Waray language

Waray
	Waray-Waray, Samar-Leyte Visayan
	Winaray, Samareño, Lineyte-Samarnon, Binisayâ nga Winaray, Binisayâ nga Samar-Leyte, Binisayâ nga Waray
Native to	Philippines
Region	Eastern Visayas, some parts of Masbate, and some parts of Sorsogon
Ethnicity	Waray
Native speakers	2.6 million (2005 census)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Central Philippine Bisayan Central Bisayan Waray; ; ; ; ; ;
Dialects	Standard Waray (Tacloban dialect), Northern Samar dialect, Calbayog dialect, Culaba-Biliran dialect, Abuyog dialect and other 20 identified dialects and subdialects
Writing system	Latin;; Historically Baybayin
Official status
Official language in	Regional language in the Philippines
Regulated by	Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino; Historically regulated by the Sanghiran san Binisaya ha Samar ug Leyte
Language codes
ISO 639-2	war
ISO 639-3	war
Glottolog	wara1300[2]
	Areas where Waray-Waray is spoken

Waray is an Austronesian language and the fifth-most-spoken native regional language of the Philippines, native to Eastern Visayas. It is the native language of the Waray people and second language of the Abaknon people of Capul, Northern Samar and some Cebuano-speaking peoples of eastern and southern parts of Leyte island. It is the third most spoken language among the Bisayan languages, only behind Cebuano and Hiligaynon.

Nomenclature

The term Waray comes from the word often heard by non-speakers meaning "none" or "nothing" in the language; similarly, Cebuanos are known in Leyte as "mga Kana" and their language as "Kana" (after the oft-heard word "kana," meaning "that" in the Cebuano language).

During the Spanish period, texts refer to the language as simply being a dialect of "Visayan." In contrast, most contemporary linguists consider many of these "Visayan dialects" (e.g., Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Karay-a, etc.) to be distinct languages, and the term Visayan is usually taken to refer to what is called Cebuano in contemporary linguistic literature. Domingo Ezguerra's 1663 (reprinted 1747) Arte de la lengua bisaya de la provincia de Leyte refers to the "Visayan tongue of the province of Leyte," Figueroa's Arte del idioma Visaya de Samar y Leyte refers to the "Visaya language of Samar and Leyte." Antonio Sanchez's 1914 "Diccionario español-bisaya" (Spanish-Visayan Dictionary) refers to the speech of "Sámar and Leyte."

Dialects

Linguist Jason Lobel (2009) considers there are 25 dialects and subdialects of Waray-Waray.[3]

Tacloban: "standard" dialect: the dialect used in television and radio broadcasts and in education
Abuyog, Leyte: heavy Cebuano influence
Culaba, Biliran: heavy Cebuano influence
Catbalogan: "original" dialect: Pure Waray, central part of Samar Island
Calbayog: mixture of the Tacloban dialect and the dialect of Northern Samar
Allen, Northern Samar: mostly Southern Sorsoganon mixed with Northern Samarenyo. Dialects in neighboring towns have also borrowed extensively from Southern Sorsoganon.

Waray is characterized by a unique sound change in which Proto-Bisayan *s becomes /h/ in a small number of common grammatical morphemes. This sound change occurs in all areas of Samar south of the municipalities of Santa Margarita, Matuginao, Las Navas, and Gamay (roughly corresponding to the provinces of Samar and Eastern Samar, but not Northern Samar), as well as in all of the Waray-speaking areas of Leyte, except the towns of Javier and Abuyog. However, this sound change is an areal feature rather than a strictly genetic one (Lobel 2009).[3]

Most Waray dialects in northeastern and eastern Samar have the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/ as a reflex of Proto-Austronesian *e.[3]

Usage

Waray is one of the many regional languages found in the Philippines and used in local government. It is widely used in media particularly in television and radio broadcasts, however, not in print media because most regional newspapers are published in English.

The language is used in education from kindergarten to primary level as part of the Philippine government's K-12 program since 2012 in which pupils from Kindergarten to third grade are taught in their respective indigenous languages.

