List of countries by spoken languages
This list shows countries/disputed countries organised by the languages which are spoken there.
Indo-European languages
Albanian
Country/disputed territory | Status | Speakers |
---|---|---|
official and national | 1,570,000 (Tosk)[1] 1,200,000 (Gheg)[2] | |
minority | 50,000 (Arvanitika)[3] 10,000 (Tosk)[1] 600,000 (Standard Albanian / Albanian immigrants) | |
protected minority | 100,000 (Arbëreshë)[4] up to 800,000 Albanian immigrants. | |
official | roughly 1.8 million (Gheg)[2] | |
official[2] | 522,000 (Gheg)[2] | |
official in some municipalities[2] | 32,700 (Gheg)[2] | |
recognized minority[2] | (Gheg)[2] | |
language of provincial identity in some municipalities[2] | 10,000 (Gheg)[2] | |
recognized minority[2] | 7,180 (Gheg)[2] | |
minority | 65,000 (Tosk)[1] (Gheg)[2] | |
Total | 4,082,380[5] (Balkans only) |
Armenian
Country | Status | Speakers |
---|---|---|
official | 2,960,000[6] | |
minority | 120,000[6] | |
minority | 1,410[6] | |
minority | 315,000[6] | |
minority | 440[6] | |
minority | 102,000[6] | |
recognized minority[6] | 60,000[6] | |
minority | 3,000[6] | |
minority | 6,500[6] | |
language of national identity[6] | 218,000[6] | |
recognized minority[6] | 2,210[6] | |
recognized minority[6] | 740[6] | |
minority | 83,000[6] | |
minority | 61,000[6] | |
recognized minority[6] | 50,300[6] | |
Total | 5,169,640[6] |
Baltic
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Latgalian | unofficial, spoken in Latgale | |
significant minority in Siberia | ||
Latvian | official | |
Lithuanian | minority | |
official | ||
minority, majority in the city of Puńsk |
Celtic
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Breton | minority language in | |
Cornish | minority language in | |
Irish | minority, co-official with English | |
significant minority in | ||
significant minority, mainly in Chicago, New York and Massachusetts. | ||
significant minority, especially in Saint John and Miramichi, New Brunswick, as well as in | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority | ||
Manx | minority, very limited official use | |
Scottish Gaelic | significant minority, official in | |
official in | ||
significant minority | ||
Welsh | significant minority in | |
spoken by about 20% of the population in | ||
minority |
Germanic
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Afrikaans | co-official with 10 other languages | |
recognised minority; unofficial lingua franca | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Alsatian | regional language in | |
Danish | official | |
in | ||
co-official alongside Faroese | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Faroese | co-official with Danish | |
unofficial | ||
Frisian | minority | |
official recognised minority language | ||
minority language in | ||
Icelandic | official | |
minority | ||
Low German (Low Saxon) |
Niederdeutsch or more usual Plattdeutsch, recognized as regional language | |
Nederduits, recognized as regional language | ||
Luxembourgish | co-official with French and German | |
minority language in the Belgian Province of Luxembourg | ||
minority language in the German Regierungsbezirk Trier ("moselfränkisch") | ||
Norwegian | official, including Svalbard and Jan Mayen | |
Scots | significant minority in Scotland | |
minority in Ireland | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority, especially in Nova Scotia | ||
Swedish | official | |
co-official with Finnish. | ||
official | ||
minority |
Dutch
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Europe | official | |
co-official with French and German | ||
in French Flanders | ||
in Low Rhine Country | ||
Africa | spoken as minority, often used together with daughter language Afrikaans | |
Asia | historical language | |
Oceania | Minority | |
North America | co-official with Papiamento | |
co-official with English and Papiamento | ||
co-official with English | ||
spoken in minority primarily in Michigan and Indiana | ||
Minority | ||
South America | official | |
unofficial, spoken in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni |
English
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Africa | co-official with Tswana | |
co-official with French | ||
significant minority | ||
co-official with Swati | ||
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with Swahili | ||
co-official with Sesotho | ||
official | ||
official | ||
national language along with French, and other vernacular languages | ||
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with Kinyarwanda and French | ||
co-official with French and Seychellois Creole | ||
official | ||
co-official with 10 other languages: unofficially regarded as the 'main' language | ||
official | ||
co-official with Swahili | ||
official | ||
official | ||
Asia | unofficial | |
co-official with 21 other languages | ||
significant minority | ||
co-official with Urdu | ||
co-official with Filipino, and with regional languages as auxiliary official languages[8] | ||
co-official with Tamil, Mandarin, and Malay | ||
de facto co-official with Bengali | ||
de facto co-official with Tamil and Sinhala | ||
co-official with Tamil, Mandarin, and Malay | ||
co-official with Mandarin, and Malay | ||
Europe | co-official with Irish, see Hiberno-English | |
co-official with Maltese | ||
co-official with Welsh, see British English | ||
North America | official | |
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with French, see Canadian English | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official, see Jamaican English | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
de facto, see American English | ||
