List of active separatist movements in Asia
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with current, active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are the citizens/people of the conflicted area and doesn't come from other countries.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state: for regions with a de facto polity
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding or anticipated sovereign state
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements toward greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations or insurgencies
- Advocacy group(s): for nonviolent, non-electoral, participatory entities
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s)
Azerbaijan
Location of Nagorno-Karabakh
- Breakaway state
- Ethnic group: Armenians
- De facto state: Republic of Artsakh
- Ethnic Azerbaijani organization in exile: Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh
Bangladesh
Languages of Bangladesh
- Ethnic group: Bengali Hindus
- Region: South-western Bangladesh
- Organisation: Banga Sena
- Leader: Kalidas Baidya
- Armed wing: Bir Banga
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- Ethnic group: Jumma people
- Political party: Parbotto Chottogram Jonshonghoti Shomiti
- Further information: Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict
- Ethnic group: Tripuri
- Organisation: All Tripura Tiger Force
- Leader: Ranjit Debbarma
- Ethnic group: Kuki people
- Region: Eastern borders of Bangladesh (primarily in parts of the Chittagong Hill Tracts)
- Organisation: Kuki National Organisation
- Leaders: Pu S Haokip, Pu Letlam
- Armed wing: Kuki National Army.
China (Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau)
- Guangdong Independence Movement
- Guangdong Republic
- Fujian People's Government (Fujian People's Government is rather a historical state. The current active movement advocating for Fujian independence is 'Hokkienam' or 'Banvetia' movement.)
- Hunan Independence Movement
- Yunnan Independence Movement
- Shanghai Autonomous Movement
- Hong Kong independence
- Taiwan independence movement
Ethnic issues in China
Ethnic issues in China arise from Chinese history, nationalism, and other factors. They have driven historical movements such as the Red Turban Rebellion (which targeted the Mongol leadership of the Yuan Dynasty) and the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Manchu Qing Dynasty. Ethnic tensions have led to incidents in the country such as the July 2009 Ürümqi riots.
- The
- The
- The
List of significant secessionist movements in China
| Significant Secessionist Movements in China | ||||||
| No. | Claimed Territory | Capital City | Area (km2) | Population (~) | Ethnic Group | Primary Independence Movement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Ürümqi | 1,664,897 | 25,000,000 | Uyghur people | East Turkestan independence movement |
| 2 | | Lhasa | 1,228,400 | 3,200,000 | Tibetan people | Tibetan independence movement |
| 3 |  | Hohhot | 1,183,000 | 25,000,000 | Chinese Mongols | Inner Mongolian independence movement |
| 4 | | Hong Kong | 2,755 | 7,500,000 | Hong Kong people | Hong Kong independence movement |
| 5 | | Macau | 115 | 700,000 | Macanese people | Macau independence movement |
| Total | | Beijing | 4,079,167 | 61,400,000 | Chinese people | Chinese nationalism |
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List of fringe secessionist movements in China
- Guangdong Independence Movement
- Guangdong Republic
- Fujian People's Government (Fujian People's Government is a historical entity. The current active movement advocating for Fujian independence is 'Hokkienam' or 'Banvetia' movement.)
- Yunnan Independence Movement
- Shanghai Autonomous Movement
- Federalism in China
- Federal Republic of China
- United States of China
| Fringe Secessionist Movements in China | ||||||
| No. | Claimed Territory | Capital City | Area | Population | Ethnic group | Primary independence movements and advocacy group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  |
Harbin (Halbin) | 787,000 | 112,000,000 | Manchu people | Manchurian nationalism and the Manchukuo Temporary Government |
| 2 |  |
Chengdu (Chengtu) | 485,000 | 81,000,000 | Sichuanese people | Bashu nationalism |
| 3 | Guangdong (Kwangtung) | Guangzhou (Canton) | 179,800 | 113,000,000 | Cantonese people | Cantonese nationalism |
| 4 | Yunnan | Kunming (Yunnan-Fu) | 394,000 | 46,000,000 | Yunnanese people | Yunnanese/Diantnamese regionalism. |
| 5 |  |
Shanghai (Shanghai) | 6,341 | 24,000,000 | Shanghainese people | Shanghainese nationalism |
| 6 | Hunan | Changsha (Changsha) | 210,000 | 67,000,000 | Hunanese people | Hunanese nationalism |
Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia within the Qing dynasty, c. 1820
Map of Manchukuo, usually claimed by the Manchurian nationalists
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Chinese autonomous counties
- Ethnic group: Lahu people
- Proposed state:
- Political party: Lahu Democratic Union
- Proposed state:
Chinese municipalities
- Ethnic group: Shanghainese people (Shanghainese)
- Proposed state:
- Political party: Shanghai National Party (formed in New York)[1]
- Movement: Shanghainese nationalism
- Political party: Shanghai National Party (formed in New York)[1]
- Proposed state:
Chinese provinces
- Ethnic group: Basurian
- Proposed state:
- Movements: Basurian Revival Movement, Basurian National Movement
- Organizations: Free Basuria
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Hoklo people
- Proposed state: Hokkienam, or Banvetia
- Movement: Hokkien nationalism, Banvetian regionalism.