Waray is also used in the Mass in the Roman Catholic Church and in the worship services of different Christian sects in the region. Bibles in Waray are also available. In 2019, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures was released in Waray-Waray.[4]

Phonology

Consonants

Waray has a total of 16 consonant phonemes: /p, t, k, b, d, ɡ, m, n, ŋ, s, h, l, ɾ~r, w, j, ʔ/. Two extra post-alveolar sounds [tʃ, dʒ] are heard when /i/ occurs after /t, d/, further proceeding another vowel sound.[5][6]

Vowels

Most Waray dialects have three vowel phonemes: /a/ [a], /i/ [ɛ~i] and /u/ [ɔ~u]. Some dialects have an additional vowel /ə/ [ə]; words with /ə/ in these dialects have /u/ in the majority dialects.[7][8]

Grammar

Writing system

Waray, like all Philippine languages today, is written using the Latin script. There is no officially-approved orthography for the language and different writers may use differing orthographic styles. In general, it has become common to write the language following the current orthographic conventions of Filipino.

Vocabulary

Numbers

Native numbers are used for numbers one through ten. From eleven onwards, Spanish numbers are exclusively used in Waray today, their native counterparts being almost unheard of by the majority of native speakers (except for gatos for hundred and yukot for thousand). Some, specially the old ones, are spoken alongside the Spanish counterparts.

English	Native Waray	Derived from Spanish	Spanish
one	usá	uno	un / uno (m) una (f)
two	duhá	dos	dos
three	tuló	tres	tres
four	upat	kuwatro	cuatro
five	limá	singko	cinco
six	unom	sais/says	seis
seven	pitó	syete	siete
eight	waló	otso	ocho
nine	siyám	nuebe/nuybe	nueve
ten	napúlô	dies/dyis	diez
eleven	napúlô kag-usá	onse	once
twelve	napúlô kagduhá	dose	doce
thirteen	napúlô kagtuló	trese	trece
fourteen	napúlô kag-upat	katorse	catorce
fifteen	napúlô kaglimá	kinse	quince
sixteen	napúlô kag-unom	disisays/disisais	dieciséis
seventeen	napúlô kagpitó	disisyete	diecisiete
eighteen	napúlô kagwaló	disiotso	dieciocho
nineteen	napúlô kagsiyám	disinuybe	diecinueve
twenty	karuhaàn	baynte	veinte
twenty one	karuhaàn kag-usà	baynte uno	veintiuno
twenty two	karuhaàn kagduhà	baynte dos	veintidós
thirty	katluàn	traynta	treinta
forty	kap-atàn	kuwarenta	cuarenta
fifty	kalim-àn	singkwenta	cincuenta
sixty	kaunmàn	saysenta/sisenta	sesenta
seventy	kapituàn	sitenta	setenta
eighty	kawaluàn	otsenta/ochienta	ochenta
ninety	kasiyamàn	nobenta	noventa
one hundred	usa ka gatòs	syen	cien
one thousand	usa ka yukòt	mil	mil
one million	usa ka ribo[9]	milyon	un millón

Some common words and phrases

Below are examples of the Waray spoken in Metropolitan Tacloban and the nearby areas:

Can you understand Waray?: Nakakaintindi / Nasabut ka hin Winaray? (hin or hiton)
Good morning (noon / afternoon / evening): Maupay nga aga (udto / kulop / gab-i)
Thank you: Salamat
I love you: Hinihigugma ko ikaw or Ginhihigugma ko ikaw or Pina-ura ta ikaw
Where are you from? : Taga-diin ka? or Taga-nga-in ka?
What is your name? : Ano it imo ngaran?
Who are you?: Hin-o ka?
How are you? : Kumusta ka na?
I'm fine / In God's will: Kalu-oy sa Diyos
How much is this? : Tagpira ini?
I like this / that: Karuyag ko ini / iton.
I can't understand: Diri ako nakakaintindi or Diri ako nakakasabut
I don't know: Diri ako maaram or Ambot
What: Ano
Who: Hin-o
Where: Hain or Di-in or "Ngain"
When (future): San-o
When (past): Kakan-o
Why: Kay ano
How: Gin-aano?/Patiunan-o?
Yes: Oo
No: Dire or Diri
There: Adto or Didto or Ngadto
Here: Didi or Nganhi or Dinhi
Up: Igbaw
Down: Ubos
Top: Bawbaw
Bottom: Ilarom or Sirong
Right: Tu-o
Left: Wala
Far: Harayo
Near: Hirani
Front or in front: Atubang or Atubangan
Night: Gab-i
Day: Adlaw
Nothing: Waray
Good: Maupay
Beautiful: Mahusay
Handsome: Gwapo
Boy: Lalaki
Girl: Babayi
Gay: Bayot
Lesbian: Tomboy/Lesbyana
I'm a friend of...: Sangkay ako ni...
I'm lost here: Nawawara ak didi.
Maybe: Bangin
I wish...: Kunta
Dirty: Malamiri