Oceania | de facto, see Australian English | |
co-official with Fijian and Hindustani | ||
co-official with Kiribati | ||
co-official with Marshallese | ||
de facto | ||
co-official with Māori and New Zealand Sign Language; see also New Zealand English | ||
co-official with Palauan | ||
co-official with Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu | ||
official | ||
co-official with Bislama and French | ||
South America | official | |
official in | ||
Dependent entities | ||
co-official with Samoan | ||
de facto | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with Cook Islands Māori | ||
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with Chamorro | ||
official | ||
co-official with Cantonese | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with Norfuk | ||
co-official with Chamorro and Carolinian | ||
co-official with Pitkern | ||
co-official with Spanish | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official |
German
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Europe | official | |
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with French, Italian and Romansh | ||
co-official with French and Flemish | ||
co-official with Hungarian in the city of Sopron | ||
co-official with Italian in South Tyrol | ||
minority | ||
co-official with French and Luxembourgish | ||
co-official as auxiliary language in the Opole Voivodeship | ||
official with other languages, language of the Swiss Guard | ||
minority in Alsace and Lorraine | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Africa | minority | |
co-official as auxiliary language | ||
Asia | minority | |
minority | ||
North America | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority[9] | ||
South America | minority | |
official in some municipalities, see Brazilian German | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority (see: Colonia Tovar dialect) |
Greek
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Greek | official | |
co-official with Turkish | ||
significant minority, widely spoken and co-official with Albanian in Himara, Dropull, Finiq and Derviçan regions | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority |
Iranian
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Balochi | minority | |
minority | ||
significant minority in Balochistan | ||
minority | ||
Majority in Balochistan | ||
minority | ||
Persian | co-official as Dari, with Pashto | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
official | ||
significant minority | ||
minority, as Tajik | ||
minority, as Tajik | ||
minority, as Dari and Hazaragi | ||
official, as Tajik | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority, as Tajik | ||
Ossetic | majority in North Ossetia-Alania | |
majority | ||
minority | ||
Caucasian Tat | minority in Dagestan | |
minority | ||
Tajik | minority, as Tajik | |
minority, as Tajik | ||
minority | ||
official, as Tajik | ||
minority | ||
Kurdish | recognized minority | |
regional | ||
co-official with Arabic | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority | ||
Gilan | unofficial, in Gilan, Māzandarān and Qhazvin Province | |
Talysh | minority | |
minority | ||
Pashto | co-official with Dari | |
majority in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA | ||
minority |
Bengali language
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Asia | official | |
official, along with 21 others; primarily spoken in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, with significant minority in Bihar, Jharkhand and Orissa | ||
significant minority[10] | ||
significant minority[11] | ||
minority[12] | ||
minority[13] | ||
minority[14] | ||
minority[15] | ||
minority. Mostly used in Karachi, where it holds the status as that of a recognized secondary language[16][17][18][19] | ||
Europe | minority[20] | |
significant minority[21] | ||
North America | minority[22][23][lower-alpha 1] | |
minority[24] | ||
Oceania | minority[25] |
Domari
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Africa | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Asia | minority | |
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Europe/Asia | minority |
Romani
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Asia | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Europe | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
officially recognised minority language | ||
minority | ||
officially recognised minority language | ||
minority | ||
significant minority, officially recognised minority language | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
officially recognized minority language | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
official in Šuto Orizari Municipality | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
officially recognised minority language | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
co-official in 79 rural communes | ||
officially recognised minority language | ||
officially recognised minority language | ||
minority | ||
officially recognised minority language | ||
minority | ||
officially recognised minority language | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
North America | minority | |
minority |
Hindi
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Asia | one of the two union languages of India alongside English, official along with 21 others; official in the Indian states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. | |
more than half of the population can understand and speak | ||
minority, 90,000[26] | ||
minority, 58,000[26] | ||
significant minority | ||
more than half of the population can understand and speak | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Oceania | Fiji Hindi is an official language | |
