Timeline of the Qing dynasty
This is a timeline of the Qing dynasty.
16th century
1580s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1583 | Nurhaci becomes leader of the Jianzhou Left Branch[1] | |
1587 | Nurhaci founds Fe Ala[2] |
1590s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1592 | Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98): Nurhaci offers to fight the Japanese but is refused; Ming reacts with alarm to the size and quality of Nurhaci's troops[3] | |
1593 | Nurhaci defeats the Hulun Confederation and Khorchin Mongols[4] |
17th century
1600s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1600 | Nurhaci creates the Banner Army[5] | |
1601 | Nurhaci subjugates the Hada[6] | |
1603 | Nurhaci and Ming generals agree to delineate the boundary between their territories[7] | |
1605 | Gwanghaegun of Joseon sends an expedition north of the Tumen River to destroy the Jurchen Holjaon community[6] | |
1607 | Nurhaci subjugates the Hoifa[6] |
1610s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1611 | Nurhaci subjugates the Wild Jurchens[8] | |
1613 | Nurhaci incorporates the Ula into his confederation[9] | |
1615 | Nurhaci increases the number of banners from four to eight[9] | |
Nurhaci sends his last tributary emissary to Beijing[10] | ||
1616 | Nurhaci declares the Later Jin, also known as the Amaga Aisin Gurun[11] | |
1618 | 9 May | Battle of Fushun: Later Jin seizes Fushun[12] |
summer | Battle of Qinghe: Later Jin takes Qinghe[13] | |
1619 | 18 April | Battle of Sarhū: Ming forces are annihilated by Later Jin[14] |
26 July | Battle of Kaiyuan: Later Jin takes Kaiyuan[15] | |
3 September | Battle of Tieling: Later Jin takes Tieling[15] | |
September | Battle of Xicheng: Later Jin annexes the Yihe Jurchens[16] |
1620s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1621 | 4 May | Battle of Shen-Liao: Later Jin seizes Shenyang[17] |
December | Battle of Fort Zhenjiang: Ming raids into Later Jin are repulsed[18] | |
1622 | 11 March | Battle of Guangning: Later Jin seizes Guangning[18] |
1626 | 10 February | Battle of Ningyuan: A Later Jin attack on Ningyuan is repulsed and Nurhaci is wounded[19] |
30 September | Nurhaci succumbs to his wounds and dies[20] | |
1627 | January - March | Later Jin invasion of Joseon: Hong Taiji is elected khan and subjugates Joseon[21] |
spring | Battle of Ning-Jin: Later Jin forces under Hong Taiji attack Jinzhou but are repelled | |
1629 | winter | Jisi Incident: Later Jin forces break through the Great Wall and loot the region around Beijing[22] |
1630s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1630 | summer | Jisi Incident: Later Jin forces retreat[22] |
1631 | 21 November | Battle of Dalinghe: Later Jin seizes Dalinghe[23] |
1633 | April | Wuqiao Mutiny: Shandong rebels defect to Later Jin[24] |
summer | Siege of Lüshun: Later Jin seizes Lüshun[25] | |
1634 | Ligdan Khan of the Chahar Mongols is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji[26] | |
1635 | Hong Taiji unites all Jurchen tribes under the name of Manchu; so ends the Jurchens[21] | |
1636 | Hong Taiji proclaims the Qing dynasty[27] | |
1638 | Qing dynasty conquers Shandong[28] |
1640s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1642 | 8 April | Battle of Song-Jin: Qing dynasty takes Jinzhou[29] |
1644 | 27 May | Battle of Shanhai Pass: Wu Sangui lets the Qing forces through the Great Wall and their forces defeat Li Zicheng in battle, after which Li retreats to Beijing[30] |
5 June | Qing dynasty takes Beijing and Li Zicheng flees[30] | |
1645 | January | Qing forces capture Luoyang[31] |
20 May | Qing forces capture Yangzhou[31] | |
16 June | Qing forces capture Nanjing and the Hongguang Emperor[32] | |
6 July | Qing forces capture Hangzhou[32] | |
21 July | All nonclerical adult male citizens are ordered to adopt the Manchu queue to show their allegiance to the Qing dynasty[33] | |
1646 | February | Ming forces are defeated in Jiangnan[34] |
10 July | Qing forces defeat the Ming army at Tonglu[35] | |
30 September | Qing forces capture Yanping[36] | |
6 October | The Longwu Emperor is killed by Qing forces[36] | |
17 October | Qing forces take Fuzhou[36] | |
1647 | 2 January | Zhang Xianzhong is killed by Qing forces but his army occupies Chongqing and then occupies Sichuan under the leadership of Sun Kewang[37] |
20 January | Qing forces capture Guangzhou and the Shaowu Emperor[38] | |
5 March | Qing forces conquer Guangdong, half of Guangxi, and Hainan[38] | |
March | Qing forces take Changsha[39] | |
spring | Qing forces raid Anping[40] | |
23 September | Qing forces take Wugang[41] | |
1648 | 20 February | Ming loyalists rebel at Nanchang and Nanning[42] |
14 April | Qing forces fail to take Guilin[41] | |
1649 | 15 January | Ming loyalists rebel at Datong[43] |
1 March | Qing forces take Nanchang[44] | |
4 October | Ming loyalists at Datong are defeated[43] | |
summer | Qing forces conquer southern Huguang[45] | |
24 November | Qing forces slaughter the population of Guangzhou[46] | |
27 November | Qing forces capture Guilin[46] | |
2 December | Qing forces capture Zhaoqing and the Yongli Emperor flees[46] |