Other common words

Technical terms

Gold - bulawan
Steel - puthaw
Car - awto / sarakyan/ kotse" / "sasakyan
Airplane - edro / eroplano
Airport - lupadan or landingan

Astronomical terms

Earth - kalibutan
Moon - bulan; Indonesian - bulan
Sun - adlaw
Star - bituon Indonesian - bintang

Natural terms

Wind - hangin; Indonesian - angin
Fire - kalayo
Land - tuna; Indonesian - tanah
Water - lawod/tubig
Nature - libong
Mountain - bukid; Indonesian - bukit
Sea - dagat
Ocean - kalawdan Indonesian = laut i.e. ka-laut-an
Island - puro/isla Indonesian - pulau
Archipelago - kapuruan; Indonesian - kepulauan
River - salog
Lake - danaw; Indonesian - danau

Parts of the house

House - balay or payag
Room - kwarto or sulod
Bedroom - sulod-katurugan
Kitchen - kusina
Outdoor Kitchen - abuhan
Dining Room - kaunan
Bathroom - kubeta/kasilyas/karigu-an
Floor - salug
Roof - atop

Members of the family

Father - amay/tatay/papa
Mother - iroy/nanay/mama
Son/Daughter - anak
Brother - bugto nga lalaki
Sister - bugto nga babayi
Grandparent - apoy(male/female); lolo (male) / lola (female)
Cousin - patod
Nephew/Niece - umangkon
Son-in-Law/Daughter-in-Law - umagad
Brother-in-Law/Sister-in-Law - bayaw(male) / hipag (female)
Father-in-Law/Mother-in-Law - ugangan
Oldest Child - suhag
Youngest Child - puto or pudo

Fashion words

Trousers - saruwal
Clothes - bado / duros
Belt - paha

Food

Bread - tinapay
Rice - kan-on / luto
Viand - sura
Coffee - kape
Vinegar - suoy

Animals

Dog - ayam, iru/ido
Cat - kuying/uding, misay
Rat - yatot
Crocodile - buwaya
Bird - tamsi/tawsi
Snake - halas
Carabao - karabaw
Crab - masag/kin-is
Lobster - tapusok
Shrimp - pasayan

Loanwords and Cognates

Waray has borrowed vocabulary extensively from other languages, especially from Spanish. These words are being adopted to fill lexical gaps of the recipient language. Spanish colonialization introduced new systems to the Philippine society.

Common Waray Waray words and its foreign and local origin

Indonesian/Malay Cognates

Balay (English: house) - related to Malay balai
Sarapati (English: pigeon) - related to Malay merpati
Mata (English: eyes) - related to Malay mata
Bulan (English: moon/month) - related to Malay bulan
Ini (English: this/these) - related to Malay ini
Kamo (English: you [plural]) - related to Malay kamu