minority | ||
minority, 20,000 speakers | ||
Africa | significant minority, 436,000 speakers[26] | |
minority, 37,000 speakers[26] | ||
minority, 66,000 speakers[26] | ||
minority, 5,300 speakers[26] | ||
Europe | minority | |
North America | minority, 268,000 speakers [26] | |
minority, 650,000 speakers[27] | ||
Caribbean | minority | |
minority | ||
minority |
Gujarati
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Asia | official in Gujarat, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli | |
significant minority | ||
Africa | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
North America | minority | |
minority | ||
Europe | significant minority | |
Oceania | minority |
Other Indo-Aryan
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Angika | majority in Anga, significant minority in the rest of the country | |
minority language, in Terai region | ||
Assamese | minority | |
official language along with 21 others | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Awadhi[28] | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
majority in Uttar Pradesh, minority in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Delhi | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Bhili | minority | |
Bhojpuri | minority | |
minority | ||
in Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Bishnupriya Manipuri | minority | |
minority, mostly in Manipur, Assam and Tripura | ||
minority | ||
Chakma | minority, mostly in Chittagong Division | |
minority, mostly in Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh | ||
Chhattisgarhi | majority in Chhattisgarh, minority in Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and Bihar | |
Chittagonian | significant minority, major language of Chittagong Division of Bangladesh | |
minority, mostly in Arakan and Yangon | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority, mostly in Karachi | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Dhivehi | in Lakshadweep | |
official | ||
Dogri | in Punjab, and Azad Kashmir | |
in Jammu and Kashmir(India), Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh | ||
Hajong | minority, mostly in Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal | |
minority | ||
Halbi | in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh | |
Kalasha-ala | minority | |
Kalasha-mun | minority | |
Kashmiri | official, spoken in Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir(India), Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh | |
spoken in POK | ||
minority, mostly by immigrants from Kashmir | ||
Khandeshi | minority, spoken in Maharashtra, Gujarat | |
Khowar | majority in Chitral, minority in Gilgit | |
Kumaoni(Doteli) | majority in Uttarakhand, minority in Assam | |
significant majority in Sudurpashchim Pradesh | ||
Lomavren | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Magadhi | official in Bihar | |
Maithili | official in Bihar | |
significant minority in Terai | ||
Mal Paharia | minority, mostly in Jharkhand and West Bengal | |
minority | ||
Marathi | official along with 21 others, widely spoken in Maharashtra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu. | |
minority in Sindh | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Significant minority | ||
Significant minority | ||
Significant minority | ||
Significant minority | ||
Significant minority | ||
Significant minority | ||
Significant minority | ||
Marwari | primarily in Rajasthan and Gujarat and it is also spoken in west Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Eastern U.P., Assam, and northeastern states | |
minority | ||
Nepali | unofficial | |
unofficial | ||
official in Sikkim, regional language in West Bengal | ||
unofficial | ||
official | ||
unofficial | ||
Oriya | minority | |
official in Orissa | ||
Punjabi | official with others, in Punjab | |
majority in Punjab | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Rajasthani | official along with others, in Rajasthan | |
minority | ||
Rajbanshi | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
Rohingya | minority, mostly in Chittagong Division, Bangladesh | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority, mostly in Arakan, Myanmar | ||
minority | ||
minority, mostly in Karachi | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Sindhi | minority | |
official with others | ||
minority | ||
majority in Sindh | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Sinhala | official; known natively as Sinhala is the native language of the Sinhalese people, who make up the largest ethnic group in Sri Lanka and also spoken as a second language by other ethnic groups in Sri Lanka. | |
Sylheti | major language of Sylhet Division of Bangladesh | |
significant minority in the state of Assam, especially in Barak Valley | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Tanchangya | minority; mainly in Chittagong Division, related to Chakma, Chittagonian, Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit Rohingya and Bengali language | |
minority; mainly in Indian states of Assam, Tripura and Mizoram | ||
minority; mainly in Rakhine State, and few of them in Chin State and Yangon Division of Myanmar | ||
Urdu | minority | |
significant minority | ||
co-official as Hindustani with English and Fijian | ||
co-official with 21 others; understood and spoken in the Indian states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
co-official with English | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority |
French
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Europe | spoken, not official | |
