinh Tuệ would inherit the kingdom.

Đinh Phế Đế (980)

When Đinh Tuệ became emperor, because of his age, his mother the Dowager Empress Dương Vân Nga assumed the role of regent. The turmoil of succession of Đinh Tiên Hoàng in their southern border gave Song China a pretext to meddle and interfere into the matters of the Vietnamese, to invade the country and subjugate it again to their rule.

Lê Hoàn's accession to the throne

Appalled by this new threat, the Dowager Empress Dương Vân Nga threw her support to Lê Hoàn who was now commander-in-chief of the army. To confront the Song army who had already arrived at the border, the Empress Dowager agreed to recognize Lê Hoàn and let him step up to the throne as a new king. With the crowning of Lê Hoàn, the Anterior Lê Dynasty was founded. As Lê Hoàn was being crowned Emperor, the Song army approached the boundary of the two countries.

References

  1. J. Wills Burke Origines: the streets of Vietnam : a historical companion 2001– Page 16 "Though short-lived, the Đinh Dynasty was important to the formation of the Vietnamese nation. Following the death of Ngỏ Quyển, who had driven the Chinese from Vietnam after a thousand years of domination, the Ngô Dynasty disintegrated."
  2. Renowned Vietnamese intellectuals prior to the 20th century – Page 11 2004 "For the sake of the nation's interests, Queen Mother Dương Vân Nga decided to hand the throne to Le Hoãn (980–1005), Comrnander-in-Chief of the Army of the Đinh Dynasty. Le Hoàn led the army to defeat the Song troops."
  3. Hữu Ngọc Wandering through Vietnamese culture 2004– Page 393 "Nguyễn Bặc... and statesman who helped Đinh Bộ Lĩnh put an end to the period of anarchy of the Twelve Warlords before the Đinh Dynasty."
Preceded by
Ngô dynasty
Dynasty of Vietnam
968–980
Succeeded by
Early Lê dynasty
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