Timeline of the Tanguts

Western Xia

This is a timeline of the Tangut people and Western Xia.

7th century

620s

YearDateEvent
628Xifeng Bulai submits to the Tang dynasty[1]

630s

YearDateEvent
630The Tang dynasty bestows the imperial surname, Li, upon the Tanguts living in modern Yulin, Shaanxi[2]
635Tuoba Chizi submits to the Tang dynasty[1]

680s

YearDateEvent
680Tanguts flee the Kokonor region due to Tibetan pressure[3]

690s

YearDateEvent
692Tanguts migrate to Lingzhou and Xiazhou[4]

8th century

720s

YearDateEvent
721A Sogdian revolt in the Ordos region is suppressed with the help of Tanguts[4]

730s

YearDateEvent
735The name Tangut appears among the Orkhon inscriptions[5]

9th century

870s

YearDateEvent
873Li Sigong occupies Yuzhou[6]
878Li Guochang attacks the Tanguts[6]

880s

YearDateEvent
881The Tangut general Li Sigong assists the Tang dynasty in putting down the Huang Chao rebellion, and as a result receives Xiazhou, Suizhou, and Yinzhou as hereditary titles under the Dingnan Jiedushi[5]

890s

YearDateEvent
895Li Sigong dies and his brother Li Sijian succeeds him[6]

10th century

900s

YearDateEvent
908Li Sijian dies and his adopted son Li Yichang succeeds him[7]
909Li Yichang dies in a mutiny and his uncle Li Renfu succeeds him[7]

910s

YearDateEvent
910Li Maozhen and Li Cunxu lay siege to Xiazhou but Later Liang repels the attackers[7]

930s

YearDateEvent
933Li Renfu dies and his son Li Yichao succeeds him[7]
An Congjin of the Later Tang lays siege to Xiazhou but fails[8]
Khitans attack the Tanguts[9]
935Li Yichao dies and his brother Li Yixing succeeds him[10]

940s

YearDateEvent
943Li Yimin rebels against his brother Li Yixing and is defeated[10]
948The Yemu people rebel[10]
949Later Han gives Qingzhou to the Dingnan Jiedushi[11]

950s

YearDateEvent
952The Yezhi people rebel[10]
954Li Yixing becomes "Prince of Xiping"[12]

960s

YearDateEvent
967Li Yixing dies and his son Li Kerui succeeds him[12]
The Song dynasty recognizes the Dingnan Jiedushi as an autonomous state[12]

970s

YearDateEvent
978Li Kerui dies and his son Li Jiyun succeeds him[13]

980s

YearDateEvent
980Li Jiyun dies and his brother Li Jipeng succeeds him[13]
982Li Jipeng of the Dingnan Jiedushi surrenders to the Song, but his cousin Li Jiqian rebels[14]
983Li Jiqian and his cohort flee to the northern deserts[13]
985Li Jiqian takes Yinzhou[15]
986Li Jiqian submits to the Khitans[16]
989Li Jiqian marries a princess of the Khitans[16]

990s

YearDateEvent
990Li Jiqian conquers northern Shaanxi[17]
991Li Jiqian calls upon the Tanguts to rebel against the Song dynasty[18]
992Khitans attack the Tanguts[19]
993Song dynasty bans Tangut salt from entering their borders[15]
994Song dynasty deposes Li Jiqian[14]
996Li Jiqian rebels with Tanguts and raids Song supplies[14]
998Song dynasty legitimizes Li Jiqian as governor of Dingnan Jiedushi[14]

11th century

1000s

YearDateEvent
1001Tanguts capture Ordos[20]
1002Dingnan Jiedushi conquers Lingzhou, renames it Xiping, and makes it their capital[21]
10046 JanuaryLi Jiqian dies in battle against the Tibetan state of Xiliangfu and his son Li Deming succeeds him[17]
Li Jipeng dies at the Song court[17]
1008Dingnan Jiedushi attacks the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom[22]
1009Dingnan Jiedushi attacks the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom[22]

1010s

YearDateEvent
1010Dingnan Jiedushi attacks the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom[22]
Tanguts request famine relief from the Song[23]
1015Dingnan Jiedushi takes Liangzhou from Xiliangfu but is ousted by the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom[24]
1018Khitans attack Dingnan Jiedushi but fail[24]

1020s

YearDateEvent
1020The Khitans attack the Tanguts but fail[25]
1022Li Deming moves the capital to Xingzhou[26]
1028Dingnan Jiedushi annexes the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom[27]