- Proposed state: Hokkienam, or Banvetia
- Ethnic group: Cantonese people
- Proposed state:
- Movement: Cantonese nationalism
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Manchus
- Proposed state:
- Government-in-exile: Manchukuo Temporary Government
- Political parties: Northeast Administrative Committee, Free Manchuria (Sulfan Manju)
- Movement: Manchurian nationalism
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Yi people, Yunnanese people
- Proposed state: Diantnam or simply Yunnan
- Movement: Yunnanese regionalism
Chinese autonomous regions
There are five province-level autonomous regions within the People's Republic of China.
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Guangxi Autonomous Region (Guangxi AR) — Independence movement
- Ethnic group: Zuhangs
- Proposed independent state:
- Proposed independent state:
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Ningxia (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR))
- Ethnic group: Hui people
Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia AR) — Independence or Irredentist movement (Greater Mongolia)
- Ethnic group: Chinese Mongols, Mongols, Pan-Mongolism
- Proposed independent state:
- Movement: Inner Mongolian independence movement
- Political parties: Inner Mongolian People's Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance,[3] Mongolian Liberal Union Party[4]
- Claimed territories: Inner Mongolia AR
- Area of claimed territories: Roughly 1,200,000 km2
- Population of claimed territories: Roughly 25 million people
- Proposed unification with foreign states:
- Movement: Pan-Mongolism
- Claimed territories: Altai Krai (Russia), Altai Republic (Russia), Buryatia Republic (Russia), Dzungaria region (China), Inner Mongolia AR (China), Mongolia (country), Tuva Republic (Russia), Khakas Republic (Russia), Kalmyk Republic (Russia), Ust Orda (Russia), Agin-Buryatia (Russia), Shoria (Russia)
- Area of claimed territories: Roughly 4,500,000 km2
- Population of claimed territories: Roughly 46 million people
- Proposed independent state:
Tibet (Xizang) Autonomous Region (Tibet AR) — Independence movement
Greater Tibet
- Ethnic group: Tibetans
- Proposed independent state:
- Movement: Tibetan independence movement
- Government-in-exile: Lobsang Sangay, head of the Central Tibetan Administration[5] (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political parties: International Tibet Independence Movement, National Democratic Party of Tibet[6]
- Advocacy groups: Free Tibet, Students for a Free Tibet, Tibetan Youth Congress, International Campaign for Tibet
- Claimed territories: Historical Tibet, including Tibet AR (China), Qinghai Province (China), parts of surrounding Chinese provinces (especially Sichuan and Yunnan), and occasionally also Arunachal Pradesh (aka South Tibet; located within India)
- Area of claimed territories: Roughly 2,500,000 km2 (Arunachal Pradesh adds another roughly 84,000 km2)
- Population of claimed territories: Roughly 10 to 15 million people
- Proposed independent state:
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang UAR) — Independence (East Turkestan) or Irredentist (Turkestan) or Islamic extremist movement
- Ethnic group: Uyghurs and occasionally other Turkic peoples
- Proposed independent state:
- Movement: East Turkestan independence movement and Uyghur nationalism
- Government-in-exile: East Turkistan Government-in-Exile
- Advocacy groups: East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
- Claimed territories: Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and parts of Qinghai and Gansu provinces
- Movement: independence movement
- Area of claimed territories: Roughly 1,828,418 km2
- Population of claimed territories: Roughly 35 million people
- Proposed state: secular East Turkistan Republic
- Proposed independent state:
Chinese special administrative regions
Prominent autonomist and independence movements in Hong Kong SAR
- Ethnic group: Hong Kongese people (of various racial backgrounds, mostly Han Chinese)
- Proposed independent state:
- Movement: Hong Kong independence movement, Hong Kong nationalism
- Political parties: Independence-leaning localist groups including Hong Kong National Party, Hong Kong Independence Party,[9] and Youngspiration
- Advocacy groups: Hong Konger Front
- Protest/Riot groups: Hong Kong Indigenous
- Claimed territories: Hong Kong SAR
- Area of claimed territories: Roughly 1100 km2
- Population of claimed territories: Roughly 7,500,000 people
- Proposed autonomous region:
- Movement: Hong Kong autonomy movement
- Proposed independent state:
Sovereignty-related fringe movements in Hong Kong SAR
