Timeline of the Qing dynasty

Qing dynasty 1820

This is a timeline of the Qing dynasty.

16th century

1580s

YearDateEvent
1583Nurhaci becomes leader of the Jianzhou Left Branch[1]
1587Nurhaci founds Fe Ala[2]

1590s

YearDateEvent
1592Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98): Nurhaci offers to fight the Japanese but is refused; Ming reacts with alarm to the size and quality of Nurhaci's troops[3]
1593Nurhaci defeats the Hulun Confederation and Khorchin Mongols[4]

17th century

1600s

YearDateEvent
1600Nurhaci creates the Banner Army[5]
1601Nurhaci subjugates the Hada[6]
1603Nurhaci and Ming generals agree to delineate the boundary between their territories[7]
1605Gwanghaegun of Joseon sends an expedition north of the Tumen River to destroy the Jurchen Holjaon community[6]
1607Nurhaci subjugates the Hoifa[6]

1610s

YearDateEvent
1611Nurhaci subjugates the Wild Jurchens[8]
1613Nurhaci incorporates the Ula into his confederation[9]
1615Nurhaci increases the number of banners from four to eight[9]
Nurhaci sends his last tributary emissary to Beijing[10]
1616Nurhaci declares the Later Jin, also known as the Amaga Aisin Gurun[11]
16189 MayBattle of Fushun: Later Jin seizes Fushun[12]
summerBattle of Qinghe: Later Jin takes Qinghe[13]
161918 AprilBattle of Sarhū: Ming forces are annihilated by Later Jin[14]
26 JulyBattle of Kaiyuan: Later Jin takes Kaiyuan[15]
3 SeptemberBattle of Tieling: Later Jin takes Tieling[15]
SeptemberBattle of Xicheng: Later Jin annexes the Yihe Jurchens[16]

1620s

YearDateEvent
16214 MayBattle of Shen-Liao: Later Jin seizes Shenyang[17]
DecemberBattle of Fort Zhenjiang: Ming raids into Later Jin are repulsed[18]
162211 MarchBattle of Guangning: Later Jin seizes Guangning[18]
162610 FebruaryBattle of Ningyuan: A Later Jin attack on Ningyuan is repulsed and Nurhaci is wounded[19]
30 SeptemberNurhaci succumbs to his wounds and dies[20]
1627January - MarchLater Jin invasion of Joseon: Hong Taiji is elected khan and subjugates Joseon[21]
springBattle of Ning-Jin: Later Jin forces under Hong Taiji attack Jinzhou but are repelled
1629winterJisi Incident: Later Jin forces break through the Great Wall and loot the region around Beijing[22]

1630s

YearDateEvent
1630summerJisi Incident: Later Jin forces retreat[22]
163121 NovemberBattle of Dalinghe: Later Jin seizes Dalinghe[23]
1633AprilWuqiao Mutiny: Shandong rebels defect to Later Jin[24]
summerSiege of Lüshun: Later Jin seizes Lüshun[25]
1634Ligdan Khan of the Chahar Mongols is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji[26]
1635Hong Taiji unites all Jurchen tribes under the name of Manchu; so ends the Jurchens[21]
1636Hong Taiji proclaims the Qing dynasty[27]
1638Qing dynasty conquers Shandong[28]

1640s

YearDateEvent
16428 AprilBattle of Song-Jin: Qing dynasty takes Jinzhou[29]
164427 MayBattle of Shanhai Pass: Wu Sangui lets the Qing forces through the Great Wall and their forces defeat Li Zicheng in battle, after which Li retreats to Beijing[30]
5 JuneQing dynasty takes Beijing and Li Zicheng flees[30]
1645JanuaryQing forces capture Luoyang[31]
20 MayQing forces capture Yangzhou[31]
16 JuneQing forces capture Nanjing and the Hongguang Emperor[32]
6 JulyQing forces capture Hangzhou[32]
21 JulyAll nonclerical adult male citizens are ordered to adopt the Manchu queue to show their allegiance to the Qing dynasty[33]
1646FebruaryMing forces are defeated in Jiangnan[34]
10 JulyQing forces defeat the Ming army at Tonglu[35]
30 SeptemberQing forces capture Yanping[36]
6 OctoberThe Longwu Emperor is killed by Qing forces[36]
17 OctoberQing forces take Fuzhou[36]
16472 JanuaryZhang Xianzhong is killed by Qing forces but his army occupies Chongqing and then occupies Sichuan under the leadership of Sun Kewang[37]
20 JanuaryQing forces capture Guangzhou and the Shaowu Emperor[38]
5 MarchQing forces conquer Guangdong, half of Guangxi, and Hainan[38]
MarchQing forces take Changsha[39]
springQing forces raid Anping[40]
23 SeptemberQing forces take Wugang[41]
164820 FebruaryMing loyalists rebel at Nanchang and Nanning[42]
14 AprilQing forces fail to take Guilin[41]
164915 JanuaryMing loyalists rebel at Datong[43]
1 MarchQing forces take Nanchang[44]
4 OctoberMing loyalists at Datong are defeated[43]
summerQing forces conquer southern Huguang[45]
24 NovemberQing forces slaughter the population of Guangzhou[46]
27 NovemberQing forces capture Guilin[46]
2 DecemberQing forces capture Zhaoqing and the Yongli Emperor flees[46]