co-official with Dutch and German | ||
official | ||
co-official in the | ||
co-official with Luxembourgish and German | ||
official | ||
co-official with German, Italian, and Romansh | ||
Africa | unofficial, but widely used | |
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with Kirundi | ||
co-official with English | ||
co-official with Sango | ||
co-official with Arabic | ||
co-official with Arabic and Comorian | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with Arabic | ||
co-official with Spanish and Portuguese | ||
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with Malagasy | ||
official | ||
de facto | ||
de facto | ||
de facto | ||
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with English and Kinyarwanda | ||
official; Wolof most widely spoken | ||
co-official with English and Seychellois Creole | ||
official | ||
unofficial, but widely used | ||
Asia | minority | |
minority | ||
administrative language | ||
unofficial, but spoken by the majority | ||
in Puducherry, co-official with Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam | ||
minority | ||
North America | co-official with English; majority in | |
official | ||
co-official with Haitian Creole | ||
minority | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
minority language, especially in Louisiana, Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire[9] | ||
Oceania | official | |
official | ||
co-official with English and Bislama | ||
official | ||
South America | minority | |
minority, significantly in RJ/ES and other coastal states; see French, Belgian and Swiss Brazilians | ||
minority | ||
official | ||
minority |
Italian
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Europe | unofficial, but widely spoken; some 70% of the population | |
minority | ||
official status in Istria | ||
minority language in | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
official | ||
minority | ||
unofficial, but widely spoken; some 66% of the population | ||
unofficial, but widely spoken | ||
official | ||
co-official in Koper, Izola and Piran | ||
co-official with French, German, and Romansh | ||
official | ||
Africa | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
Americas | minority | |
co-official in some municipalities, see Talian dialect | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Oceania | minority |
Portuguese
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Europe | official | |
minority in Olivenza | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Africa | official | |
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with Spanish and French | ||
official | ||
official | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Asia | co-official with Tetum | |
minority; see Brazilians in Japan | ||
co-official with Cantonese | ||
minority in Malacca; see Kristang language | ||
minority in Goa State | ||
North America | minority | |
minority | ||
South America | official, see Brazilian Portuguese | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Oceania | co-official with Tetum | |
minority |
Spanish
The following is a list of the 22 countries where Spanish is an official language:
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Europe | official | |
majority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
not official – majority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Africa | co-official with French and Portuguese | |
not official – minority | ||
co-official with Arabic | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
Asia | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
former official language, spoken by a minority; see Spanish language in the Philippines | ||
North America | plurality, but unofficial | |
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
de facto, official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
Co-official language in New Mexico and Puerto Rico. Spoken by a majority in PR and a significant minority in NM. Minority elsewhere[9] | ||
South America | de facto | |
co-official with Quechua and Aymara and another 35 languages | ||
minority | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with Guaraní | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
Oceania | co-official with Rapa Nui |
Other Italic languages
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Catalan | official | |
in Northern Catalonia | ||
a significant minority in Alghero | ||
co-official with Spanish in | ||
Corsican | regional language in | |
minority in | ||
Sardinian | co-official in | |
Galician | co-official with Spanish in | |
minority, from immigration | ||
minority, from immigration | ||
minority, from immigration | ||
minority, from immigration | ||
minority, from immigration | ||
minority, from immigration | ||
minority, from immigration | ||
minority, from immigration | ||
minority, from immigration | ||
Jèrriais | unofficial | |
unofficial | ||
Latin | official, but not spoken | |
Mirandese | co-official with Portuguese in the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Mogadouro and Vimioso | |
Occitan | minority | |
recognised minority language | ||
co-official with Catalan and Spanish in | ||
Romanian | minority | |
minority | ||
official | ||
official | ||
minority | ||
co-official in province of Vojvodina with 5 other languages | ||
Romansh | co-official with French, Italian, and German |
Slavic
Language | Country/disputed territory | Status |
---|---|---|
Belarusian | co-official with Russian | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Bosnian | co-official with Croatian and Serbian | |
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority, official in Sandžak | ||
