Languages of Thailand
Thailand, and its neighbor Laos, are dominated by languages of the Southwestern Tai family. Karen languages are spoken along the border with Burma, Khmer is spoken near Cambodia and Malay in the south near Malaysia. The following table comprises all 62 ethnolinguistic groups recognised by the Royal Thai Government in the 2011 Country Report to the UN Committee responsible for the International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, available from the Department of Rights and Liberties Promotion of the Thai Ministry of Justice.[1]:3
Kra-Dai | Austroasiatic | Sino-Tibetan | Austronesian | Hmong-Mien |
---|---|---|---|---|
24 Groups | 22 groups | 11 Groups | 3 Groups | 2 Groups |
Kaleung | Kasong | Guong (Ugong) | Malay (Malayu / Nayu / Yawi | Hmong (Meo) |
Northern Thai | Kuy / Kuay | Karen (7 subfamilies) | Moken / Moklen | Mien (Yao) |
Tai Dam | Khmu | - S'gaw Karen | Urak Lawoi' | |
Nyaw | Thailand Khmer, Northern Khmer | - Pwo Karen | ||
Khün | Chong | - Kaya Karen | ||
Central Thai | Sa'och | - Bwe Karen | ||
Thai Korat | Kensiu | - Pa'O | ||
Thai Takbai | Samre | - Padaung Karen | ||
Thai Loei | Thavung | - Kayo Karen | ||
Tai Lue | So | Jingpaw / Kachin | ||
Tai Ya | Nyah Kur (Chaobon) | Chinese | ||
Shan | Nyeu | Yunnanese Chinese | ||
Southern Thai | Bru (Kha) | Bisu | ||
Phu Thai | Blang (Samtao) | Burmese | ||
Phuan | Palaung (Dala-ang) | Lahu (Muzur) | ||
Yong | Mon | Lisu | ||
Yoy | Lawa | Akha | ||
Lao Khrang | Mlabri (Tongluang) | Mpi | ||
Lao Ngaew | Lamet (Lua) | |||
Lao Ti | Lavua (Lawa / Lua) | |||
Lao Wiang/Lao Klang | Wa | |||
Lao Lom | Vietnamese | |||
Lao Isan | ||||
Saek |
Languages of Thailand | |
---|---|
Official | Central Thai (Siamese) |
National | Central Thai, Isan (Laotian), Northern Thai, Southern Thai |
Regional |
|
Foreign | |
Signed | Thai Sign Language |
Keyboard layout |
The following table shows all the language families of Northeast Thailand, as recognised in the same report.
Tai Language Family | Persons | Austroasiatic Language Family | Persons |
---|---|---|---|
Lao Esan / Thai Lao | 13,000,000 | Thailand Khmer / Northern Khmer | 1,400,000 |
Central Thai | 800,000 | Kuy / Kuay (Suay) | 400,000 |
Thai Khorat / Tai Beung / Tai Deung | 600,000 | So | 70,000 |
Thai-Loei | 500,000 | Bru | combined |
Phu Thai | 500,000 | Vietnamese | 20,000 |
Ngaw | 500,000 | Ngeu | 10,000 |
Kaleung | 200,000 for | Ngah Kur / Chao Bon / Khon Dong | 7,000 |
Yoy | Kaleung, Yoy and Phuan | So (Thavaung) | 1,500 |
Phuan | combined | Mon | 1,000 |
Tai-dam (Song) | (not specified) | ||
Total: | 16,103,000 | Total: | 1,909,000 |
Cannot specify ethnicity and amount: | 3,288,000 | ||
21,300,000 | |||
Note that population numbers are for the Northeast region only. Languages may have additional speakers outside the Northeast.
The Thai hill tribes speak numerous small languages, many Chinese retain varieties of Chinese, and there are half a dozen sign languages. The Ethnologue reports 73 living languages are used in Thailand. The Royal Thai Government's 2011 Country Report to the Committee Responsible for the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,[1] relying mainly on the 2005 Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data,[2] lists 62 languages.
Thais
Two major dialects of Thai are spoken in Thailand: Central Thai and Southern Thai. Northern Thai is a closely related mutually intelligible language spoken in the northern provinces that were formerly part of the independent kingdom of Lanna while Isan, a Lao dialect, is the native language of the northeast.