Spanish

Abandonada (Spanish: Abandonado/a) – abandoned
Abaniko (Spanish: Abanico) – fan
Abriha (Spanish: Abrir, Filipino: Abrihin) – to open
- Abrelata (Spanish: Abrelatas) – tin-opener/can opener
Abril (Spanish: Abril) – April
Abogado (Spanish: Abogado) – lawyer, attorney
Aborido (Spanish: Aburrido) – bored (used in Tagalog as 'anxious, confused')
Akasya (Spanish: Acacia) – acacia tree
Aksidente (Spanish: Accidente) – accident
Adurnuha (Spanish: Adornar, Filipino: Adurnuhan) – to decorate
Agrabiyado (Spanish: Agraviado) – being aggrieved
Aginaldo (Spanish: Aguinaldo) – Christmas gift
Agosto (Spanish: Agosto) – August
Ahensiya (Spanish: Agencia) – agency
Ahente (Spanish: Agente) – agent
Alahas (Spanish: Alhaja) – jewel
Alambre (Spanish: Alambre) – wire
Alkansiya (Spanish: Alcancía) – piggy bank
Alpilir (Spanish: Alfiler) – pin
Alsaha (Spanish: Alzar, Filipino: Alsahin) – Ambisyoso (Spanish: Ambicioso) – ambitious
Ambisyon (Spanish: Ambición) – ambitionArbularyo (Spanish: Herbolario) - Medicine man (from "Herbo" -herb)
Arina (Spanish: Harina) – flour
Arkitekto (Spanish: Arquitecto) – architect
Armado (Spanish: Armado) – armed
Armibal (Spanish: Almíbar) – syrup
Artista (Spanish: Artista) – artist (used in Waray Waray as 'actor/actress')
Ariyos (Spanish: Arreos) – tack (used in Waray Waray as 'earrings')
Asintado (Spanish: Asentado) – settled
Asero (Spanish: Acero) – steel
Asno (Spanish: Asno) – donkey
Asoge (Spanish: Azogue) – mercury
Asosasyon (Spanish: Asociación) – association
Asukal (Spanish: Azúcar) – sugar
Asul (Spanish: Azul) – blue
Asyatiko (Spanish: Asiatico) – Asian
Intyendeha (Spanish: Atender) – to attend to
Atrasado (Spanish: Atrasado) – overdue, slow (clock), backward (used in Waray Waray as 'late')
Ayudaha (Spanish: Ayudar, Filipino: Ayudahan) – to help
Banyo/Kasilyas (Spanish: Baño) – bathroom, toilet
Baraha (Spanish: Baraja) – deck of playing cards
Baratilyo (Spanish: Baratillo) – flea market (used in Waray Waray as 'bargain sale')
Barato (Spanish: Barato) – cheap
Barbero (Spanish: Barbero) – barber
Barbula (Spanish: Válvula) – valve
Bareta (Spanish Bareta) – bar
Bagahe (Spanish: Bagaje) – baggage
Bintana (Spanish: Ventana) – window
Bintilador (Spanish: Ventilador) – electric fan
Birhen (Spanish: Virgen) – virgin
Bisagra (Spanish: Bisagra) – hinge
Bisikleta (Spanish: Bicicleta) – bicycle
Bisitaha (Spanish: Visitar) – to visit
Botika/Botica/Parmasya/Farmacia - drugstore, pharmacy
Conbensido (Spanish: Convencido) - convinced
Demanda (Spanish: Demanda) – demand
Demokrasiya (Spanish: Democracia) – democracy
Demonyo (Spanish:Demonio) – demon, evil spirit
Dentista (Spanish: Dentista) – dentist
Departamento (Spanish: Departamento) – department, bureau
Depensa (Spanish: Defensa) – defense
Deposito (Spanish: Depósito) – depot (fuel), deposit (money)
Desisyon (Spanish: Decisión) – decision
Diyos/a (Spanish: Dios/a) – god/goddess
Doble (Spanish: Doble) – double
Doktor/a (Spanish: Doctor/a) – doctor
Don (Spanish: Don) – Mr. (used in Waray Waray to address a rich man)
Donya (Spanish: Doña) – Mrs. (used in Waray Waray to address a rich woman)
Dos (Spanish: Dos) – two
Dose (Spanish: Doce) – twelve
Dosena (Spanish: Docena) – dozen
Drama (Spanish: Drama) – drama
Droga (Spanish: Droga) – drugs
Huygo (Spanish: Juego)- game (used in Waray Waray as 'gambling')
Hugador (Spanish: Jugador) - game (used in Waray Waray as 'gambler')
Karsonsilyo/Carsoncillo (Spanish: Carsoncillo) – boxer shorts (used in Waray Waray as 'shorts')
Lider (Spanish: Líder) – leader
Marigoso (Spanish: Amargoso) - bittermelon
Padre (Spanish: Padre) - father (used in Waray Waray as a title for a Roman Catholic priest)