- Ethnic group: Chinese people, Hong Kongese people, Taiwanese people
- Proposed unification with a foreign state:
- Movement: Chinese democracy movement, Chinese nationalism, Hong Kong nationalism, Taiwanese nationalism
- Proposed unification with a foreign state:
- Ethnic group: Chinese people, Hong Kongese people, Macanese people, Taiwanese people
- Proposed unification with foreign states:
- Movement: Chinese democracy movement, Chinese nationalism, Hong Kong nationalism, Macanese nationalism, Taiwanese nationalism
- Proposed unification with foreign states:
- Ethnic group: British people, Hong Kongese people
- Proposed unification with a foreign state:
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- Movement: British imperialism, Hong Kong nationalism
- Proposed unification with a foreign state:
- Ethnic group: Americans, Hong Kongese people
- Proposed unification with a foreign state:
- Movement: American imperialism, Hong Kong nationalism
- Proposed unification with a foreign state:
- Ethnic group: Chinese people, Hong Kongese people, Macanese people, Taiwanese people
- Proposed unification with a foreign state:
- Movement: Chinese (re)unification movement, Chinese nationalism
- Advocacy groups: Hong Kong Resurgence Order
- Proposed unification with a foreign state:
Prominent autonomist and independence movements in Macau SAR
- Ethnic group: Macanese people
- Proposed independent state:
- Movement: Macau independence movement
- Proposed autonomous region:
- Movement: Macau autonomy movement
- Proposed independent state:
Sovereignty-related fringe movements in Macau SAR
- Ethnic group: Chinese people, Hong Kongese people, Macanese people, Taiwanese people
- Proposed unification with foreign states:
- Movement: Chinese democracy movement, Chinese nationalism, Hong Kong nationalism, Macanese nationalism, Taiwanese nationalism
- Proposed unification with foreign states:
Cyprus
The northern areas of the island of Cyprus administered by Turkish Cypriots
- Breakaway state
- Ethnic group: Turkish Cypriot
- De facto state:
- Political organisation: Government of Northern Cyprus
- De facto state:
Georgia
Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Russian-occupied territories (Abkhazia and South Ossetia) are shown in pink.
Breakaway states:
- Ethnic group: Abkhaz
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
- Political organisation:Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazia Army
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
- Ethnic group: Ossetians
- De facto state: Republic of South Ossetia, proposed integration to
- Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organization: South Ossetia Army
- De facto state: Republic of South Ossetia, proposed integration to
Proposed autonomous movements: Armenians in Javakheti
- Ethnic group: Armenians
- Proposed autonomous area: Javakhk
- Advocacy groups: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance, Virk[11][12]
India
Autonomous councils in India
Autonomous councils in North East India
Political map of the Kashmir region districts, showing the Pir Panjal range and the Kashmir Valley or Vale of Kashmir.
Distribution of Tamil speakers in South India and Sri Lanka (1961).
- Proposed state: Bodoland
- Ethnic group: Bodo
- Movement: Bodo nationalism
Jammu & Kashmir
- Proposed state:
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- Ethnic group: Kashmiri
- Political organization: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Militant organization:
- Proposed state: Kamtapur
- Ethnic group: Kamtapuri
- Militant organization:
- Proposed state: Karbi
- Ethnic group: Karbi
- Militant organization:
- Proposed state: Manipur
- Ethnic group: Meitei
- Militant organization:
- Proposed state: Nagalim
- Proposed state: Khalistan
- Ethnic-Religious group: Punjabi Sikh
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Tamils
- Militant organization: Tamil separatists
- Advocacy groups and Pressure groups: Tamil National Alliance, Tamil Nadu Liberation Army, Tamil United National Front, Tamil National Retrieval Troops, Tamil Thesa Pothuvudaimai Katchi, Upsurging People Force, Tamil Self-Determination People Front, Tamil Elders Council, World Tamil Movement
- Proposed state: Tripura
- Ethnic group: Tripuri
- Militant organizations:
- Political parties: Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra, Indigenous People's Front of Tripura, National Socialist Party of Tripura, Tripura Hill People's Party
Indonesia
The map of native ethnic groups in Indonesia, foreign ethnic groups such as Chinese, Arab, and Indian are not shown, but usually inhabit urban areas.