significant minority | ||
Bulgarian | official | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Croatian | co-official with German and Hungarian in Burgenland | |
co-official with Bosnian and Serbian | ||
official | ||
co-official in Molise | ||
minority | ||
official in the municipalities of Carașova and Lupac[29] | ||
co-official in province of Vojvodina with 5 other languages | ||
Czech | minority | |
minority | ||
official | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Kashubian | official in Pomerania | |
Macedonian | minority, official in Pustec Municipality | |
official | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority, official in two municipalities | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Montenegrin | minority | |
minority | ||
official | ||
minority, official in some municipalities | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Polish | significant minority | |
significant minority | ||
official | ||
significant minority | ||
minority; see Polish Brazilian | ||
minority | ||
not official – minority[9] | ||
Russian | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority | ||
co-official with Belarusian | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority | ||
co-official with Kazakh | ||
minority | ||
co-official with Kyrgyz | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
co-official with Ukrainian and Romanian | ||
significant minority | ||
co-official in Gagauzia with Gagauz and Romanian | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
official | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority, regional in some regions | ||
significant minority | ||
Rusyn | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
official in Zakarpattia | ||
co-official in The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina with Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, and Croatian. | ||
Serbian | official with Croatian and Bosnian | |
significant minority | ||
co-official with Albanian | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
co-official in Caraşova | ||
official | ||
Slovak | Co-official | |
official | ||
Slovene | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
co-official in Friuli-Venezia Giulia with Friulian, Italian and German | ||
official | ||
minority in Ohio[30] | ||
Sorbian, Lower | regional language in Brandenburg | |
Sorbian, Upper | regional language in Brandenburg and Saxony | |
Ukrainian | minority | |
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority | ||
co-official with Romanian and Russian | ||
official | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority |
Mongolic languages
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Mongolian | official | |
regional, co-official with Chinese in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region | ||
Kalmyk Oirat | official language in | |
Daur | minority, spoken by Daur people in Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner of Inner Mongolia |
Turkic languages
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Azerbaijani | official | |
co-official, as well as in Iranian Azerbaijan | ||
minority | ||
regional | ||
co-official in Dagestan | ||
minority | ||
regional | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Uyghur | regional, co-official with Chinese in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region | |
minority | ||
Uzbek | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
official | ||
Kazakh | minority | |
regional, co-official with Chinese in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region | ||
minority | ||
official | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Kyrgyz | minority | |
minority | ||
official | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Turkish | official | |
co-official with Greek | ||
recognized regional lang. | ||
recognized regional lang. | ||
recognized regional lang. | ||
recognized regional lang. | ||
recognized minority lang. | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority, from immigration from Palestine | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority, from immigration from North Macedonia and Bulgaria | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority, from immigration from Cyprus | ||
significant minority, from immigration from Cyprus, via UK | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority, from immigration from Germany | ||
significant minority, from immigration from Georgia | ||
significant minority, from immigration from Algeria | ||
significant minority, from immigration from Cyprus and Algeria | ||
significant minority, especially in big cities, such as New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago | ||
significant minority, from immigration from Cyprus | ||
significant minority, from immigration from Cyprus | ||
significant minority, also from immigration from Algeria | ||
Turkmen | official | |
majority in northern Iraq | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
spoken in Stavropol Krai | ||
minority | ||
Gagauz | official language of the autonomous region of Gagauzia, Moldova | |
recognized minority language | ||
recognized minority language | ||
Tatar | official language of the Republic of Tatarstan | |
spoken in Russia and in former Soviet Union | ||
minority | ||
Crimean Tatar | spoken in | |
minority language in Dobroudja | ||
minority | ||
Siberian Tatar | in Siberia |
Afro-Asiatic languages
Arabic
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Islam | Liturgical language of Islam | |
Africa | co-official with Berber | |
co-official with French | ||
co-official with French | ||