1030s

YearDateEvent
1032Li Deming dies and his son Li Yuanhao succeeds him as ruler of Dingnan Jiedushi[28]
Dingnan Jiedushi annexes Xiliangfu[22]
1034Li Yuanhao enacts the head shaving decree, allowing crowds to kill those who have not shaved their heads within 3 days[29]
Li Yuanhao raids Song dynasty[30]
1036Dingnan Jiedushi annexes the Guiyi Circuit, however Shazhou remains autonomous until 1052[27][31]
1037Li Yuanhao introduces a new Tangut script[32]
103810 NovemberLi Yuanhao declares himself Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia and renames Xingzhou to Xingqingfu[30]
1039Western Xia attacks Song dynasty but is repulsed[33]

1040s

YearDateEvent
1040Western Xia invades Song dynasty[34]
1042Western Xia conducts a full-scale invasion of Song dynasty but is repelled[35]
1043Western Xia attacks the Khitans[36]
1044Khitans attack Western Xia but fail[37]
Western Xia and Song dynasty cease hostilities in return for an annual payment of silk, silver, and tea from the Song[38]
1048Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia is assassinated and factional civil war ensues; his son Li Liangzuo becomes the nominal ruler Emperor Yizong of Western Xia[26]
1049Khitans attack Western Xia[39]

1050s

YearDateEvent
1050Khitans attack Western Xia and exact tribute[39]
1052Western Xia seizes Shazhou[31]

1060s

YearDateEvent
1061Civil war ends and Emperor Yizong of Western Xia secures the throne[40]
1064Western Xia raids Song dynasty[41]
1066Western Xia raids Song dynasty[42]
1067Song dynasty seizes Suizhou[43]
1068Emperor Yizong of Western Xia dies and his son Li Bingchang succeeds him as Emperor Huizong of Western Xia; Emperess Liang becomes regent[44]

1070s

YearDateEvent
1070Western Xia attacks the Song dynasty[45]
1076Trade of gunpowder ingredients with the Liao dynasty and Western Xia is outlawed by the Song dynasty[46]

1080s

YearDateEvent
1081Song dynasty invades Western Xia with initial success, but the odd failure to bring siege weapons and extreme supply problems cause widespread mutiny and the invasion turns into a massive rout, however Song forces retained Lanzhou[47]
Emperess Liang places Emperor Huizong of Western Xia under house arrest[44]
1083Emperess Liang restores Emperor Huizong of Western Xia to the throne[44]
1086Emperor Huizong of Western Xia dies and his son Li Qianshun becomes Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia[44]
1089Song and Western Xia conclude a peace treaty[48]

1090s

YearDateEvent
1092Western Xia attacks Song dynasty but fails[49]
1097Song dynasty conducts an advance and fortify campaign against the Western Xia[50]
1098Western Xia retaliates against Song incursions but fails to defeat Song fortifications[51]
1099Western Xia sues for peace[51]

12th century

1100s

YearDateEvent
1103Song dynasty invades Western Xia[52]
1104Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia marries a Liao dynasty princess[53]
1106Song dynasty and Western Xia end hostilities and the war ends inconclusively[52]

1110s

YearDateEvent
1113Song dynasty invades Western Xia[52]
1119The war between Song dynasty and Western Xia ends inconclusively[52]

1120s

YearDateEvent
1122Western Xia sends an army in the aid of the Liao dynasty against the Jurchen Jin dynasty but fails[53]
1123Western Xia sends an army in the aid of the Liao dynasty against the Jurchen Jin dynasty but fails[53]
1124Jin dynasty vassalizes the Western Xia[54]
112526 MarchEmperor Tianzuo of Liao is captured by the Jin dynasty; so ends the Liao dynasty[55]

1130s

YearDateEvent
1136Western Xia conquers the Kokonor region[56]
1139Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia dies and his son Li Renxiao succeeds him as Emperor Renzong of Western Xia[57]
The earliest extant text printed using wooden movable type, the Auspicious Tantra of All-Reaching Union, is printed[58]

1140s

YearDateEvent
1140Khitans rebel and are defeated[59]
1142Famine and an earthquake strike the capital region killing tens of thousands[59]
1144Emperor Renzong of Western Xia introduces Confucian institutions into the government[59]
1147Western Xia starts holding imperial examinations[59]

1170s

YearDateEvent
117011 OctoberRen Dejing is executed for conspiring against the Western Xia[60]
1178Western Xia attacks the Jin dynasty[61]

1190s

YearDateEvent
1193Emperor Renzong of Western Xia dies and his son Li Chunyu succeeds him as Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia[62]

13th century

1200s

YearDateEvent
1205springMongol conquest of Western Xia: Temujin of the Mongols raids Western Xia[62]
1206Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia is deposed by his cousin Li Anquan who becomes Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia[63]
springKokochu, also known as Teb Tengri, chief shaman of the Mongols, bestows upon Temüjin the title of Genghis Khan, "Oceanic Ruler" of the Mongol Empire, at the kurultai of Burkhan Khaldun, sacred mountain of the Mongols[64]
1207Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Mongols raid Western Xia[65]
1209autumnMongol conquest of Western Xia: Mongols invade the Hexi Corridor and defeat a Tangut army before laying siege to Zhongxing, however they accidentally flood their own camp in the process of breaking the Yellow River dikes and are forced to retreat[66]