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- Ethnic groups: Acehnese
- Proposed state:
- Militant organisation: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Balinese
- Proposed state:Balinese Republic[16][17]
- Advocacy group: Baduy Society, Bali Fourm, Bali Freedom Movement
- Political party: Dharma Awakening Party
- Ethnic group: Bataks
- Ethnic group: Minahasan
- Proposed state: Gerakan Kemerdekaan Minahasa
- Ethnic group: Moluccans
- Proposed state:
- Government-in-exile: Republik Maluku Selatan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Torajan
- Proposed state:Tana Toraja[22]
- Advocacy group: Bonggakaradeng
- Ethnic group: Papuan Malay
- Proposed State:
- Militant organisation: Free Papua Movement (still an active movement since 1963)
- Proposed State:
Iran
Khūzestān
- Ethnic group: Arab
- Proposed state: Islamic Republic of Al-Ahwaz[24]
- Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation, Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz
- Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Islamic Republic of Al-Ahwaz[24]
- Ethnic groups: Kurdish
- Proposed state: Republic of East Kurdistan[25]
- Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan, Komalah
- Proposed state: Republic of East Kurdistan[25]
- Ethnic group: Baloch
- Proposed state: Balochistan along with Balochistan, Pakistan
- Militant organisations: Jundallah (Iran)
Iraq
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Proposed state: 
- Majority ethnic group: Kurdish
- Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Iraqi Kurdistan
- Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Peshmerga
Proposed autonomous area: Nineveh Plains
- Ethnic group: Assyrians
- Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
Proposed autonomous area: Al-Rafidain Autonomous Region
Japan
Map of the distribution of Ainu in Hokkaidō
Political map of Okinawa before unification.
- Ethnic group: Ainu
- Proposed state: Republic of Ainu
- Advocacy group: Ainu Liberation Alliance
- Political parties: Ainu Party (アイヌ民族党, Ainu minzoku tō)
- Political group: Ainu independence movement
- Ethnic group: Ryukyuan
- Proposed state: Republic of Ryukyu[28]
- Political parties: Kariyushi Club (Formerly, Ryukyu Independence Party, 琉球独立党, Ryūkyū Dokuritsutō)
- Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
- Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu. See also Invasion of Ryukyu.
Laos
- Ethnic group: Hmong
- Proposed state: Hmong ChaoFa Federated State
- Proposed state: Hmong ChaoFa Federated State
Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Malaysia
.png){kind=spacer} West Malaysia
(Blue) States
(Red) Federal Territories
|
- Proposed state: Johor[29]
- Paramilitary organizations: Askar Timbalan Setia Johor
- Ethnic group: Kelantanese
- Proposed state: Kelantan[30]
- Proposed state: Sarawak
- Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement[31][35][36]
- Proposed state: Sabah
- Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM)[31][35]
- Ethnic group: Terengganuans
- Proposed state: Terengganu[37]
Myanmar
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Burma/Myanmar
Map of conflict zones in Myanmar. States and regions affected by fighting during and after 1995 are highlighted in yellow.
Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including Shan State, Kachin State, Rakhine State and Karen State.