co-official with French | ||
official | ||
co-official with Tigrinya | ||
official | ||
official | ||
co-official with Berber | ||
co-official with Somali | ||
co-official with English | ||
official | ||
co-official with Spanish | ||
Asia | regional/religious | |
official | ||
regional | ||
co-official with Kurdish | ||
special status; formerly co-official with Hebrew | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
optional language/religious | ||
official | ||
optional language along with Spanish/religious | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
official | ||
Europe | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
Oceania | minority | |
North America | minority | |
significant minority[9] | ||
South America | minority, immigrants from Lebanon | |
minority, see Arab Brazilian | ||
minority, from immigration. See Arab Venezuelan |
Dravidian languages
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Badaga | minority | |
Brahui | minority, spoken in Balochistan | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Chenchu | minority | |
Duruwa | minority | |
Gondi | minority | |
Kannada | official language in the state of Karnataka. Also spoken in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Goa. With significant minorities in Delhi, Gurgaon, Kolkata and Gujarat. | |
minority | ||
Kolami | minority | |
Koraga | minority | |
Kota | minority, endangered Dravidian language | |
Koya | minority | |
Kui | minority | |
Kumarbhag Paharia | minority | |
Kurukh | minority | |
minority | ||
Maria | minority | |
Nagarchal | minority, endangered Dravidian language | |
Pardhan | minority | |
Sauria Paharia | minority | |
minority | ||
Toda | minority, endangered Dravidian language | |
Telugu | official Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Yanam | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Tamil | official language in the state of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Also spoken in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala (Palakkad region). With significant minorities in Delhi, Gurgaon, Uttar Pradesh (NOIDA, Ghaziabad, Lucknow, Varanasi, Allahabad), Bengal (Kolkata and Durgapur), Gujarat (Ahmadabad, Baroda, Surat & Jamnagar), Rajasthan(Jaipur and Ajmer), small minorities in Bihar(Patna and Gaya) and Manipur. | |
official (national) language along with Sinhala, 1,229,000 Muslims, 4,656,000 Hindu[32] | ||
official language along with Tamil, Mandarin, and Malay, 127,000 speakers[32] | ||
minority | ||
minority, 35,000 speakers[32] | ||
significant minority, 200,000 speakers[32] | ||
significant minority, 78,000 speakers[32] | ||
significant minority | ||
minority, 33,000 speakers[32] | ||
significant minority 1.8 million speakers[32] | ||
significant minority, 115,200 speakers[32] | ||
significant minority, 151,000 speakers[32] | ||
minority | ||
minority, 101,000 speakers[32] | ||
significant minority, 600,000 speakers[32] | ||
minority, 34,200 speakers[32] | ||
Significant minority | ||
significant minority, 250,000 speakers[32] | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Malayalam | official at state of Kerala and Union Territory of Lakshwadeep.
co-official in Puducherry (Mahe) | |
significant minority, 319,000 speakers[33] | ||
minority | ||
minority, 51,000 speakers[33] | ||
minority, 18,000 speakers[33] | ||
minority | ||
minority, 172,000 speakers[33] | ||
minority, 6,000 speakers[33] | ||
minority, 69,000 speakers[33] | ||
minority, 63,000 speakers[33] | ||
minority | ||
minority, 24,000 speakers[33] | ||
minority | ||
minority, 84,000 speakers[33] | ||
Tulu | minority | |
minority; mainly in the region of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and in the state of Maharashtra | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
Kodava | minority | |
Ollari | minority |
Japonic languages
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Japanese | national | |
significant minority. See Japanese in the Philippines | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Official in Angaur | ||
minority | ||
Ryukyuan | minority | |
minority | ||
minority |
Koreanic languages
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Korean | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority, co-official with Chinese in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province | ||
minority | ||
official | ||
minority | ||
official | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Jeju | official, in Jeju Island |
Language isolate
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Basque | ||
majority in Northern Basque Country | ||
co-official with Spanish in | ||
minority, from immigration. See Basque Venezuelan | ||
Nihali | minority, endangered language |
South Caucasian languages
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Georgian | official | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Mingrelian language | significant language | |
significant language | ||
Svan language | minority | |
Laz language | significant language | |
minority |
Sino-Tibetan languages
Other Sino-Tibetan
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Burmese[34] | official | |
minority | ||
minority, 50,000 p. | ||
minority | ||
Dzongkha | official | |
Tibetan[35] | minority, official in Tibet Autonomous Region | |
minority, in Upper Mustang | ||
minority | ||
Hani[36] | minority, in Yunnan province. | |
minority, called "Hà Nhì" | ||
minority, | ||
Karen[34] | minority, 11,000 p. | |
minority, 7 mi. p., Kayin state | ||
minority, 1 mi. p., | ||
minority, 70,000 p. | ||
Lahu[37] | minority, 720,000 peoples, in Yunnan province. | |
minority | ||
minority, 150,000 peoples | ||