1650s

YearDateEvent
165115 OctoberQing forces capture Zhoushan and Zhu Yihai flees[47]
16527 AugustRebel general Li Dingguo takes Guilin[48]
winterSun Kewang's army is routed by Qing forces[48]
1655Li Dingguo's army is routed by Qing forces[48]
16569 MayQing forces try to invade Jinmen Island but their fleet is destroyed in a storm[49]
1657FebruaryMing forces defeat a Qing army near the Changjiang River Delta[49]
DecemberSun Kewang surrenders to the Qing dynasty[50]
1658JuneZheng Chenggong occupies Wenzhou[51]
16597 JanuaryQing forces advance into Yunnan and the Yongli Emperor flees to Toungoo dynasty[52]
10 MarchQing forces capture Yongchang and defeat Li Dingguo's army, securing Yunnan[52]
10 AugustZheng Chenggong takes Zhenjiang[53]
24 AugustZheng Chenggong lays siege to Nanjing[53]
9 SeptemberZheng Chenggong's army is annihilated and he retreats to Xiamen[54]

1660s

YearDateEvent
1660FebruaryQing forces launch an attack on Jinmen Island and Xiamen but fail[54]
Upkeep for the Eight Banners exceeds the entire Qing dynasty's regular income[55]
166220 JanuaryQing forces advance towards Inwa and force the return of the Yongli Emperor[56]
MayThe Yongli Emperor is executed in Yunnan; so ends the Southern Ming resistance on the mainland[56]
1664The Qing dynasty conquers Fujian and Zheng Jing retreats to Taiwan[57]

1670s

YearDateEvent
1674Poverty in the Eight Banners is noted to be caused by excessive and extravagant spending[58]

1680s

YearDateEvent
1684The Chinese banners, "Hanjun", decline to uselessness[59]

18th century

1720s

YearDateEvent
1723The government starts investing in the Eight Banners' livelihoods to reduce their reliance on state subsidies[60]
1727The government orders the comprehensive collection of genealogical tables for the Eight Banners[61]

1730s

YearDateEvent
1735Military upkeep reaches 32 million taels, a bit more than half of the empire's budget[62]

1740s

YearDateEvent
1742Bannermen of Chinese origin who joined after 1644 are allowed to leave the banner system[63]

1750s

YearDateEvent
1754State investment programs for the Eight Banners end[64]
Chinese bannermen at the Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, and Jingkou garrisons are "let go" and "excused" from their duties[63]
1756All secondary status households in the Eight Banners are ordered to register as civilians[65]
1757Chinese bannermen in Beijing who are too old, maimed, or incompetent are let go[66]

1760s

YearDateEvent
1760The government spends 4 million taels buying back land from Han owners for the Eight Banners[67]
1761Chinese bannermen at Suiyuan are replaced by Mongols and Manchus[66]
1762All Chinese bannermen are given the choice of leaving the banner system[66]
1763Chinese bannermen at Liangzhou and Zhuanglang are let go[66]

1770s

YearDateEvent
1779Chinese bannermen at Xi'an are let go[66]

19th century

1820s

YearDateEvent
1820Poverty becomes endemic in the Eight Banners[68]

1840s

YearDateEvent
1841Ding Gongchen builds China's first steam engine[69]

1860s

YearDateEvent
1863Restrictions on banner occupations are officially lifted to no effect[70]