- Ethnic group: Rakhine
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy group: Arakan Independence Alliance, Arakan Army (Kachin State), Arakan Army (Kayin State)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Chin
- Proposed state: Republic of Zo Asia
- Militant organisation: Chin National Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Ethnic group: Kachin
- Proposed state: Kachinland
- Political party: Kachin National Organization
- Proposed state: Kachinland
- Ethnic group: Karen
- Proposed state: Republic of Kawthoolei
- Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Karen National Union
- Proposed state: Republic of Kawthoolei
- Ethnic group: Karenni
- Proposed state: United Karenni Independent States
- Militant organisation: Karenni Army
- Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government
- Proposed state: United Karenni Independent States
- Ethnic group: Kokang people (ethnic Han Chinese)
- Proposed state: Unification with China
- Militant organisation: Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
- Proposed state: Unification with China
- Ethnic group: Mon
- Proposed state: Mon Democratic People's Republic
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- Political party: New Mon State Party
- Proposed state: Mon Democratic People's Republic
- Ethnic group: Rohingya
- Proposed state: Rahmanland
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- Militant organisation: Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army[38]
- Advocacy group: Arakan Rohingya National Organisation,[39][40] Rohingya National Council[41]
- Proposed state: Rahmanland
- Ethnic group: Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Shan Republic
- Political party: Shan Democratic Union
- Militant organisation: Shan State Army
- Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
- Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States[42]
- Proposed state: Shan Republic
- Ethnic group: Wa
- Proposed state: Wa Democratic People's Republic
- Political party: United Wa State Party
- Militant organisation: United Wa State Army
- Proposed state: Wa Democratic People's Republic
- Ethnic group: Kuki
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
Nepal
Nepal ethnic groups
- Ethnic group: Kiratis
- Proposed state: Kirat
- Political party: Kirat Janabadi Workers Party
- Proposed state: Kirat
- Ethnic group: Madhesi peoples (including Maithils, Bhojpuris and Tharus).
- Proposed state: Madhesh
- Advocacy group: Alliance for Independent Madhesh[43]
- Militant Group: Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha, Madhesh Mukti Tigers (MMT), Tharuwan National Liberation Front (TNLF).[44]
- Proposed state: Madhesh
- Ethnic group: Teraibasi
- Proposed state: Terai
- Political party: Terai Army
- Proposed state: Terai
Pakistan
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Balochistan
_(claims_hatched).svg.png)
Location of Gilgit-Baltistan
Districts of Sindh
- Ethnic group: Western Kashmiri
- Proposed Autonomous state under Islamic Republic of Pakistan:
- Advocacy group: Kashmiri sovereignty movement, Azad Kashmiri Government
- Ethnic group: Baloch
- Proposed state: Balochistan
- Political party: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party, Free Balochistan Movement (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Baloch Liberation Army, Baloch Liberation Front, Baloch Republican Army
- Proposed state: Balochistan
- Ethnic group: Sindhi
- Proposed state: Sindhudesh
- Political parties: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz, Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz, Sindh United Party
- Student organization: Jeay Sindh Students' Federation
- Proposed state: Sindhudesh
- Ethnic group: Balti people
- Proposed state: Balawaristan
- Political party: Balawaristan National Front (Hameed group),[49] Gilgit-Baltistan United Movement
- Proposed state: Balawaristan
Philippines
Bangsamoro Region
- Ethnic group: Moro
- Militant organization: Abu Sayyaf,[50][51][52] Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters,[52][53][54] Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao, Maute Group
- Advocacy group:Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement[54]
Cordillera Administrative Region
- Ethnic group: Igorot
National Capital Region
- Proposed autonomous area: Metro Manila Autonomous Region[60]
Russia
Summary
This table shows only the list of movements. The source of each movement is cited in its own section. The population of each area is provided for information only.
| Number | Land | Capital | Area | Population | Ethnic | Main Political Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All of Asian Russia | ||||||