minority, 100,000 peoples | ||
minority | ||
minority, called "La Hủ" | ||
Meithei | recognized minority, spoken by 1.25 mi. p. in Manipur and others | |
Nuosu (Yi, Lolo) | minority, spoken by 7.76 mi. of Yi people in South China[38] | |
minority, called "Lô Lô". |
Yue language
Cantonese
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Africa | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Asia | minority | |
minority | ||
regional | ||
co-official with English | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
co-official with Portuguese | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Europe | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
North America | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Oceania | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
South America | minority | |
minority | ||
regional | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority |
Taishanese
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Africa | minority | |
Asia | regional | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Europe | minority | |
North America | minority | |
minority | ||
Oceania | minority | |
minority | ||
South America | minority | |
minority | ||
minority |
Hakka
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Africa | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Asia | minority | |
minority | ||
regional | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
co-official with Chinese | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Europe | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
North America | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Oceania | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
South America | minority | |
minority | ||
regional | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority |
Standard Chinese
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Africa | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Asia | minority | |
minority | ||
national | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
co-official with English, Malay and Tamil | ||
official | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Europe | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
North America | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority[9] | ||
Oceania | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
South America | minority | |
minority | ||
regional | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority |
Min/Min Nan
Regions | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Africa | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Asia | minority | |
minority | ||
regional | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority, lingua franca in Penang | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
widely spoken among the older generation, still a minority for the younger generation | ||
widely spoken, lingua franca alongside Hakka, see Taiwanese Hokkien, statutory language for public transportation announcements | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Europe | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
North America | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Oceania | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
South America | minority | |
minority | ||
regional | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority |
Malayo-Polynesian languages
Bornean
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Bajau | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
Brunei Malay | regional | |
minority | ||
Coastal Kadazan | minority | |
Iban | regional | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
Malagasy | minority | |
official | ||
minority | ||
Sama | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
Yakan | regional | |
Philippine
Micronesian
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Carolinian | official | |
minority | ||
Chuukese | regional | |
Gilbertese | minority | |
official | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Kosraean | regional | |
Marshallese | official | |
Nauruan | official | |
Pohnpeian | regional | |
Sosorolese | regional | |
Tobian | regional | |
Ulithian | regional | |
Yapese | regional |
Polynesian
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Cook Islands Māori | official | |
Futunan | official | |
Hawaiian | official | |
Māori | co-official with English and New Zealand Sign Language | |
Niuean | minority | |
official | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Rapa Nui | official | |
Samoan | official | |
official | ||
Tahitan | official | |
Tokelauan | official | |
Tongan | official | |
Tuvaluan | official | |
Wallisian | official |
Malayo-Sumbawan
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Acehnese | minority | |
Balinese | minority | |
Banjarese | minority | |
Cham[39] | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
Indonesian | official | |
co-official with Tetum | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
widely spoken, the people were historically in charged to colonize Dutch East Indies and Indonesia has become the biggest work force in Taiwan | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Jarai[40] | minority | |
minority | ||
Javanese | regional | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
Lampung | minority | |
Madurese | minority | |
Makassarese | minority | |
Malay | official | |
official | ||
co-official | ||
regional | ||
significant minority | ||
significant minority from historical event, see Japanese Empire | ||
minority | ||
Minangkabau | regional | |
regional | ||
minority | ||
Palauan | official | |
Rejang | minority | |