1650s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1651 | 15 October | Qing forces capture Zhoushan and Zhu Yihai flees[47] |
1652 | 7 August | Rebel general Li Dingguo takes Guilin[48] |
winter | Sun Kewang's army is routed by Qing forces[48] | |
1655 | Li Dingguo's army is routed by Qing forces[48] | |
1656 | 9 May | Qing forces try to invade Jinmen Island but their fleet is destroyed in a storm[49] |
1657 | February | Ming forces defeat a Qing army near the Changjiang River Delta[49] |
December | Sun Kewang surrenders to the Qing dynasty[50] | |
1658 | June | Zheng Chenggong occupies Wenzhou[51] |
1659 | 7 January | Qing forces advance into Yunnan and the Yongli Emperor flees to Toungoo dynasty[52] |
10 March | Qing forces capture Yongchang and defeat Li Dingguo's army, securing Yunnan[52] | |
10 August | Zheng Chenggong takes Zhenjiang[53] | |
24 August | Zheng Chenggong lays siege to Nanjing[53] | |
9 September | Zheng Chenggong's army is annihilated and he retreats to Xiamen[54] |
1660s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1660 | February | Qing forces launch an attack on Jinmen Island and Xiamen but fail[54] |
Upkeep for the Eight Banners exceeds the entire Qing dynasty's regular income[55] | ||
1662 | 20 January | Qing forces advance towards Inwa and force the return of the Yongli Emperor[56] |
May | The Yongli Emperor is executed in Yunnan; so ends the Southern Ming resistance on the mainland[56] | |
1664 | The Qing dynasty conquers Fujian and Zheng Jing retreats to Taiwan[57] |
1670s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1674 | Poverty in the Eight Banners is noted to be caused by excessive and extravagant spending[58] |
1680s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1684 | The Chinese banners, "Hanjun", decline to uselessness[59] |
18th century
1720s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1723 | The government starts investing in the Eight Banners' livelihoods to reduce their reliance on state subsidies[60] | |
1727 | The government orders the comprehensive collection of genealogical tables for the Eight Banners[61] |
1730s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1735 | Military upkeep reaches 32 million taels, a bit more than half of the empire's budget[62] |
1740s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1742 | Bannermen of Chinese origin who joined after 1644 are allowed to leave the banner system[63] |
1750s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1754 | State investment programs for the Eight Banners end[64] | |
Chinese bannermen at the Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, and Jingkou garrisons are "let go" and "excused" from their duties[63] | ||
1756 | All secondary status households in the Eight Banners are ordered to register as civilians[65] | |
1757 | Chinese bannermen in Beijing who are too old, maimed, or incompetent are let go[66] |
1760s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1760 | The government spends 4 million taels buying back land from Han owners for the Eight Banners[67] | |
1761 | Chinese bannermen at Suiyuan are replaced by Mongols and Manchus[66] | |
1762 | All Chinese bannermen are given the choice of leaving the banner system[66] | |
1763 | Chinese bannermen at Liangzhou and Zhuanglang are let go[66] |
1770s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1779 | Chinese bannermen at Xi'an are let go[66] |
19th century
1820s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1820 | Poverty becomes endemic in the Eight Banners[68] |
1840s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1841 | Ding Gongchen builds China's first steam engine[69] |
1860s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1863 | Restrictions on banner occupations are officially lifted to no effect[70] |
1890s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1898 | 11 June | The Guangxu Emperor begins the Hundred Days' Reform[71] |
5 September | Zhang Yuanji recommends ending Manchu-Han differences and dissolving the Eight Banners system[72] | |
21 September | Empress Dowager Cixi puts the Guangxu Emperor under house arrest[73] | |
22 September | Empress Dowager Cixi comes to power[74] |
20th century
1900s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1900 | June | Boxer Rebellion: Empress Dowager Cixi declares war on foreign powers[74] |
14 August | Boxer Rebellion: Foreign troops enter Beijing[75] | |
7 September | Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Protocol is signed[76] | |
17 September | Boxer Rebellion: Foreign troops leave Beijing[76] | |
1901 | July | The Zongli Yamen is replaced with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs[77] |
1902 | 7 January | Empress Dowager Cixi returns to Beijing[76] |
1 February | Ban on intermarriage between Manchus and Han Chinese is lifted[78] | |
1903 | 29 December | Manchu monopoly on posts in the Eight Banners is abolished[78] |
1905 | 16 July | The government issues an edict proclaiming the need for leading officials to investigate new ways of government from abroad[79] |
24 September | Anti-Manchu proponent Wu Yue fails to assassinate the constitutional study commissioners[80] | |