The sole official language of Thailand is Central Thai, a native language in Central (including the Bangkok Metropolitan Region), Southwestern and Eastern Thailand. Central Thai is a Kra-Dai language closely related to Lao, Shan, and numerous indigenous languages of southern China and northern Vietnam. It is the principal language of education and government and is spoken throughout the country. The standard is written in the Thai alphabet, an abugida that evolved from the Khmer script.
Although Isan, Northern Thai and, to a lesser extent, Southern Thai are classified as separate languages by most linguists, the Thai government has historically treated them as dialects of one "Thai language" for political reasons.
Minority languages
In the far south, Yawi, a dialect of Malay, is the primary language of the Malay Muslims. Khmer is spoken by the elder Northern Khmer. Varieties of Chinese are also spoken by the elder Thai Chinese population, with the Teochew dialect being best represented. However, the younger Thai Chinese and Northern Khmer trend towards speaking Central Thai. The Peranakan in Southern Thailand speak Southern Thai at home.
Tribal languages
Numerous tribal languages are also spoken, including those belonging to:
- The Mon–Khmer family, such as Mon, Khmer, Mlabri, Lawa and Orang Asli.
- The Austronesian family, such as Urak Lawoi' and Moken.
- The Sino-Tibetan family such as Akhan, and Karen.
- Other Tai languages such as Nyaw, Phu Thai, Yoy and Saek.
- Hmong is a member of the Hmong–Mien languages, which is now regarded as a language family of its own.
Sign language
Several village sign languages are reported among the hill tribes, though it is not clear whether these are independent languages, as only Ban Khor Sign Language has been described. Two related deaf-community sign languages developed in Chiangmai and Bangkok; the national Thai Sign Language developed from these under the influence of American Sign Language.
English is a mandatory school subject, but the number of fluent speakers remains very low, especially outside the cities.
Most widely spoken language
The following table shows official first languages in Thailand with equal to or more than 400,000 speakers according to the Royal Thai Government's 2011 Country Report to the Committee Responsible for the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,[1] mainly using the Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data.[2]
Official first languages of Thailand with equal to or more than 400,000 speakers[1]
Language | Speakers | Language Family |
---|---|---|
Central Thai | 20.0 million | Tai-Kadai |
Lao | 15.2 million | Tai-Kadai |
Kham Muang (Northern Thai) | 6.0 million | Tai-Kadai |
Pak Tai (Southern Thai) | 4.5 million | Tai-Kadai |
Northern Khmer | 1.4 million | Austroasiatic |
Yawi | 1.4 million | Austronesian |
Ngaw | 0.5 million | Tai-Kadai |
Phu Thai | 0.5 million | Tai-Kadai |
Karen | 0.4 million | Sino-Tibetan |
Kuy | 0.4 million | Austroasiatic |
The figures in the following table includes first, second, and third language speakers. Note that Ethnologue describes 'Isan' as a language, following Thai government practice until the 2011 Country Report.
Languages in Thailand with more than 1 million speakers according to Ethnologue
Language | Code | Speakers | Language Family |
---|---|---|---|
Central Thai | mbf | 60 million | Tai-Kadai |
Isan | tts | 23 million | Tai-Kadai |
Northern Thai | nod | 6 million | Tai-Kadai |
Southern Thai | sou | 4.5 million | Tai-Kadai |
Northern Khmer | kxm | 1.4 million | Austroasiatic |
Yawi | mfa | 1 million | Austronesian |
The following table employs 2000 census data. Caution should be exercised with Thai census data on first language. In Thai censuses, the four largest Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand (in order, Central Thai, Isan (majority Lao),[3] Kam Mueang, Pak Tai) are not provided as options for language or ethnic group. People stating such a language as a first language, including Lao, are allocated to 'Thai'.[4] This explains the disparity between the two tables. For instance, self-reporting as Lao has been prohibited, due to the prohibition of the Lao ethnonym in the context of describing Thai citizens, for approximately one hundred years.[5][6] The 2011 Country Report data is therefore more comprehensive and better differentiates between the large Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand. As a country submission to a UN convention ratified by Thailand, it is also arguably more authoritative.