1210s

YearDateEvent
1210Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia submits to the Mongols and hands over a daughter in marriage to Genghis Khan as well as a large supply of camels, falcons, and woven textiles[66]
1211Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia dies and is succeeded by his cousin Li Zunxu who becomes Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia[66]
1217Western Xia invades Jin dynasty but is repelled[67]
1219Western Xia refuses to send auxiliaries for the Mongol Empire's western campaigns[68]

1220s

YearDateEvent
1223Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia abdicates to his son Li Dewang who becomes Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia[68]
1225Jin and Western Xia cease hostilities[69]
1226springMongol conquest of Western Xia: Genghis Khan attacks Western Xia[68]
Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia dies and a kinsman Li Xian succeeds him as Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia[70]
1227SeptemberEmperor Mozhu of Western Xia surrenders to the Mongol Empire and is promptly executed; so ends the Western Xia[70]
The Wuwei Bronze Cannon, excavated in 1980, is dated to the Western Xia (1038–1227) period. It is currently the oldest possible extant cannon, however like the Heilongjiang hand cannon it contains no inscription and dating is based on contextual evidence.[71]
Tanguts flee to Kangding, Henan, and Hebei[72]

References

  1. 1 2 Twitchett 1994, p. 158.
  2. ↑ Mote 2003, p. 170-171.
  3. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 157.
  4. 1 2 Twitchett 1994, p. 159.
  5. 1 2 Beckwith 2009, p. 171.
  6. 1 2 3 Twitchett 1994, p. 163.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 1994, p. 164.
  8. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 165.
  9. ↑ Twichett 1994, p. 69.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 1994, p. 166.
  11. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 167.
  12. 1 2 3 Mote 2003, p. 171.
  13. 1 2 3 Mote 2003, p. 177.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 2009, p. 252.
  15. 1 2 Twitchett 1994, p. 170.
  16. 1 2 Mote 2003, p. 173.
  17. 1 2 3 Mote 2003, p. 178.
  18. ↑ Mote 2003, p. 174.
  19. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 105.
  20. ↑ Twitchett 2009, p. 353.
  21. ↑ Beckwith 2009, p. 172.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 1994, p. 176.
  23. ↑ Twitchett 2009, p. 272.
  24. 1 2 Twitchett 1994, p. 177.
  25. ↑ Mote 2003, p. 178-179.
  26. 1 2 Mote 2003, p. 186.
  27. 1 2 Skaff 2012, p. 236.
  28. ↑ Mote 2003, p. 172.
  29. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 181.
  30. 1 2 Twitchett 2009, p. 302.
  31. 1 2 Twitchett 1994, p. 179.
  32. ↑ Mote 2003, p. 180.
  33. ↑ Twitchett 2009, p. 305.
  34. ↑ Twitchett 2009, p. 307.
  35. ↑ Twitchett 2009, p. 314.
  36. ↑ Mote 2003, p. 185.
  37. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 122.
  38. ↑ Twitchett 2009, p. 315.
  39. 1 2 Twitchett 1994, p. 123.
  40. ↑ Mote 2003, p. 187.
  41. ↑ Twitchett 2009, p. 343.
  42. ↑ Twitchett 2009, p. 344.
  43. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 192.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Mote 2003, p. 188.
  45. ↑ Twitchett 2009, p. 469.
  46. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 32.
  47. ↑ Twitchett 2009, p. 477.
  48. ↑ Twitchett 2009, p. 507.
  49. ↑ Mote 2003, p. 189.
  50. ↑ Twitchett 2009, p. 550.
  51. 1 2 Twitchett 2009, p. 551.
  52. 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 2009, p. 614.
  53. 1 2 3 Mote 2003, p. 250.
  54. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 226.
  55. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 151.
  56. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 180.
  57. ↑ Mote 2003, p. 251.
  58. ↑ Hou Jianmei (侯健美); Tong Shuquan (童曙泉) (20 December 2004). "《大夏寻踪》今展rows博" ['In the Footsteps of the Great Xia' now exhibiting at the National Museum]. Beijing Daily (《北京日报》).
  59. 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 1994, p. 199.
  60. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 253.
  61. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 205.
  62. 1 2 Twitchett 1994, p. 206.
  63. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 207.
  64. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 343.
  65. ↑ Mote 2003, p. 254.
  66. 1 2 3 Twitchett 1994, p. 208.
  67. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 259.
  68. 1 2 3 Twitchett 1994, p. 210.
  69. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 261.
  70. 1 2 Twitchett 1994, p. 213.
  71. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 330.
  72. ↑ Mote 2003, p. 256.

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