The prohibition on transfer of property from the Eight Banners to civilians is lifted[77] | ||
1906 | 1 September | Empress Dowager Cixi promises to form a constitutional government with no specified date[81] |
1907 | April | The territories of Manchuria are reorganized into provinces[77] |
6 July | Anhui governor Enming is assassinated by the anti-Manchu Xu Xilin[82] | |
20 September | Empress Dowager Cixi declares her intention to create "a bicameral deliberative body"[83] | |
27 September | An edict is passed to disband provincial banner garrisons over a 10 year period[84] | |
9 October | An edict is passed to create a set of codes which apply uniformly to Manchus and Han Chinese[83] |
References
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 52.
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 54.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 576.
- ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 24.
- ↑ Swope 2014, p. 19.
- 1 2 3 Narangoa 2014, p. 25.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 570.
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 56.
- 1 2 Narangoa 2014, p. 28.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 558.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998b, p. 271.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 577.
- ↑ Swope 2014, p. 14.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 579.
- 1 2 Wakeman 1985, p. 63.
- ↑ Swope 2014, p. 24.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 600.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 601.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 602.
- ↑ Crossley 1997, p. 74.
- 1 2 Elliott 2001, p. 63.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 616.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 617.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 618.
- ↑ Swope 2014, p. 102.
- ↑ Crossley 1997, p. 77.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 629.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 630.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 636.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 639.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 656.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 660.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 662.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 673.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 675.
- 1 2 3 Twitchett 1998, p. 676.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 702.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 679.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 682.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 712.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 683.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 684.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 691.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 686.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 690.
- 1 2 3 Twitchett 1998, p. 692.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 698.
- 1 2 3 Twitchett 1998, p. 704.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 718.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 706.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 719.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 707.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 720.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 721.
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 307.
- 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 710.
- ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 725.
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 315.
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 335.
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 318.
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 326.
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 309.
- 1 2 Elliott 2001, p. 340.
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 321.
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 333.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Elliott 2001, p. 341.
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 316.
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 322.
- ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 264.
- ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 311.
- ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 63.
- ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 65.
- ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 67.
- 1 2 Rhoads 2000, p. 71.
- ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 72.
- 1 2 3 Rhoads 2000, p. 73.
- 1 2 3 Rhoads 2000, p. 77.
- 1 2 Rhoads 2000, p. 76.
- ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 96.
- ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 97.
- ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 100.
- ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 104.
- 1 2 Rhoads 2000, p. 118.
- ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 117.
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