| 1 |  | Novosibirsk | 13,100,000 | 40,000,000 | Sibiryak people | Siberian regionalism |
| Far Eastern Federal District of Asian Russia | ||||||
| 2 |  | Yakutsk | 3,083,523 | 1,000,000 | Yakuts | Sakha-Amuk |
| 3 |  | Chita | 1,900,000 | 3,000,000 | Far Eastern Russians | Alliance of the Pacific Peoples |
| 4 |  | Anadyr | 737,700 | 50,000 | Chukchis | |
| 5 | | Ulan-Ude | 351,300 | 1,000,000 | Buryats | All-Buryat Association |
| 6 |  | Palana | 292,600 | 15,000 | Koryaks | |
| 7 | .png){kind=small} | Troitskoye | 27,644 | 15,000 | Nanais | Nanai People's Platform |
| 8 |  | Birobidzhan | 36,000 | 36,000 | Ashkenazi Jews | |
| 9 |  | Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk | 87,100 | 497,973 | Japanese People, Sakhalin Koreans, Ainu people | |
| Siberian Federal District of Asian Russia | ||||||
| 10 |  | Dudinka | 879,929 | 40,000 | Dolgans | |
| 11 |  | Tura | 763,197 | 20,000 | Evenks | |
| 12 | | Kyzyl | 170,500 | 300,000 | Tuvanians | People's Party of Sovereign Tuva |
| 13 | | Gorno-Altaysk | 92,600 | 220,000 | Altaians | Altai-Sayan United Movement |
| 14 | | Abakan | 61,900 | 550,000 | Khakhas | |
| 15 | | Tashtagol | 25,000 | 15,000 | Shors | |
| 16 | | Ust-Ordynsky | 22,138 | 150,000 | Orda-Buryats | All-Buryat Association |
| 17 | | Aginskoye | 19,600 | 80,000 | Agin-Buryats | All-Buryat Association |
| Ural Federal District of Asian Russia | ||||||
| 18 |  | Salekhard | 750,300 | 500,000 | Yamal Nenets | Yamal for Future Generations |
| 19 |  | Khanty-Mansiysk | 534,800 | 1,500,000 | Ob-Ugrians | Association to Save Yurga |
Asian Russia
- Ethnic group: Russians, Sibiryak (Siberian peoples)
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy movements: Siberskoye Zemlyachestvo (Autonomy Movement), Sibir, Free Siberia, Democratic Siberia, Association Tverd
- Movement: Siberian regionalism
- Political parties: Monstration for Siberian Federalization, All-Siberian Democratic Union, Siberian Republican Alliance, Roar of the Taiga (Zov Taugi), Tvyordynian Party
- Organizations: Siberian Agreement, Siberian Regional Organization (Siberskoye Zemlyachestvo), Tvyord
- Militant organizations: Siberian Liberation Army, New Siberian Army
- Proposed state:
Far Eastern Federal District
- Ethnic group: Chukchis
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy group: Chukchi National Revival Movement
- Political party: Chukchi National Republican Party
- Militant organization: Chukot Front
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Koryaks
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy groups: Narodovlastie, Chav, Tshsanom
- Movement: Koryak Republican Movement
- Organization: Association of the People of North Kamchatka, Association of the People's of the North Association of Indigenous People of Koryak Autonomous Region
- Proposed state:
.svg.png)
- Ethnic groups: Russians, Udeges, Nanais and other various ethnic groups
- Proposed state:
- Socialist:
- Federalist/Democratic:
- Socialist:
- Proposed entity: Far Eastern Republic, including all territories from the Far Eastern Republic and/or modern-day federal subjects associated within the former lands of the aforementioned Far Eastern Republic (Note: This includes the modern-day federal subjects such as: Primorsky Krai, Khabarovsk Krai, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Amur Oblast, Zabaykalsky Krai and Buryatia, sometimes federal subjects such as: Magadan Oblast, Kamchatka Krai and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Green Ukraine are included based on maximum extent from 1920. It may rarely or sometimes include all federal subjects in Far Eastern economic region and/or Far Eastern Federal District.)
- Advocacy movements: Far East Forum, Zemyak, Regional Association of the Far East
- Movements: Republican Movement, Far East Independence Movement
- Political party: Alliance of the Pacific Peoples
- Militant organization: Far Eastern People's Front
- Proposed state:
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Sakha Republic
- Ethnic group: Yakuts
- Proposed state:
- Political party: Sakha-Amuk
- Proposed state:
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- Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed state:
- Political party:All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture
- Proposed state:
Nanaia
- Ethnic group: Nanai
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy group: Nanai Cultural Assembly
- Political party: Nanai People's Platform
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Ashkenazi Jews
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Japanese People, Sakhalin Koreans, Ainu people
- Proposed state:
- See also: Kuril Islands dispute
- Proposed state:
Siberian Federal District
Regions commonly associated with Mongol irredentism.