Portuguese

Porta (Portuguese: Porta) - door
Multo (Portuguese: Morto) - ghost

Nahuatl

Achuete (Nahuatl: Achiotl; Mexican Spanish: Achiote) – annatto seeds used to give food a reddish color
Kakao/Kakaw (Cacao) (Nahuatl: Cacahuatl) – cacao or cocoa
Sayote (Nahuatl: Chayotli; Mexican Spanish: Chayote) – a Mexican squash
Tiyangge (Nahuatl: Tianquiztli; Mexican Spanish: Tianguis) – seasonal markets
Tsokolate (Nahuatl: Xocolatl) – chocolate

Chinese

Bakya (Fukien Chinese) – native wooden sandals
Bihon – Vermicelli (made of rice flour)
Bitsin (Fukien Chinese: Bi chhin) – monosodium glutamate
Jueteng (Fukien Chinese) – illegal numbers game
Lumpia (Fukien Chinese) – spring rolls

English

Basket/Batulang – basket
Basketbol – basketball
Basketbulan - basketball court
Bilib - believe
Bilyar - billiard
Bilyaran - billiard hall
Chiki - check
Dyip – jeep
Elementari – elementary
Ekonomiks - economics
Eksport – export
Ekpres - express
Erkon - air con
Greyd – grade
Groseri – grocery
Hai Skul – High School
Iskor – score
Iskrin – screen
Ispiker - speaker
Keyk – cake
Kostomer/Kustomer – customer
Kompyuter – computer
Kondisyoner - conditioner
Kontrol - control
Krim - cream
Kukis - cookies
Lider – leader
Losyon - lotion
Manedyer – manager
Masel – muscle
Makroekonomiks - macroeconomics
Maikroekonomiks - microeconomics
Isparkol - sparkle

Cebuano

Bana (Cebuano: Bana) - husband

77

References

Waray at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Waray (Philippines)". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Lobel, Jason (2009). "Samar-Leyte". Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 914–917.
"Iginrelis an Bag-o nga Kalibotan nga Hubad ha Lima nga Yinaknan". Jw.org.
Oyzon, Voltaire Q. (2014). An Winaray.
Rubino, (2001:797-800)
"Waray: a Major Language in Philippines | English Language | Grammatical Number". Scribd. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
Zorc, David Paul (1977). The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C44. ISBN 0858831570. P. 47
Makabenta, Eduardo (2004). Pagpurulungan nga Binisaya (Waray) ha Leyte ug Samar (Binisaya-English English-Binisaya Dictionary) (2nd edition). Quezon City: Adbox Book Distributors and Eduardo A. Makabenta Sr. Foundation. p. 121.

External links

Radyo Waraynon – Waraynon Internet Radio Station
Waray Museum Blog featuring Waray literature
Waray lessons
Bansa.org Waray Dictionary
Waray dictionary, literary database & teaching resource
Waray-Waray Dictionary by Andras Rajki – with Bicol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon &c. cognates and some Proto-Malayo-Polynesian etymologies
SEAlang Library Waray Resources
A large collection of bible study material in Waray language (free audio books, videos, publications) - Jehovah's Witnesses

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[e19-1] Waray at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Waray (Philippines)". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Lobel2009-3] Lobel, Jason (2009). "Samar-Leyte". Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 914–917.

[4] "Iginrelis an Bag-o nga Kalibotan nga Hubad ha Lima nga Yinaknan". Jw.org.

[5] Oyzon, Voltaire Q. (2014). An Winaray.

[6] Rubino, (2001:797-800)

[7] "Waray: a Major Language in Philippines | English Language | Grammatical Number". Scribd. Retrieved 2020-03-06.

[Zorc-8] Zorc, David Paul (1977). The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C44. ISBN 0858831570. P. 47

[Makabenta-9] Makabenta, Eduardo (2004). Pagpurulungan nga Binisaya (Waray) ha Leyte ug Samar (Binisaya-English English-Binisaya Dictionary) (2nd edition). Quezon City: Adbox Book Distributors and Eduardo A. Makabenta Sr. Foundation. p. 121.