Language | Language family | No. of speakers |
---|---|---|
Thai | Tai-Kadai | 52,325,037 |
Khmer | Austroasiatic | 1,291,024 |
Malay | Austronesian | 1,202,911 |
Karen | Sino-Tibetan | 317,968 |
Chinese | Sino-Tibetan | 231,350 |
Miao | Hmong-Mien | 112,686 |
Lahu | Sino-Tibetan | 70,058 |
Burmese | Sino-Tibetan | 67,061 |
Akha | Sino-Tibetan | 54,241 |
English | Indo-European | 48,202 |
Tai | Tai-Kadai | 44,004 |
Japanese | Japonic | 38,565 |
Lawa | Austroasiatic | 31,583 |
Lisu | Sino-Tibetan | 25,037 |
Vietnamese | Austroasiatic | 24,476 |
Yao | Hmong-Mien | 21,238 |
Khmu | Austroasiatic | 6,246 |
Indian | Indo-European | 5,598 |
Haw Yunnanese | Sino-Tibetan | 3,247 |
Htin | Austroasiatic | 2,317 |
Others | 33,481 | |
Unknown | 325,134 | |
Total: | 56,281,538 |
Provincial language data
Province | Khmer % in 1990 | Khmer % in 2000 |
---|---|---|
Buriram[8] | 0.3% | 27.6% |
Chanthaburi[9] | 0.6% | 1.6% |
Maha Sarakham[10] | 0.2% | 0.3% |
Roi Et[11] | 0.4% | 0.5% |
Sa Kaew[12] | N/A | 1.9% |
Sisaket[13] | 30.2% | 26.2% |
Surin[14] | 63.4% | 47.2% |
Trat[15] | 0.4% | 2.1% |
Ubon Ratchathani[16] | 0.8% | 0.3% |
See also
Further reading
- L-Thongkum, Theraphan. 1985. Minority Languages of Thailand. In Science of Language Papers: Languages and Dialects. vol 5. Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University.
- Suwilai Premsrirat. 2004. "Using GIS For Displaying An Ethnolinguistic Map of Thailand." In Papers from the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, edited by Somsonge Burusphat. Tempe, Arizona, 599-617. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies.
References
- International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention: Thailand (PDF) (in English and Thai). United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand (PDF) (in Thai). Office of the National Culture Commission. 2004. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- Draper, John; Kamnuansilpa, Peerasit (2016). "The Thai Lao Question: The Reappearance of Thailand's Ethnic Lao Community and Related Policy Questions". Asian Ethnicity. 19: 81–105. doi:10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300.
- Luangthongkum, Theraphan. (2007). The Position of Non-Thai Languages in Thailand. In Lee Hock Guan & L. Suryadinata (Eds.), Language, nation and development in Southeast Asia (pp. 181-194). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
- Breazeale, Kennon. (1975). The integration of the Lao states. PhD. dissertation, Oxford University.
- Grabowsky, Volker. (1996). The Thai census of 1904: Translation and analysis. In Journal of the Siam Society, 84(1): 49-85.
- Population by language, sex and urban/rural residence, UNSD Demographic Statistics, United Nations Statistics Division, UNdata, last update 5 July 2013.
- "burirum.xls" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- http://web.nso.go.th/pop2000/finalrep/chanburifn.pdf
- "mahakam.xls" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- http://web.nso.go.th/pop2000/finalrep/roietfn.pdf
- "Sakaeo: Key indicators of the population and households, Population and Housing Census 1990 and 2000" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- "Si Sa Ket: Key indicators of the population and households, Population and Housing Census 1990 and 2000" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- "Surin: Key indicators of the population and households, Population and Housing Census 1990 and 2000" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-15. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- http://web.nso.go.th/pop2000/finalrep/tratfn.pdf
- "Ubon Ratchathani: Key indicators of the population and households, Population and Housing Census 1990 and 2000" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-03-08.
External links
- Languages of Thailand at Muturzikin.com
- Langua[1]ges of Thailand at Ethnologue
- "Google". google.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.