- Ethnic groups: Dolgans, Nganasan, Nenets, Russians
- Proposed federal subject:
- Proposed federal subject:
- Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Altai people
- Proposed state:
- Movement: Altai-Sayun United Movement
- Organizations: Altai Turks Associstion, Kurualtai of the Altai People
- Political parties: Confederal Nation of the Altai Tribes, Ene-Bayat
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Evenks
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy group: Evenki Homeland
- Militant organization: Evenki National Front
- Organization: Evenki Cultural Council
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Khakas
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy group: Khakas Cultural Centre
- Pressure group: Chas Khanat, Khaidzhi, Hongorai
- Organization: Abakan Tun Association of The Khakas, Congress of The Khakas People, Khakas Council of Elders
- Proposed state:
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- Ethnic group: Tuvans
- Proposed state:
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- Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front "Free Tuva", Tiva Turu
- Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed state:
Ural Federal District
- Ethnic group: Khanty people and Mansi people
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy movements: Association to Save Yurga, Khanty Way, Mansi Way, Ob-Ugrian Union, Society for the Survival and Socio-Economic Development of the Mansi People, Ugrian Association, Youth Public Organization, Yurga Restoration
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Nenets
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy group: Yamal for Future Generations (Association of the Indigenous People of Yamal-Nenets Autonomus Region)
- Proposed state:
.svg.png)
Saudi Arabia
Summary
| Number | Land | Capital | Area | Population | Ethnic | Main Political Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Najran | Najran | 149,511 | 550,000 | Shia Arab | Ahrar al-Najran |
| 2 |  | Abha | 76,693 | 2,250,000 | Arabs | Asser Regional Movement (ARM) |
| 3 |  | Ha'il | 103,887 | 600,000 | Arabs | Shammar Revival Movement |
| 4 | Al-Hassa | Dammam | 672,522 | 5,000,000 | Shia Arab | |
| Total |  | Riyadh | 1,002,603 | 8,400,000 | Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia |
The Arabian Peninsula in 1914
Map of Saudi Arabia with the Eastern Province highlighted
In 2013 Robin Wright’s colorful map of a politically re-divided Middle East in the New York Times, which illustrated her article “Imagining a Remapped Middle East.” The map, entitled “How 5 Could Become 14,” shows a hypothetical future division of Libya, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia into 14 potential new countries along with two additional city-states. I was immediately reminded of Ralph Peters’ troublesome remapping of the same region. As explained in a previous GeoCurrents post, Peters’ intriguing mental exercise in redrawing national boundaries was widely misinterpreted across the Muslim world as indicating a nefarious plot to enhance US power. As a result, the region’s pronounced anti-Americanism was further inflamed.[71][72][73][74]
Furthermore, in June 2012 the Yemeni newspaper Al-Shareh revealed the names of high-ranking Yemeni state officials and tribal sheikhs who had been receiving monthly bribes from Saudi Arabia. This sparked anger among Yemenis, and a group of Yemeni activists founded the "Asir Movement" in order to reclaim the provinces of Asir, Najran, and Jizan, which Yemen conceded in the 2000 Treaty of Jeddah. A "rights organization which has worked to denounce Saudi Arabia’s abuses in northern Yemen",[75] the Asir Movement described itself as a “civil popular” movement that seeks to raise "internal Yemeni awareness" about the situation and to explore legal remedies against Saudi Arabia "for their involvement and assistance in abdicating Yemen’s historical right to its territories", all while emphasizing Yemeni unity. The movement sought to speak out against the 2000 Jeddah border agreement as well as the 1934 Taif Agreement that was signed in 1934 to end the Saudi–Yemeni War.[76]
The Qatif conflict refers to the modern phase of sectarian tensions and violence in Eastern Arabia between Arab Shi'a Muslims and Arab Sunni majority, which has ruled Saudi Arabia since early 20th century. The conflict encompasses civil unrest which has been sporadically ongoing since 1979 events, pro-democracy and pro-human rights protests and occasional armed incidents, which increased in 2017 as part of the 2017–19 Qatif unrest.
- Ethnic group: Shia Arab
- Proposed state: Najran
- Militant organizations: Ismaili Defense Group, Ahrar al-Najran, Najran Valleys Liberation Organization
- Organization: Najran Ismaili Association
- Political party: Disobedience (Tamarrod), Najran Now
- Proposed state: Najran
- Ethnic group: Arab
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy groups: Abha Asir Highland Organization, Asser Regional Movement (ARM)
- Movement: Asir Movement, Idrisi Movement
- Militant organization: Democratic Popular Front for the Liberation of the Pennisula
- Organization: European Asir Organization
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Arab
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy groups: Dhi Qar Shammar Tribal Union, Jabal Shammar Exile Association, Shamariyeh
- Militant organization: Al-Sanadid Forces
- Movements: Asir Movement, Idrisi Movement, Shammar Revival Movement, Qajtanite Movement
- Organization: Haiyel Shammar People's Organization
- Political party: Shammar Nation
- Proposed state:
Sri Lanka
- Ethnic group: Tamil
- Proposed state: Tamil Eelam or merge with Tamil Nadu, India
- Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Active, but militarily dormant since 2009)[78][79][80]
- Political party: Tamil National Alliance
- Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam
- Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam[81][82]
Syria
De facto autonomous region:
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)
- Larger ethnic groups: Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians
- Smaller ethnic groups: Armenians, Turkmen, Yazidis, Circassians
- Political organisation: Syrian Democratic Council
- Militant organisation: Syrian Democratic Forces
Taiwan (de facto state)
The
Indigenous Taiwanese autonomy movement
- Ethnic group: Taiwanese indigenous peoples (Amis, Paiwan etc.)