Sasak | minority | |
Tetum | official |
Tungusic languages
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Evenki | minority, in Siberia | |
minority, in Evenki Autonomous Banner of Inner Mongolia | ||
minority | ||
Nanai (Hezhen) | minority, in Khabarovsk Krai | |
minority, in Heilongjiang Province | ||
Manchu | in North East china |
Uralic languages
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Estonian | official | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
Finnish | co-official with Swedish except in Åland Islands, where Swedish is the only official language. | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Hungarian | official | |
minority, co-official in Vojvodina | ||
significant minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Sami | official minority language in Lapland. | |
official | ||
non-recognised minority | ||
official regional minority language |
Na-Dene
Apachean
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Navajo | minority | |
Apache | minority | |
Chiricahua | minority | |
Jicarilla | minority | |
Lipan Apache | minority | |
Plains Apache | minority | |
Mescalero | minority | |
Western Apache | minority |
Iroquoian
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Cherokee | minority; mostly spoken in the region of | |
Erie (Language) | minority |
Uto-Aztecan
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Hopi | officially; in Hopi Reservation Hopi, AZ | |
Tübatulabal | minority | |
Tongva | minority; in Los Angeles, CA | |
Numic | minority |
Austroasiatic
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Bahnar[42] | minority, 227,716 p. in south Vietnam (2009) | |
Bru[43] | minority, 69,000 p. in south Laos. | |
minority, 74,500 p. in central Vietnam (2009) | ||
minority | ||
Khasi | official language in Meghalaya | |
minority | ||
Khmer[44] | official | |
minority, 1.26 mi. p. in south Vietnam | ||
minority | ||
Khmu[43] | minority, 621,000 p. | |
minority, 73,000 p. | ||
minority, 10,000 p. | ||
minority | ||
Kuy[45] | minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
Mnong[42] | minority | |
minority | ||
Mon | Recognised regional language | |
minority | ||
Muong[42] | minority, spoken by 1.6 mi. Muong peoples in north Vietnam | |
Vietnamese | official | |
minority[46] | ||
minority[9] | ||
minority, 0.21 mi.p.[47] | ||
minority, 0.6 mi.p.[48] | ||
minority, 0.22 mi.p. | ||
minority, 0.3 mi.p. | ||
minority, 0.1 mi.p. | ||
Wa[49] | minority, 0.9 mi. peoples in Shan state | |
minority, 0.4 mi. peoples in China's Yunnan Province. |
Tai–Kadai
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Bouyei[50] | minority, in south China | |
minority, called "Giáy", in north Vietnam | ||
Lao | official | |
minority, known as Isan, 20 mi. p. in northern and eastern Thailand | ||
Thai | official | |
minority, spoken by Dai people in south China, noted as Tai Lü and Tai Nüa | ||
minority, | ||
minority, 1.6 mi. p., as Thái dialect in north Vietnam | ||
Shan[34] | minority, but majority in Shan state | |
minority, in north-west | ||
Nung[42] | minority, spoken by 1 mi. p. in north Vietnam | |
Tày[42] | minority, spoken by 1.6 mi. p. in north Vietnam | |
Zhuang | minority,[51] 18 mi. peoples, most in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. |
Hmong–Mien
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Hmong[52] (Miao) |
minority | |
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
minority | ||
Mienic (Yao) |
minority | |
minority, called "Dao" | ||
minority | ||
minority |
Pama-Nyungan
Language | Country | Status |
---|---|---|
Yolŋu | minority | |
Gurindji | minority | |
Ngaanyatjarra | minority | |
Kartu | minority | |
Karnic | minority | |
Yotayotic | minority | |
Yuin–Kuric | minority | |
Warlpiri | minority | |
Kalaw Lagaw Ya | minority | |
Warrongo | minority |
Note
- Includes Bangladeshi Americans, Americans of Bangladeshi descent and Bengali Indian Americans, Americans of Indian descent whose ancestral origins are in West Bengal, the Barak Valley and Tripura
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- The Yi Ethnic Group. Retrieved 18/08/2015.
- Cham, Western & Cham, Eastern. Ethnologue. Retrieved 18/08/2015.
- Jarai. Ethnologue. 18th ed., 2015 Archived 18 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18/08/2015.
- census.gov 2007 American Community Survey. Accessed 2010-07-13.
- Languages of Viet Nam. Ethnologue. 18th ed., 2015. Retrieved 18/08/2015.
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- Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in front of the courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic). The article 25 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms ensures right of the national and ethnic minorities for education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural Language) ensures, that a citizen of the Czech Republic, who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, have right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In case that the administrative agency doesn't have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (About The Rights of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law) the same applies for the members of national minorities also in front of the courts of law.
- Year Book Australia, 2012. Retrieved 18/08/2015.
- CIA. The World Factbook/ Cambodia/Race, 2010. Retrieved 18/08/2015.
- Wa, Parauk. Ethnologue. 18th ed., 2015. Retrieved 18/08/2015.
- Bouyei. Ethnologue. 18th ed., 2015. Retrieved 18/08/2015.
- Map of Major Zhuang language groups
- Bryce Schroeder's Hmong page. Retrieved 01/08/2015.
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