1890s

YearDateEvent
189811 JuneThe Guangxu Emperor begins the Hundred Days' Reform[71]
5 SeptemberZhang Yuanji recommends ending Manchu-Han differences and dissolving the Eight Banners system[72]
21 SeptemberEmpress Dowager Cixi puts the Guangxu Emperor under house arrest[73]
22 SeptemberEmpress Dowager Cixi comes to power[74]

20th century

1900s

YearDateEvent
1900JuneBoxer Rebellion: Empress Dowager Cixi declares war on foreign powers[74]
14 AugustBoxer Rebellion: Foreign troops enter Beijing[75]
7 SeptemberBoxer Rebellion: The Boxer Protocol is signed[76]
17 SeptemberBoxer Rebellion: Foreign troops leave Beijing[76]
1901JulyThe Zongli Yamen is replaced with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs[77]
19027 JanuaryEmpress Dowager Cixi returns to Beijing[76]
1 FebruaryBan on intermarriage between Manchus and Han Chinese is lifted[78]
190329 DecemberManchu monopoly on posts in the Eight Banners is abolished[78]
190516 JulyThe government issues an edict proclaiming the need for leading officials to investigate new ways of government from abroad[79]
24 SeptemberAnti-Manchu proponent Wu Yue fails to assassinate the constitutional study commissioners[80]
The prohibition on transfer of property from the Eight Banners to civilians is lifted[77]
19061 SeptemberEmpress Dowager Cixi promises to form a constitutional government with no specified date[81]
1907AprilThe territories of Manchuria are reorganized into provinces[77]
6 JulyAnhui governor Enming is assassinated by the anti-Manchu Xu Xilin[82]
20 SeptemberEmpress Dowager Cixi declares her intention to create "a bicameral deliberative body"[83]
27 SeptemberAn edict is passed to disband provincial banner garrisons over a 10 year period[84]
9 OctoberAn edict is passed to create a set of codes which apply uniformly to Manchus and Han Chinese[83]

References

  1. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 52.
  2. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 54.
  3. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 576.
  4. ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 24.
  5. ↑ Swope 2014, p. 19.
  6. 1 2 3 Narangoa 2014, p. 25.
  7. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 570.
  8. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 56.
  9. 1 2 Narangoa 2014, p. 28.
  10. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 558.
  11. ↑ Twitchett 1998b, p. 271.
  12. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 577.
  13. ↑ Swope 2014, p. 14.
  14. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 579.
  15. 1 2 Wakeman 1985, p. 63.
  16. ↑ Swope 2014, p. 24.
  17. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 600.
  18. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 601.
  19. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 602.
  20. ↑ Crossley 1997, p. 74.
  21. 1 2 Elliott 2001, p. 63.
  22. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 616.
  23. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 617.
  24. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 618.
  25. ↑ Swope 2014, p. 102.
  26. ↑ Crossley 1997, p. 77.
  27. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 629.
  28. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 630.
  29. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 636.
  30. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 639.
  31. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 656.
  32. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 660.
  33. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 662.
  34. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 673.
  35. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 675.
  36. 1 2 3 Twitchett 1998, p. 676.
  37. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 702.
  38. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 679.
  39. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 682.
  40. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 712.
  41. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 683.
  42. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 684.
  43. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 691.
  44. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 686.
  45. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 690.
  46. 1 2 3 Twitchett 1998, p. 692.
  47. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 698.
  48. 1 2 3 Twitchett 1998, p. 704.
  49. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 718.
  50. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 706.
  51. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 719.
  52. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 707.
  53. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 720.
  54. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 721.
  55. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 307.
  56. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 710.
  57. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 725.
  58. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 315.
  59. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 335.
  60. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 318.
  61. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 326.
  62. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 309.
  63. 1 2 Elliott 2001, p. 340.
  64. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 321.
  65. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 333.
  66. 1 2 3 4 5 Elliott 2001, p. 341.
  67. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 316.
  68. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 322.
  69. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 264.
  70. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 311.
  71. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 63.
  72. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 65.
  73. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 67.
  74. 1 2 Rhoads 2000, p. 71.
  75. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 72.
  76. 1 2 3 Rhoads 2000, p. 73.
  77. 1 2 3 Rhoads 2000, p. 77.
  78. 1 2 Rhoads 2000, p. 76.
  79. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 96.
  80. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 97.
  81. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 100.
  82. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 104.
  83. 1 2 Rhoads 2000, p. 118.
  84. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 117.

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