- Proposed autonomous region: Indigenous Taiwanese communities in Eastern Taiwan
- Movement: Indigenous Taiwanese autonomy movement
- Political parties: Taiwan First Nations Party
- Advocacy groups: Council of Indigenous Peoples
- Proposed autonomous region: Indigenous Taiwanese communities in Western Taiwan and Eastern Taiwan
- Movement: Recognition of Indigenous Taiwanese plains peoples, Indigenous Taiwanese autonomy movement
- Political parties: Taiwan First Nations Party
- Advocacy groups: Council of Indigenous Peoples
- Proposed autonomous region: Indigenous Taiwanese communities in Eastern Taiwan
Taiwan independence movement
- Ethnic group: Taiwanese people (Hakka Taiwanese, Hoklo Taiwanese, Kinmenese people, Taiwanese indigenous peoples, Taiwanese Waishengren)
- Proposed state:
- Movement: Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
- Note: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has been democratically elected to power in the Republic of China (Taiwan) four times; in 2000 (until 2004), in 2004 (until 2008), in 2016 (until 2020), and in 2020 (until 2024). Although the DPP has been the nominal ruling party of the Republic of China throughout these four ruling terms, the DPP has been pushing a pro-Taiwan independence agenda, whether tacitly or overtly. Some representatives of the DPP, such as William Lai, argue that Taiwan independence should not even be considered an "independence movement" but is rather the recognition of the reality of the current situation of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Many supporters of Taiwan independence believe that Taiwan, under the formal name of the "Republic of China", is already an independent country from China, under the formal name of the "People's Republic of China".
- Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party), New Power Party, Taiwan Statebuilding Party
- Advocacy groups: Keep Taiwan Free (Taiwanese organisation), World United Formosans for Independence
- Claimed territories: Taiwan (Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, Taiwan-Penghu, Taoyuan)
- Area of claimed territories: Roughly 36,000 km2
- Population of claimed territories: Roughly 24,000,000 people
- Movement: Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Kinmenese people, Taiwanese people
- Proposed unification with a proposed state:
- Movement: Kinmen-Taiwan unification movement, Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
- Note: Kinmen is currently ruled by the Republic of China (Taiwan), so it and Taiwan are de facto already united. However, Kinmen's history is highly distinct from Taiwan's, and they've only really had a shared history since 1949, when the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan. Furthermore, Kinmen's recent history has been largely shaped by military conflict between the ROC and the PRC and by the fact that martial law was abolished in Kinmen in 1992, five years after it was abolished in Taiwan (in 1987). If the "Republic of Taiwan" were to be established, many people are uncertain of whether Kinmen should be included in this new country. Some young people in Kinmen identify as Taiwanese but the Kinmen County government is pushing a pro-(re)unification (with the PRC) agenda.
- Area of Kinmen: Roughly 150 km2
- Population of Kinmen: Roughly 130,000 people
- Movement: Kinmen-Taiwan unification movement, Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
- Proposed unification with a proposed state:
Tajikistan
Thailand
Patani
- Ethnic group: Pattani Malays
- Proposed state:
- Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organisation, Patani Malays National Revolutionary Front, Runda Kumpulan Kecil, Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement, Islamic Liberation Front of Patani
- Proposed state:
Turkey
Map showing Kurdish majority areas within Turkey
- Ethnic group: Kurdish
- Proposed state:
- Militant organisations: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK), Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Assyrian
- Proposed state:
- Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
Uzbekistan
- Ethnic group: Karakalpaks
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy group: Free Karakalpakstan National Revival Party[87]
- Proposed state:
Vietnam
- Ethnic group: Khmer people
- Ethnic group: Indigenous peoples of the Central Highlands in Vietnam
Yemen
Yemen prior to unification
Hadhramaut - Map of the Federation and the Protectorate of South Arabia
The Arabian Peninsula in 1914
- Proposed state:
- De facto state: Southern Transitional Council[89][90][91]
- Political party: South Yemen Movement
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Arab
- Proposed state:
- De facto state: Hadhramaut Region, Protectorate of South Arabia
- Political party:
- Political party:
- Proposed state:
See also
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